Thesis 09358154299.docx

Republic of the Philippines Manuel V. Gallego Foundation Colleges, Inc.

FACTORS AFFECTING TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN MAYAPYAP NORTE, CABANATUAN CITY, NUEVA ECIJA

An Undergraduate Research Study Presented to The Faculty of the College of Criminology Manuel V. Gallego Foundation Colleges, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Criminology Research and Statistics

By: Nelson L. Santos Jerryme A. Santos Rommel Cando John Tristan Verde

CHAPTER 1 Background and of the Study Introduction Traffic congestion has been one of the fundamental problems faced by modern cities since the wide usage of automobiles. Just a normal few minutes trip to the convenience store may take up to half an hour due to traffic jam or slowdown. According to the police, congestions are actually the causes of some issues like road rage, road bullies and major accidents. This essay will talk about the causes of traffic congestion and the remedies that may help to improve the situation. In 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment. Global vehicle ownership in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 100 people. The United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in 2010. Vehicle ownership per capita in the U.S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people. The people Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with slightly more than 78 million vehicles and since 2009 became the world’s largest new car market, in 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, with 18.4 million motor vehicles manufacture (Guesier and Sperling, 2004). A motor vehicle or road vehicle is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate on rails, such as trains or trolleys. The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually by internal combustion engine, or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including automobiles or cars, buses, motorcycles, off highway vehicle, light trucks or light duty trucks, and truck or lorries. These classifications vary according to the legal codes of each country (Delizo, 2006). The researcher conducted the research study entitled,” Causes of Traffic Congestion in Mayapyap sur. It is because in their time there are many causes of traffic congestion in Mayapyap Sur, as well as the preventive measure implemented for the violators of the rules and regulations of the PNP personnel in order to prevent and control traffic congestions besides many of the commuters who doesn’t know the importance of following the

traffic rules and regulations in order to congestion and some traffic incidence as well.

avoid

traffic

Review of Related Literature Foreign Literature Traffic can become extremely congested at time. It is important for one to stay focused on driving and not become distracted by texting, talking on the cell phone or changing the radio station. There are many people who are driving along the road who die each year on roads and highways because of accident. Despite the continual expansion of the street and road system in core cities-or because of it-traffic congestion is the most striking physical impact of rising motor vehicle use in twentieth century. It is a manifestation of how cities are utilized and the degree to which the urban environment is capable of absorbing or rationalizing the process of the people moving. Automobile did not invent traffic jams, but they intensified them with the introduction of mass-produced automobile packed into space not prepared to accept the new transit mode. Older towns and the cities in the pre-car period are faced severe traffic congestion, and in response those into the new field of city planning proposed making streets wider, sidewalks narrower, and blocks longer. The broadened roads encouraged more traffic but made pedestrians less safe, and new construction create more barriers in neighborhoods or fragmented them. As one observer noted, “as a technology the auto did not create contemporary traffic problems any more than use of the horse did in nineteenth-century cities. Rather it is the overuse of the auto and the accommodation of social space to it-as a homogenous system of mobility-that is the problem, (Melosi, 2010). Urban transportation planning is designed to meet the end objective of addressing transport problems in terms of traffic movement, public transport, pedestrian, environment and parking (Thompson, 2001). This process includes all vehicle services designed to transport passengers on local and regional routes. These services include% private and public buses& trolleybuses& vanpools& jitneys' demand response services& heavy and light rail& commuter rail and automated guide (way transit. ) while public transport use is strongly influenced by external factors

such as composition of the population and car ownership (White, 2003). Its outmost objective is to provide personal mobility and freedom as well as help in relieving traffic congestion. Ideally, it is also the immediate means of helping protect our environment and conserve energy. Developed countries seem to attain this objective but a gap seems to happen in developing countries of Southeast Asia. In fact, the dilemma being faced by planners is how to effectively address the problems of the poor without restricting the economic growth of the cities (Kuranami Winston, and Guitink 2003). In the last decade, some countries have introduced the practice of auditing new or existing roadways to assist in building safety into the road network. This practice is known as the road safety audit. A road safety audit is a formal and proactive process to complete a comprehensive traffic safety study. The Austroads guidelines define a road safety audit as a “formal examination of a future road or traffic project, an existing road, or any project which interacts with road users, in which an independent, qualified team assesses the crash potential and safety performance” (Austroads, 2002). These formal safety-focused analyses started during the early 1980’s in the United Kingdom, moved to Australia and New Zealand in the early 1990’s, and gradually have spread to, many other countries (Navin et al., 1999). Road safety audits were introduced to the United States in the mid 1990’s and various reasons justify the need for implementing them. The first and most powerful reason is the social and economic need to improve safety. In the United States, each year more than 40,000 people are killed and more than three million are injured on traffic crashes. The estimated social cost of traffic crashes in 2000 was more than US$230 billion (NHTSA, 2002). Travel time has been identified as the single most important factor in determining mode choice, given access to a private auto (Valdez and Arce, 1990). Ridesharing modes are inferior to driving alone because of the extra time required to pick up or drop off passengers or to wait to be picked up. As household incomes increase, value of time increases, and time considerations play an increasing role in mode choice decisions. Thus ridesharing has declined historically with rising affluence, and higher income workers are least likely to carpool, all other things held constant. Attitudinal studies show that subjective factors also play a role in mode choice.

Margolin and Misch (1978) found that perceptions of the carpooling situation—interpersonal rapport with potential car mates, social requirements of semipublic behaviour, constraints on independence, and status as a passenger or driver in the carpool-- are more important to commuters than the objective attributes of carpooling such as cost or convenience. A recent study of suburban workers in Orange County, CA. revealed that the most frequently identified reason for not ridesharing was a preference for the freedom of driving alone (Glazer and Curry, 1987). According to the Toronto Board of Trade, in 2010, Toronto is ranked as the most congested city of 19 surveyed cities, with an average commute time of 80 minute (John Spears, 2010). Local Literature During the early history of motor vehicle, only the urban places were affected by traffic problem to a certain extent. However, the unequalled development of the motor vehicle, the price range, and the pyramiding number of owners and drivers no longer limits the problem to urban places. In addition to inherently motor vehicle traffic, major arterials and other features of modern highway system, together with increased mobility of the general population, have increased the demand for effective traffic management of urban and rural places (Soriano, 2012). In the Philippines, there are several government agencies which deal with traffic management. These agencies to include the metropolitan manila Development Authority, Department of Transportation and Communications, Department of Public Works and highways, Traffic Engineering, Philippine National PolicePolice Highway Patrol Group, land Transportation Office, and the Traffic Management Office of LGUs (Soriano, 2012). Pedestrian are the only element of traffic that naturally operates across, rather than with, the vehicular flow. As such, they have the potential to disrupt traffic significantly, by crossing at non-designated place or through moving traffic, and by standing in the roadway while waiting for public transportation (Lagdameo, 2012). Although they make up a substantial percentage of the overall traffic system, pedestrians are largely ignored by enforcers. When manually controlling an intersection, enforcers do not stop traffic to allow pedestrians to cross safety and it is not uncommon for enforcers to signal for traffic to start moving

even through crossing pedestrian are directly in the path of those vehicle. In fact, enforcers seem to consider pedestrians a non-traffic element, no different than dogs and cats crossing the roadway (Lagdameo, 2012). In addition to being essentially invisible to traffic enforcers, pedestrians are also ignored by drivers. Crossing in a marked cross-walk is no safer for a pedestrian rather than jaywalking (Lagdameo, 2012). Another project to help decongest traffic, limcaoco said, is an integrated transport system involving the construction of two bus terminals in the south and one terminal in the north. He said about 8,000 provincial buses enter Metro Manila every day. The project, he added, would be undertaken jointly with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) (Agcaoili, 2012). The traffic situation in General Santos City is getting worse as thousands of tricycle units drive along major thoroughfares. Geraldine Zamora, chairman of the Motorized Transport Franchising and Regulatory Board (MTFRB), said that despite former Mayor Darlene Custodio’s policy that regulated the massive production of sidecars and limited the issuance of franchise to operators, tricycle units increase in number. The chairman stressed that it is ridiculous for a highly urbanized city to have tricycle units outnumber taxis and public utility jeepneys (PUJ). On the other hand, illegal tricycle operators and drivers from towns of Alabel, Malapatan, and Glan in Sarangani provice, and Polmolok and Tupi towns in South Cotabato Ferry passengers to Gensan, unnoticed by local officials. Lack of grave sanctions for traffic violators likewise contribute to the transportation problem in the city (Adlaw, 2013). With economic losses from traffic congestion reaching P137.5 billion in the year 2011, the government is launching several infrastructure projects, including modernizing and expanding the country rail system to make commuters depend less on road transport (Lagdameo, 2012). Metro manila traffic, on the other hand, is chaotic. The average driver is not disciplined, and, as a result of the way it’s always been, he does not feel bound by the rules of the road. Those rules exist, in the form of laws and regulations, but enforcement is extremely weak. Enforcers loosely manage the general flow of traffic, but ignore most violation. As a result

of this weak enforcement, drivers believe they have the freedom to disregard regulations and drive aggressively, which in turn creates a competitive environment where drivers feel they need to disregard regulations and drive to aggressively. It’s a law of the jungle environment which, in the absence of effective enforcement, leave each driver both finding for himself and deciding for himself how to interact with the network all drivers (private car owners, public transportation drivers, and even law enforcement officers0 operate within this paradigm (Real, 2010). The traffic management mind-set in Metro Manila places absolutely no responsibility on drivers to self-comply with traffic rule. Enforcers use a ‘cattle-herding’ approach (focusing almost exclusively on public buses), resulting in a semblance of order only when an enforcer is present and actively engaging with driver. This ‘catch me if you can approach simply cannot effectively control the behaviour of more than a million aggressively-driven vehicles. To create a disciplined ordered traffic environment it is necessary to place the primary responsibility for compliance squarely on the shoulders of the drivers (both public and private). Drivers simply must be forced to obey traffic regulations on their own. The most effective method for encouraging compliance is deterrence which can only be achieved through aggressive enforcement. Enforcers must actively work to detect violations of all types and then take corrective action. If certain behaviour consistently results in a negative consequence, that behaviour will change. The first step in this process is to assert the Rule of law on Metro manila roadways. Traffic enforcers and managers assigned to a variety of agencies and local government units are the frontline soldiers in this phase. As with many government agencies senior management relies on front-line supervisors to handle traffic on a day-to-day basis. And those front-line supervisors tend to leave it in the hands of the actual enforcers. The enforcers with little training and less motivation do only what is necessary to keep the flow moving. As long as traffic is not in gridlock everyone seems to think that nothing more can or should be done (Lagdameo, 2012).

Statement of the Problem 1. How many the roads in Mayapyap Sur, be described in terms of: a. Type b. Material; c. Length; d. Vehicle allowed; and e. Direction of traffic? 2. Which congestion?

among

the

identified

roads

experience

traffic

3. Which among the following factors contribute to the traffic situation in the selected road? a. Damages road; b. Illegal parking; c. Unimplemented signage; d. Absence of police; e. Motorist; and f. Others? 4. What can be recommended situation in the area?

in

order

to

improve

traffic

Scope and Delimitation The focus of this study is to determine the factors affecting traffic congestion in Mayapyap Sur, Cabanatuan City. This will be a case study which will utilize mixed methods; both observation and Key-informant interview (KII). On January to April 2019. Significance of the Study The study will be beneficial to the following: Cabanatuan City Police Station. This study will provide baseline information as how some traffic police officer can do help traffic congestion at Cabanatuan City. Through this study they

can reflect on how they are efficient in their works and what they have achieved so far. Motorists. This study will be beneficial to the public who will be receiving utmost care and benefits to the roadways. It can also provide information to avoid traffic congestion in our roadways that can effects to the effective traffic management. Future Researchers. This is for the reason that the results of the study may also serve as a basic in the conduct of other researcher on area related to the present study. Criminology Students. They will be able to acquire information and knowledge which they may letter use in the practice of their careers as police officers especially about the traffic rules and regulation. Definition of term Terms are defined operationally in order to give a clear and better understanding of the study. Traffic Congestion. Traffic congestion is a condition on transport network that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip time, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of road by vehicle (Reyes, 2015). Road. A long, narrow stretch with a smoothed or paved surface made for traveling by motor vehicle, carriage, etc., between two or more points; street or highway. Mayapyap Sur. Barangays of Cabanatuan City, in Nueva Ecija within Region 3-Central Luzon, with a population of 5,473 people. It is led Chairman Ramon Garcia. (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrele ase/R03.xlsx) Illegal Parking. The act of drivers parking vehicles in an illegal or restricted area such as a fire zone, where signs are posted, in crosswalks, on sidewalks, or blocking a fire hydrant as dictated by area traffic laws. Illegal acts of parking are cited by a warning from local law enforcement and may result in a violation or fee. Traffic Signage. A sign usually on the side of a street or highway bearing symbols or words of warning or direction to motorists or pedestrians and often having a characteristic shape — compare stop sign.

Motorist. A person who drives a or travel via automobile.