There Be Remedial_8b

Error No.: 8 Error: There has/ have Some common examples 1. 2. 3. 4.

*There will not have any paper in the printer. *On the road, there have many cars. *And there has a big park in the centre of the city. *There have a lot of people in the room.

Core grammatical problem 1.Misuse of the verb HAVE to express the existential or presentative function, for which the verb to BE (there BE structure) should be used. Probable causes of this structural problem L1-related factors: 1. The corresponding meaning in Chinese/Cantonese is expressed using 有, have. e.g.: 馬 路 上 有 很 多 車. 嗰 度 有 好 多 人. 2. The word there in a there BE sentence is mistakenly regarded as the sentenceinitial adverb in Cantonese 嗰 度.

L2-related factors: 1.

Inadequate understanding of the correct usage of the there BE sentence structure.

2.

Inadequate mastery of the different forms of the verb to BE.

3.

Probable confusion due to such acceptable structures as there have been… and there has been….

Correction procedure To help students (Ss) overcome the structural problem as in sentences (1) to (4), teacher (T) can go through the following correction procedure with students (Ss): 1. T shows two sentences. (i)

There are many books on the table.

(ii)

*There has a bird on the tree.

2. T asks Ss to underline the verb in sentence (i). 3. T asks Ss to underline the verb in sentence (ii). 4. T tells Ss that both sentences tell us Something is/are somewhere. T then asks Ss ‘What is something’ in sentence (i)? 5.T asks Ss ‘What is somewhere’ in sentence (i)? 6. T asks Ss to rewrite sentence (i) using the form Something is/are somewhere.

i.e. (iii) Many books are on the table. 7. T asks Ss to compare sentence (i) with sentence (iii), especially the verbs. 8. T helps Ss to find out that the two verbs in sentence (i) and (iii) are the same. 9. T repeats steps 4 – 5 using sentence (ii). 10. T asks Ss to rewrite sentence (ii) using the form Something is/are somewhere. i.e. (iv) A bird is on the tree. 11. T asks Ss to compare sentence (ii) with sentence (iv). 12. T helps Ss to find out that the two verbs in sentence (ii) and (iv) are NOT the same. 13. T tells Ss that × Something has somewhere. × There has something somewhere. 14. T tells Ss that the structure There Be something somewhere should be used. 15. By the time Ss have become familiar with the there BE structure, T can remind them that there is another possible word order: [ somewhere ] , there BE [ something ] e.g. On the wall,

there is

a painting.

[ somewhere ] , there BE [ someone ]

OR

e.g.

In the room,

there are five boys.

Follow-up exercise A. Editing / Proofreading T selects some authentic excerpts of student writing containing this structural problem, and asks Ss to correct it either on their own or in pairs.

B. Translation from Chinese into English 1. 外 面 有 三 個 人. 2. 深 圳 有 很 多 香 港 遊 客. 3. 馬 路 上 有 很 多 車.

Very + V 1. Are the following sentences correct? Give a √ if you think so, and a  if you don’t think so. An example has been done for you. Sentences

√ or   √

Example: He study Form 5. Example: He studies Form 5. (i)

I very like music.

(ii) They very enjoy ice-cream. (iii) We very want to visit Japan.

2. Now look at (iv) below: (iv) John ♥ football

( ♥ = ‘like’ )

3. Write a sentence using the verb ‘like’: (v) ___________________________________________________________________

4. Now look at (vi) below: (vi) John ♥♥ dancing

5. How many ♥ are there in (vi) ? ___________________

6. What does John like more? Tick the correct one. (a) John likes football more. 

(b) John likes dancing more.  7. Write sentence (vi) again using the word ‘more’.  (vi) John ♥♥ dancing _______________________________________

8. Now look at (vii) below: (vii) John ♥♥♥ squash 9. What does John like most? Tick the correct one. (a) John likes dancing most.  (b) John likes squash most.  10. Write sentence (vii) again using the word ‘most’: (vii) John ♥♥♥ squash 

_______________________________________

11. Now write a sentence for each of the following (use ‘more’ and ‘most’ where necessary): (viii) Michael Chang ♥ football  _____________________________________ (ix) Michael Chang ♥♥ squash _____________________________________



(x) Michael Chang ♥♥♥ tennis  _____________________________________

12. Circle the words ‘more’ and ‘most’ in (ix) and (x). Look at their position: before the verb or after the verb? _____________ the verb

13. Now if we are talking about (x) only, can you write a complete sentence below, using ‘very much’? (x) Michael Chang ♥♥♥ tennis _____________________________________



14. Look at (xi) below, write a complete sentence for it using ‘very much’: (xi) Joey ♥♥♥ singing

 __________________________________________

15. Where are the words ‘very much’? Are they before the verb or after the verb? _____________ the verb

Note:

Correct : √ Thank you very much. √ She cooks very well. √ You did it very nicely. Etc., Wrong :

 I very enjoy ice-cream.  He very likes music.

16. Now, write a complete sentence using the words provided: (xii)

tennis play

Michael

well

very

________________________________________________________________ ______ (xiii)

enjoy tennis much

very

Michael

______________________________________________________________________ 17. In the two sentences that you have just written (xii and xiii), underline the verb and circle the word ‘very’. Where is the word ‘very’ (e.g. very well, very much)? Is it before the verb or after the verb? _____________ the verb

18. Remember:

… L I K E [ s o m e t h i n g ] very much

…LIKE [ someone ] …ENJOY

very much

[ s o m e t h i n g ] very much

19. Determine whether the following sentences are correct or wrong and rewrite the wrong ones. e.g.

a. John likes chocolates. √ Correction: ⁄ _____________________________________________

b. John do not like chocolates.  Correction: John does not like chocolates._______________________

(a) I very like music.



___________________________________________________________________

_ (b) They very enjoy ice-cream.



___________________________________________________________________ __ (c) We want to visit Japan very much. 

___________________________________________________________________ _ (d) She very loves Leon. 

___________________________________________________________________ _ (e) When I was eight, I very liked football. 

___________________________________________________________________ _ (f) She enjoys singing very much. 

___________________________________________________________________ _

20. Translation exercise. Translate the following Chinese/Cantonese sentences into English:

a. 佢 好 喜 歡 音 樂 . _____________________________________________________________________ __

b. 我 好 鍾 意 足 球 . _____________________________________________________________________ __ c. 他 們 很 想 去 日 本# . _____________________________________________________________________ __

#Note that it is also possible to put ‘very much’ in front of the main verb, e.g. They very much want to go to Japan. But it is less commonly used.

G.E. SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES

TENSE REVISION A. Present Simple Tense The Present Simple Tense is used to show: 1. A habitual action E.g. He wakes up at seven o’clock every morning. 2. A general truth E.g. The moon goes round the earth. We usually use the Present Simple Tense when a sentence has the following words:

every day, every night, always, often, usually, sometimes EXERCISE 1 Fill in each blank with the best form of the given verb. 1. Sue often _____________ to church on Sunday. (go) 2. Mary ______________ her teeth twice a day. (brush) 3. It _____________ a windy day. (be) 4. Susan always ___________ her trousers at night. (wash) 5. He usually _____________ up at half past seven. (get) 6. She _____________ her hair every day. (comb) 7. They ___________ in Lok Fu. (live) 8. Tommy ____________ his homework every afternoon. 9. We __________ in summer. (swim) 10. You ______________ a boy. (be) B. Past Simple Tense The Past Simple Tense is used to show a past action. E.g. Yesterday I bought a new dress. We usually use the Past Simple tense when a sentence has the following words: yesterday, last week, last month, once, ago, this morning, three days before EXERCISE 2 Fill in each blank with the suitable form of the given verb. 1. He _____________ (live) in Kwun Tong last year. 2. We ____________ (have) a concert yesterday. 3. I ___________ (write) two letters to my good friends last week. 4. She ____________ (play) volley ball this morning. 5. It _____________ (run) along the river two hours ago. 6. I ____________ (make) a cake last night. 7. Daddy ____________ (eat) three bowls of rice yesterday. 8. We ______________ (go) shopping last Sunday.

9. Once upon a time, I ____________ (see) a dinosaur in the lake. 10. John _____________ (sing) a song last year.

G.E. SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES TENSE REVISION C. Future Simple Tense The Future Simple Tense is used to show a future action. E.g. I shall go to Macau tomorrow. F. g. She will swim in the pool next month. We usually use the Future Simple Tense when a sentence has the following words: tomorrow, soon, next week (month, year…), in an hour, later, two days later EXERCISE 3 1. I go to school every day. I ________________ to the market tomorrow. 2. He write a letter today. He __________________ a letter to his mother two days later. 3. We sing a song every day. We ________________ a song in the concert soon. 4. He watches television today. He _______________ a film next Monday. 5. She eats an apple today. She _________________ an orange later. 6. He draws a picture every month. He __________________ a cartoon next week. 7. Ann comes here every day. Ann ________________ to school next year. 8. They help me every day. They ________________ Ann in an hour. 9. Tom reads a story today. Tom ___________________ a comic soon. 10. The children live in Hong Kong. The children ________________ in Kowloon next month. EXERCISE 4 Fill in each blank with the best form of the verbs (use Present Simple or Past Simple Tense) 1. Mary ______________ her finger yesterday. (cut) 2. The school ______________ in September. (start) 3. Peter _____________ a prize last week. (win) 4. Who ____________ the window? (break) 5. The monkey always ____________ up the tree. (climb) 6. The dog ____________ me yesterday. (bite) 7. I _____________ a bath every day. (take) 8. I usually ______________ my hands before taking my meals. (wash)

9. David often _______________ very well. (draw) 10. Kwok Wah _______________ asleep when he was in the bus. (fall) 11. Poor John ____________ his leg last week. (break) 12. The mouse always _____________ things. (bite) 13. Jimmy ______________ after he had sad goodbye to his friends. (leave) 14. I ______________ the key to Mrs. Lee last month. (lend) 15. A car _____________ petrol to move. (need) EXERCISE 5 Proof Reading—There is a mistake in each sentence. Put a ‘x’ on the mistake and write the correct answer on the blank. E.g. Peter study English every day. studies 1. 2. 3.

John go to church every week. _________________ The children play football yesterday. _________________ The books will fall on the floor last week. _________________

PE3011 English Language Studies and Teaching 1 Grammar Lecture 10 : Style (Reading : Greenbaum, ch.9)

What is one important goal we want to achieve when we pass a message to another person? How can we achieve this goal?

Overall goal: clarity (clear focus, clear meaning)

I.

Clear focuses:

I.1 Default focus: placed at end • •

normal (default) position of focus  end  new information beginning of a sentence or clause typically contains  knowledge / known information • as such beginning  unmarked (default, normal) theme ending  unmarked (default, normal) rheme Theme -----------rheme e.g.

general

I am painting my living room blue. People who strive to become better-off are "upwardly mobile". The American public is not interested in foreign policy. Foreign policy does not interest the American public. Teenagers are difficult to teach.

I.2 Marked focus: placed at front •

If we place an expression in an abnormal position (usually front), the effect is to make the expression more conspicuous.

e.g. Attitudes will not change overnight, but change they will. Easily recognizable was the leader of the wolf pack. Here they are. I.3 End – Weight  avoiding missing of information •

When there is a choice, it is normal for a longer structure to come at the end.

e.g. She visited him that very day. She visited her friend that very day. She visited that very day an elderly and much beloved friend. (end-weight) Which of the following pairs of sentences is better? 1. That he was prepared to go to such lengths astounded me. 2. I was astounded that he was prepared to go to such lengths.

3. Einstein's theories have made many important technological developments which we now take for granted possible. 4. Einstein's theories have made possible many important technological developments which we now take for granted. I.3.1 There - Structures and Cleft Sentences •

There - Structures give greater prominence to the subject.

e.g. There were some students who refused to show their ID card. •

Cleft sentences provide greater prominence to one part of the sentence.

e.g. It was a human error that caused the explosion.

II. General ambiguities & ways to clarify meanings

II.1 Overuse of abstract nouns •

It is often possible to make a sentence clearer by eliminating unnecessary abstract nouns.

Which of the following sentences are easier to decode? They should lessen their self-centredness and increase their assistance to others. They should be less self-centred and more helpful to others. The charge that the industry is making excessive profits does not stand on a valid foundation. The charge that the industry is making excessive profits is not valid.

II.2 Repeated Sounds •

Avoid putting words near each other if they sound the same or almost the same but have different meanings.

Which of the following is easier to decode? 1. Industries and the professions are finding it increasingly difficult to find people qualified in basic writing skills.

2. Industries and the professions are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit people qualified in basic writing skills.

II.3 Nonessential Words •

Avoid using too many nonessential words.

Which of the following is easier to decode? 1. It seems to me that it doesn't make sense to allow any bail to be granted to anyone who has ever been convicted of a violent crime. 2. I think bail should not be granted to anyone ever been convicted of a violent crime. 3. The antique dealer who is on Allen Street has a pair of silver candlesticks that were designed by Paul Revere. 4. The antique dealer on Allen Street has a pair of silver candlesticks designed by Paul Revere. 5. Because I chose the field of chemistry as my major, the whole character of my attitude towards the area of learning has changed. 6. Majoring in Chemistry has changed my attitude towards learning. 7. The curriculum was of a unique nature. 8. The curriculum was unique.

According to your observation of the sentences above, what makes a non-essential word?

II.4 Parallelism Which of the following sentences are easier to decode? What makes them easier to decode?

1. You will find long lines in the bookstore and to pay your tuition.

2. You will find long lines in the bookstore and at the cashier.

3. His collages derive from both art and from popular culture. 4. His collages derive from both art and popular culture. 5. His collages derive both from art and from popular culture.

6. I prefer the novels of Hemingway to Faulkner. 7. I prefer the novels of Hemingway to those of Faulkner.

8. They discontinued the production of the paint because of the field tests were unsatisfactory and a lack of customers. 9. They discontinued the production of the paint because of the field tests were unsatisfactory and there was interested customers.

•

• •

the results interested the results a lack of

providing a pleasing balance between the parallel units, and they emphasize meaning relationships between the units such as equivalence and contrast. Particularly needed when listing things Making things easy to decode / remember

Parallel structures include: • •

Parallel sentence/clause structures (e.g., SVSc, SVSc) Parallel phrasal structures (e.g., prepositional phrase, prepositional phrase, etc.) • Parallel use of word class (e.g., noun, noun, noun; gerund, gerund, gerund) • Parallel ideas (e.g., quality 1, quality 2, quality 3,etc.)

II.5 Pronoun Reference •

The antecedent (reference) of a pronoun should be made clear.

Which of the following sentences is clearer? Why? 1. Three students worked during the vacation for the researchers who were fussy about their work. 2. The students worked during the vacation for the researchers who were fussy about the students’ work . 3. The airlines and the airports are unable to cope with the passengers. Delays and frustration affect travellers daily. No it coming. 4. The airlines and the airports are unable to cope with the passengers. Delays and frustration affect travellers daily. anticipated this.

flood of one saw flood of No one

5. Many Hong Kong people have emigrated. It has caused a number of problems. 6. Many Hong Kong people have emigrated. This situation has caused a number of problems. 7. When class education is 8. When class education is

attendance being forced attendance being forced

is on is on

compulsory, some students feel that them . This is not true. compulsory, some students feel that them . This feeling is not true.

•

Do not use a pronoun to refer vaguely to an antecedent that is implied but is not actually present.

•

Avoid broad reference to an expressed idea.

•

Use "this" or "that" + nominalization to refer to the whole of the previous sentence or the group of ideas presented in preceding sentences, not "it".

Which of the following is clearer? Why?

It would be unwise to buy the new model now, although it is a superior machine. It would be unwise to buy the new model now, although the machine is superior.

•

Avoid the awkward placement of "it" near the anticipatory "it".

Which of the following sentences are problematic? In our book, it says that we should ... Our book says that we should ... According to the author, he says that we should ... According to the author, we should .... •

Avoid unnecessary pronouns.

Consistency Which of the following sentence is problematic? 1. Get a university map because they really help. 2. Get a university map because it really helps. 3. Every day you are bombarded with advertisements. It is up to us to decide what is worth buying. 4. Every day you are bombarded with advertisements. It is up to you to decide what is worth buying. •

Be consistent in the use of pronouns.

Which of the following sentence is problematic?

Although I worked until midnight, I can't finish all my assignments. Although I worked until midnight, I couldn't finish all my assignments. •

Be consistent in the use of tenses.

II.6 Faulty Predication •

Avoid faulty predication. Verbs should indicate actions that are possible for the subjects. Faulty predication occurs when the subject and predicate do not fit each other logically.

Do the following sentences sound right to you? Why or why not? 1. One book I read believes in eliminating subsidies. 2. An example of discrimination is an apartment owner, especially after he has refused to rent to people with children. 3. The reason we were late is because we had an accident. 4. An examination is when you are tested on what you know.

Better: 1. The author of one book I read believes in eliminating subsidies. 2. An example of discrimination is an apartment owner's refusal to rent to people with children. 3. An examination is a test of what you know. 4. In an examination you are tested on what you know. 5. The reason we were late is that we had an accident. II.7 Hiccups causing mis-reading: overuse of linking words (also called connectives) What do these words do? When are they used?

‘however’, ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’, etc.

Do the linking words in the following paragraphs contribute much to the linking of the ideas? How or how not? Now there are many experienced people in the field of advertising in china. Moreover, the level of technology is rising in the media. However, China is still an underdeveloped country. Moreover, the closed policy will hinder the inflow of foreign technology.

What could have been the cause of the problem?

• •

Many students over use linking words Linking words are used as logical links when there are no such links at all in a text. • Linking words are used to signal links which are all too obvious to the reader.

Other locations to place linking words at:

e.g. That is one reason why their economic policies are unlikely to restore full employment. It is not, however, the only one.

Somewhere has something

1. Are the following sentences correct? Give a  if you think so, and a  if you don’t think so. An example has been done for you.

Sentences Example: He study Form 5. Example: He studies Form 5. i.

The table has four legs.

ii.

The table has a lot of books.

iii.

Mong Kok has a lot of rubbish.

iv.

Hong Kong has a good harbour.

v.

The classroom has a plant.

 or   

2. Now, look at sentence (i) and (ii) again.  The table has four legs. (i)  The table has a lot of books. (ii) 3. In sentence (i), what has four legs? ________________ 4. Do the legs belong to the table? ________________ 5. Yes, so we can say that the legs are the table’s legs or the legs of the table. 6. Now, look at sentence (ii). Do the books belong to the table? ___________ 7. Can we say that the books are the table’s books or the books of the table? ________________ 8. We cannot say  the table’s books or the books of the table because the books do NOT belong to the table. The books are ON the table. To say this, we should use a sentence beginning with THERE IS/ARE. (vi) THERE ARE a lot of books on the table. i.e.



the table’s books or the books of the table

so,  The table has a lot of books. Correction: 1. The table has a lot of books. 2.

a lot of books ON the table

3.THERE ARE a lot of books ON the table.

9.

Now, look at sentences (iii) and (iv) again. (iii) Mong Kok has a lot of rubbish. (iv)

Hong Kong has a good harbour.

10. In sentence (iii), does the rubbish belong to Mong Kok? _______________ 11. Can we say that the rubbish is Mong Kok’s rubbish or the rubbish of Mong Kok? _________________ 12. Rewrite sentence (iii) using THERE IS/ARE given in item (8). _____________________________________________________________________ _____ 13. Look at sentence (iv). Does the harbour belong to Hong Kong? ________________ 14. Can we say that the harbour is Hong Kong’s harbour or the harbour of Hong Kong? __________________ 15. Is sentence (iv) correct? __________________ 16. Look at sentence (v) again. (v)

The classroom has a plant.

17. Is it correct? ___________________ 18. Rewrite sentence (v). ________________________________

Remember: If you want to say that SOMETHING is in a place (i.e. SOMEWHERE), you cannot say  Somewhere HAS something. e.g.

 The table  Hong Kong

HAS HAS

a lot of books. a lot of rubbish.

You have to say  THERE IS/ARE something somewhere. e.g.

 There are a lot of books on the table.  There is a lot of rubbish in Hong Kong.

19. Now look at sentence (vii). (vii) In the park has many children. 20. Do the children belong to the park? _________________ 21. Can we say that the children are the park’s children or the children of the park? ________________ 22. Rewrite sentence (vii). _____________________________________________________________________ ___ 23. Determine whether the following sentences are correct or wrong and rewrite the wrong ones. e.g. a. John likes chocolates. √ Correction: ⁄ _____________________________________________ b. John do not like chocolates.  Correction:

John does not like chocolates.________________________ (a) The wall has a picture.  _____________________________________________________________________ _____ (b) In the room has three chairs.  _____________________________________________________________________ (c) The street has many shops.  _____________________________________________________________________ (d) The rice cooker has some rice.  _____________________________________________________________________ (e) There are five birds in the cage.  _____________________________________________________________________ (f) The market has a flower shop.  ______________________________________________________________________ __ (g) The building has many people. 

______________________________________________________________________ __ (h) Hong Kong has a good airport. 

______________________________________________________________________ _ 24. Translate the following sentences. (a) 我 的 口 袋 裡 有 很 多 錢. ______________________________________________________________________ __ (b) 巴 士 上 有 很 多 人. ______________________________________________________________________ ___ (c) 魚 塘 裡 有 兩 條 魚. ______________________________________________________________________

___ Error No.: 12 Error: Somewhere has something Some common examples

1. * Hong Kong has a lot of rubbish. 2. * In the park has many children. 3. * In the classroom has a plant. 4. * The table has a lot of books. 5. * Here has a lot of people. Core grammatical problem Students misuse a noun (e.g. Hong Kong), an adverbial of place (e.g. in the park), or an adverb (e.g. here) at the subject position of a sentence which carries the verb ‘have’ e.g.

*Hong Kong has a lot of rubbish. *In the park has many children.

Probable causes of this structural problem L1-related factors: 1. Corresponding Chinese/Cantonese sentences are acceptable. e.g. 6. 香港有很多垃圾。 7. 在公園裏有很多小朋友。 2.

Students are not aware that the Chinese

有

is expressed in two

different ways in English: a. The possessive ‘have’ as in e.g. 8. I have a book . e.g. 9. The house has a big balcony. The first sentence means ‘I possess the book’. The second sentence means ‘The balcony is one inherent part of the house’.

b. The existential ‘there + be’ as in e.g. 10. There is a book on the table. This sentence means ‘A book is now on the table’. The structure is used to describe the existence of something at a place.

Correction procedure

To help students (Ss) overcome the structural problem relating to the use of nouns or adverbials as subjects in such sentence as:

Hong Kong has a lot of rubbish.

the teacher (T) can go through the following procedure with students (Ss ):

1. T shows one correct and one incorrect sentence: (i)

The table has four legs.

(ii) *The table has a lot of books.

2. T asks Ss, ‘Do the legs in sentence (i) belong to the table?’ 3. T asks Ss, ‘Can we say that the legs are the table’s legs or the legs of the table?’ 4. T asks Ss, ‘Do the books in sentence (ii) belong to the table?’ 5. T asks Ss ‘Can we say that the books are the table’s books or the books of the table?’ 6. T tells Ss that sentence (i) is correct but sentence (ii) is wrong. 7. T tells Ss that to rewrite sentence (ii), we have to use the THERE IS/ARE structure. 8. T repeats steps 1–7 using other similar examples with a noun as the subject. 9. T repeats steps 1–7 using examples with an adverbial as the subject. (iii) In the park has many children.

Follow-up exercise Correct the following sentences. 1. Next to my bed had a table. 2. The room has many people. 3. In this district has no school. 4. The forest has many birds. 5. In the New Territories still have land for development.

Sentence Structure Practice 1 1. The student was punished because of his laziness. 2. The government cannot pay the debt on account of its poverty. 3. Many people were unemployed because of an economic depression. 4. The flight to Canada was cancelled on account of the bad weather. 5. He failed because of his lack of experience. 6. She lost a good friend for her snobbishness. 7. As it was icy cold, we put on warm clothes. 8. Since the cobra is poisonous, don't touch it. 9. As she was wealthy, he married her. 10.Since he was cruel, all his subjects ran away. 11.She is cheated for her greed / she is greedy. 12.Since you don't like him, why have you dated him? 13.The reason for his resignation is an open secret. 14.He turned young by reason of the power of the dragon balls. 15.Snoopy shouted madly by reason of his loss in the tennis game. 16.Othello was jealous, so he killed his wife. 17.Macbeth murders Duncan, so he becomes the King. 18.So alert was the store detective that he found two customers putting some groceries in their shopping bags. 19.Dante is a faithful Catholic, and therefore he praises God.

20.The man beat the thief out of anger. 21.He listened to his teacher out of (his) respect (to him). 22.Out of curiosity, the boys peeped into the haunted house. 23.The kids stopped to look at the accident out of curiosity. 24.He forgave his opponent out of pity. 25.He bowed to his teacher out of respect. 26.Out of curiosity, the boys explored the jungle. Practice 2 1. The Holy Warriors' union resulted in their victory. 2. Misunderstanding resulted in their separation. / Their separation resulted from misunderstanding. 3. The foreigner talked so fast that I could not understand him. 4. They are such dirty chairs that I cannot clean all of them in an hour. 5. He had such a lot of money that he could buy anything he wanted. 6. John is such a hardworking student that everyone praised him. 7. The weather was so terrible that we postponed our picnic. 8. Peter worked so hard that he had a successful business. 9. There are such a lot of monsters that Superman is very busy. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. the devil. 17. 18. 19. deeply. 20. 21. 22.

The boy is too naughty to attend a normal class. She was so ignorant as to take the rumour as true. He is wealthy enough to buy a country. He is so clever as to refuse the post. King Lear is too stubborn to accept the truth. Odysseus is clever and lucky enough to go home at last. Dr Faust is so eager for knowledge as to sell his soul to He spoke too quietly to attract their attention. He works hard enough to win a prize. The actress wept so deeply as to touch the audience The film is too violent for children to watch. The dog costs too much for me to buy it. Hamlet thinks too much to take quick action.

23. 24. him. 25. an hour. 26. wanted. 27. him. 28. 29. weather.

He was too tired to argue with his brother. The foreigner talked so fast that I could not understand They are such dirty chairs that I can't clean all of them in He had such a lot of money that he could buy anything he John is such a hardworking student that everyone praises The weather was so terrible that we postponed our picnic. The flight to Canada was cancelled on account of bad 30.

Owing to the shortage of university

places, many Hong Kong students go abroad for further studies. 31. He failed his examination on account of his laziness. 32.Because of an / the economic depression, many people were unemployed. 33.His failure was due to his lack of experience. 34.The quarrel was due to a misunderstanding. 35.The car accident was due to the careless driver / the carelessness of the driver. 36.He drove at full speed so that he could catch the train. 37.She turned down the radio so as not to disturb her brother. 38.The teacher explained the theory with examples so that he could make us understand what he said / we would (could) understand what he said. 39.The burglar hid under the window so that he would not be seen. 40.He ran quickly so as not to be late for an interview.

Practice 3 1. Despite my careful plan, a lot of things went wrong. 2. Though I can't play any musical instrument, I love music. 3. In spite of my advice, John takes the job.

4. We carried on walking although we were tired. 5. He is in fact German despite his (having got an) English name. 6. She managed to walk to the village although her foot was injured. 7. I decided to accept the job in spite of the low salary. 8. Despite our being the better team, we lost the match. 9. Despite his sickness, he continued doing his work. 10.He made the same mistake although I gave him my advice. 11.In spite of my illness, I managed to finish my work. 12.Although it rained, they went for a swim. 13.In spite of my father's objection, I am going to find a job. 14.Peter will not marry Susan despite his love to her. 15.In spite of his love to his own children, he taught them strictly. 16.Despite the high price of the walkman, he bought it. 17.Although I have advised him, he jumped into the cold water. 18.I didn't feel hungry even though I didn't eat / hadn't eaten for 24 hours. 19.Even though her father beats him up, he still sends flowers to her. 20. Despite his sickness, he continued doing his work. 21.Although I had advised him, he made the same mistake. OR Although I had given him advice, he made the same mistake. 22. 23. 24. not to. 25. 26.

I managed to finish my work in spite of my illness. Although it was raining, they went for a swim. David set out for an exploration although we had advised him In spite of my father's objection, I am going to find a job. John will not marry Mary despite his love for her.

Practice 4 1. He sent her flowers regardless of her parents' warning. 2. He still saved a child regardless of his serious injuries. 3. Notwithstanding the policeman gave him a warning, the driver did not stop. 4. Notwithstanding his poverty, he is happy. 5. Notwithstanding the heavy rain, they still went on picnic. 6. Notwithstanding his hatred to his boss, he still works for his boss. 7. Granted that I love to read books, I have no time to read

them. 8. He did not work hard granted that he wanted to pass the exam. 9. I have to leave my country granting that I love my country. 10. No matter how hard he had tried, he could not persuade her. 11. No matter how late he came, we would wait for him. 12. No matter how rich he is, he feels lonely. 13. No matter how fast he wrote, he still could not answer all the questions. 14. No matter how many housing estates are built, lots of people cannot find a roof to shelter. 15. 16. build it. 17. work out 18. 19.

However poor the Government is, it has to pay the debt. However expensive the new airport is, the Government will However complicated the problem is, I shall make effort to the solution. Whoever blocks my way, I will teach him a lesson. Wherever he hides himself, I can find him out.

20. Whatever folly he did, he was a good man. 21. No matter how heavily it rained, we set off as planned. 22. No matter how hard he studied, he could not pass the exam. 23. Reasonable as he was, he had no right to make decision. 24. Loudly as he shouted, the noisy boys still could not hear him. 25. Brave as Achilles was, he was killed. 26. Famous as Poe was, he bankrupted and died. 27. He was talented, while he died of poverty. 28. He is tall and thin whereas his father is fat and short. 29. Unless you are a member of the Students' Union, you may not borrow this book. 30. He spoke as if he were the manager of the company. 31. Notwithstanding the policeman's warning, the driver did not stop. 32. No matter how hard he had tried, he could not persuade his parents to let him go camping on Sunday. 33. Late as he came, we would wait for him.

Practice 5 1. He told me to close the window. 2. He suggested having a cup of tea. 3. Mary said to David, 'Would you like something to eat / to eat something?' 4. Nancy asked me how long I had been waiting there. 5. Mary asked me to turn down the radio. 6. John suggested solving the problem together. 7. He said (that) that was what he was looking for. 8. They told me that they were waiting for Peter. 9. Jane told the class that Mary would further her studies in Canada the following year. 10. 'I had a tour in the USA two years ago,' she said. 11. 'I am making a model now,' Peter said to me. 12. David asked John to post that letter for him. 13. He told the stranger to give him a reply by the next / following day. OR He told the stranger to let him have his reply by the next / following day. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Peter advised me to ask John for advice if I got into trouble. 'Keep quiet!' the teacher said to the boys. 'Be careful! Do not kick at the stones in the comer,' he said. The driver asked a passenger not to make so much noise. John asked me if/ whether that was what I wanted. The monitor wanted to know if/ whether we/I

would attend the meeting in two days' time. 20. Jane asked Alice if/ whether she had taken part in David's party the night before / the previous night. 21. 22. 23. 24.

'Can you show me the way to the City Hall?' a foreigner said to me. 'Whose pencil is this?' the monitor asked. Jack asked Mary how 'significance' was spelt. The teacher asked the monitor where the

boys had gone the previous day / the day before.

25. Rose asked me how long I had been waiting there. 26. 'Why were you absent from the meeting yesterday?' his brother said to him. 27. 'Where did the robbers go?' the policeman asked. 28. The boys said that it was a very exciting basketball match. 29. John greeted me and exclaimed / said that it was a very lovely beach. 30. The little girl said that it was a very interesting film. 31. 'Merry Christmas! Did you take part in Mary's party last night?' John said to me. 32. David greeted jack and asked / inquired after his brother. 33. Mother asked Mary if/ whether she was doing her homework and she replied that she was. 34. Mr Chan asked his daughter if/ whether she was doing her homework and she replied that she was. 35. Mrs Wong asked Agnes if/ whether she had closed the door and she replied that she hadn't. 36. 'Will you attend the club meeting tomorrow?' I asked Jack. 'Yes,' he replied. OR 'Will you attend the club meeting tomorrow. Jack?' I said / asked. 'Yes,' he replied. 37. 'Do you agree?' the monitor asked the class. 'No,' they said. 38. 'Do you see a man attack a woman?' the policeman asked the pedestrians. 'No,' they said. 39. Peter asked Mary whether she liked swimming and she replied that she did not. 40. David asked Joseph to show him his picture book and said that it looked very interesting. 41. David asked his brother to turn down the radio because he couldn't hear what his friend said on the phone. 42. Mother told Janet not to forget to lock the door when she left the

house and asked her when she would do her homework. 43. Alice said that she had finished her work and (said) that she would go out for a walk. 44. 'Keep quiet!' said the teacher. 'You'll be punished if you do not stop talking.' 45. 'What a successful concert! Do you want to organize another one next year?' the principal said to the prefects. 46. John advised me to see the doctor immediately. 47. A customer suggested looking into the causes before making their complaints. 48. 'If I were you, I would not insist on doing the work alone.' (I said to him.) 49. 'You'd better listen to your parents' advice,' I said to Mary. 50. He apologized for making a mistake. 51. He offered to help me solve my problem. 52. He denied breaking (having broken) the bottle. 53. Mary accused John of stealing the documents. 54. He promised to avoid arguing with Mr Chan the next day. 55. He admitted opening the safe the previous night / the night before. 56. He refused to accept the reward. 57. She accused Tom of attacking a weak man. 58. He promised to go with me to explore the jungle. 59. He apologized to Mary for being unable to help her. 60. Please tell me how I can distinguish between these two shirts. 61. I'm not sure what the students want. 62. Do you know why John beat his dog? 63. We wonder if / whether Miss Chan will take part in our party tomorrow. 64. I don't know what he is searching for. 65. Can you tell me if/ whether there are any tickets left?

Practice 6 1. If he had come early, he would not have missed the wonderful performance. If he had not come late, he would not have missed the

wonderful performance. 2. My father wishes he had not lent his most favorite stamps to his friend. 3. He wishes he had written an application letter to the firm. 4. Unless you arrive at the cinema on time, you will miss the wonderful performance. 5. If you do not start your work now, you will never achieve your aim. 6. Do not give up, or / or else you will not succeed. / Do not give up; otherwise, you will not succeed 7. Carry on with your work and you will achieve your aim. 8. But for your help, we would have been punished by the teacher. 9. If you are not careful, you will make a mistake. 10. I wish he could help his classmates solve the problem. 11. I wish I had sent a letter of application to the firm. 12. He acts as though he were an expert. 13. Stop, or else you'll knock into the stranger. 14. Listen carefully; otherwise, you'll not be able to understand. 15. Don't run so fast, or / or else you'll be in danger. 16. Unless you help me, I won't be able to finish my work. 17. If the doctor does not operate on the patient, he will die. 18. Provided that you do your homework first, you may go out to play. 19. Mr Chan will let you off on condition that you promise not to make the same mistake. 20. They will not notice us as long as we do not make any noise. Practice 7 1. The man sitting over there was thought to be the detective. 2. John is supposed to have gone abroad to further his studies. 3. A lot of housework is done (by Mary) every day.

Sentence Structure (1) A. When is a conjunction. It is used to link two clauses.

Examples : 1.When she opened the door, she saw her boyfriend. 2. When he was taking a bath, his brother opened the door. 3. When he had completed the report, he put it in an envelope. Exercise: 1-Connect the two sentences by using when. 1. He left. He did not say goodbye. 2. I went on a picnic yester. I saw many butterflies on a tree. 3. He waited for his friend. He saw a robbery. 4. He photo-copied the answer first. Then, he returned the book to the library. 5. He had a nightmare. At that moment, the bell rang. 6. Peter drove to Shatin last Sunday. Halfway there the car broke down. 7. Peter went to a concert last Sunday. During the performance, the lights were out of order. 8. He made sure that the answer was correct. Then he copied it in his book. 9. Mary had an English lesson yesterday. During the lesson, her mother came to the school. 10. The police searched for the criminal. During the search, the criminal opened fire.

B. While is a conjunction. It is used to link two clauses. Usually, when both actions in the sentence continued for some time, we use the past continuous tense. Exercise 2. Look at the table, which shows what two persons were doing at the Hong Kong International Airport. Write sentences about them using while. Mary

Peter read magazine queue for tickets check plan eat hungrily watch film sleep soundly play with Gameboy listen to walkman hum to himself Talk with beautiful girl

1. wait for flight to take off 2. go to the toilet 3. fasten seat belt 4. drink a glass of brandy 5. sleep 6. write letter to mother 7. wait to collect luggage 8. fill in form 9. talk to customs officer 10.wait for taxi P.1

C. (After , Before , While) + Doing are prepositions followed by present

participles. The subject of the participle in this pattern must be the same as the subject in the main clause. Examples:1. After hearing the bad news, she fainted. 2. Before setting out, they checked their luggage. 3. While watching the play, he found that his purse was lost. Exercise 3 : Rewrite the following sentences, using the patterns above. 1. After we had taken off our shoes, we waded through the water. 2. When he knew that he was late, he was very disappointed. 3. While he was playing football, he remembered he had an important appointment. 4. When he felt tired, he usually took a hot bath. 5. Just as he had locked the door, he found that he had forgotten to bring his key. 6. After he had failed in the examination, he felt terribly ashamed. 7. After she had changed into her swimming suit, she jumped into the blue sea. 8. When she saw the danger, she warned the people to leave. 9. After he had received the news of his friend’s death, he burst into tears. 10. When she was eating silently in the kitchen, her master discovered her. D. Not only….but also- should most be used in a pair. It is a parallel pattern Examples : 1. He not only promised to fulfill the conditions, but he (also) signed an undertaking to that effect. 2. He promised not only to give spiritual support but also to finance our campaign. 3. He saw not only the parents but also their sons. 4. He can not only speak good English but also write fluent English. Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences, using not only…but also: 1. I could find many cassette tapes on the shelf. I could find many videos on the shelf. 2. They ate a five-course meal; they also drank six bottles of

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

wine. She is both a professional artist and a first –rate teacher. She likes watching football. She enjoys playing football. There was his blood on the knife. There were his fingerprints on the door. He has a first-class brain. He is also a tremendously hard worker. He regarded buying a house as a top priority and he was willing to spend all on the decorations of his house. P.2

8. Some people think camping more exciting. They actually prefer it to picnicking. 9. She copied homework from her classmates. She told a lie to her teacher. 10. He hates people wasting time. He dislikes people having idle talk. E. Although and but are both conjunctions. But can’t be used to start a sentence if it is used as conjunction while although can be put in the middle or beginning of a sentence. Exercise 5 : Choose the expected result in each case from column B. Start with Although………. , ……… Column A 1.The beach was polluted.

Column B a. A burglar was able to break into his house. 2.He locked all the doors. b. He could not resist the temptation of food. 3.The doctor advised him not to c. He still smoked like a chimney. smoke. 4.The pianist had tried his best. d. There was no reply. 5.The escaped criminal hid inside e. He was discovered by the a cargo tank. police. 6.It was already midnight. f. Many swimmers went to it. 7.It was full of dangers. g. She still did not want to return home. 8.He had written many h. She did not forgive him. application letters. 9.He knew he had to go on diet. i. Nobody seemed to be impressed with his performance. 10.He apologized to her. j. She rushed into the building to look for her son.

F. Since/Because/As are conjunctions to introduce reasons. However, because is usually used in the middle of a sentence while since and as can be used in both ways. Exercise 6 : Rearrange the order of the following sentence by adding AS/Since 1. he/ planned/ emigrate/ Canada/ he/ sold/ all/ properties/ Hong Kong. 2. meeting/ will start/ 3 p.m./ we/ had better/ hurry up. 3. manager/ been away/ a meeting/ you/ have/ wait/ until/ he / returns. 4. you/ swear/ serve me/ faithfully/ I / employ/ you. 5. you/ so clever/ you/ able/ explain this. 6. boss/ not/ there/ I/ spoke/ his secretary 7. you/ say so/ I/ must believe/ it. P.3 G. To can be replaced by in order to. This pattern starts with an infinitive which introduces a purpose. Examples:1. To pursue higher qualifications, he studies very hard. 2. To earn a living, he works from morning till night. Exercise 7 : Rewrite the following sentences, using the pattern above. 1. The teacher wanted to punish the student, so he made him stand outside the classroom. 2. He resorted to stealing, so that he could obtain the document. 3. He would adopt any method he could think of, for he wanted to achieve his aim. 4. They wanted to solve their financial problem, so they sought help from the loan shark. 5. The girls wanted to see what had happened. Therefore, they peeped through the keyhole. 6. The Government employed a consultant since it wanted to estimate the cost of a new airport. 7. The company employed staggered work hours. It wanted to

alleviate the congested situation. 8. He made the matter worse, for he told a lie to his friend. 9. He wanted to avoid prosecution, so he sneaked into China. 10. He wanted to give her a good impression. Therefore, he behaved as if he was a gentleman. H. In order to/ so as to…In order to can be replaced at the beginning of a sentence or after the main clause while so as to can only be replaced after the main clause. Examples:1. In order to finish the task earlier, he works from morning till night. 2.He works from morning till night in order to finish the task earlier. 3.He works form morning till night so as to finish the task earlier. Exercise 8 : 1. He went to England. He wanted to learn English. 2. He worked more hours than normal. He wanted to earn enough money to buy a flat. 3. He drove very slowly. He did not want to have an accident. 4. She bought a camera. She wanted to have a permanent record of his holiday. 5. She shut all the doors and windows. She wanted to keep the mosquitoes out. P.4 6. John is studying Japanese. He wants to do business with the Japanese merchants. 7. The Government wants to discourage smoking. It has increased tax on tobacco. 8. The Government intends to curb the smuggling activities. It has increased fines for them. 9. We want to improve our children’s standard of English. They should be encouraged to read. 10. Mr. Chan, a prospective district councilor, spent many hours visiting people in their homes. He wanted to win more support in the election. I. so that and in order that are conjunctions used to introduce a purpose. They can be followed by a present tense with a future meaning. Examples:1. I am going to find a job so that I won’t need his

financial support. 2.You should tell her the truth in order that she will not think that you have cheated her. Exercise 9: 1. Susan talked to the shy boy. In this way, he would not feel left out. 2. She left a note on the door. She wanted me to know what to buy in the supermarket. 3. The two students exchanged paper secretly. They did not want the teacher to discover what they were writing about. 4. The Government increased the tax on cigarettes. It wanted to discourage smoking among the public. 5. He sent his son to Oxford. He wanted him to have the best university education. 6. I invited her to go out. I wanted to explain all the things to her. 7. I have put everything in writing. I want him to know I will keep my promise. 8. I explained my assumption in a simpler way. I wanted them to understand. 9. He told a white lie to her. He wanted her to be happy. 10. She locked herself in the room. She did not want anyone to come in. J. On condition that is a conjunction which is rarely put in the beginning. Examples:1. He will help us on condition that we let him join our project. 2. She can go out alone on condition (that) she returns home earlier. Exercise 10 : 1. Can I use your radio ? 2. Can I borrow your book ? 3. Will you dine out with me? 4. Will you help me? P.5

CCC ROTARY SECONDARY SCHOOL 5C ENGLISH WORKSHEET Complete the following sentences : 1. 2. 3 ________ ,together with _______ , 4. as well as 5 Both _________ and _________ 6. Not only but also 7. Although 8 Despite , 9 Neither nor 10 11 . 12 .

Besides, Therefore,

Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,

13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 .

Thus, Hence, As a result, Consequently, However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, After When Before As soon as As While hardly

when

scarcely until If If If If Unless Unless

,

when