Theories
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Third: Theoretical Approaches to the Study of IR
I- Evolution of theoretical inquiry in IR
II- Main Theoretical Approaches in IR
The Evolution of Theoretical :Inquiry in IR
IR as a field of study is relatively new (early 1920’s, after World War I). However thinking about IR started a long time before: - In Political thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Roseau , Bentham & others.
- In Diplomatic History & Strategic & Military studies in the 18th & 19thC & International Law. But with no attempt to think theoretically about states behavior.
The 2 exceptions: Alfred Mahan (1840 – 1914 : Theory of Naval power) & Sir Halford Mackinder (1861 – 1947: theory of Heart Land) The influence of Geographic factors on National Power & IR….(Political Geography: Geopolitics)
World War I & the need for theoretical thinking about IR. Liberalism developed, followed by Realism, then Neo- Realism & Neo Liberalism….. The development of a new approach doesn’t mean the end of the former, it only means that the new one is more appealing to or more popular among IR scientists.
I Liberalism:
World War I initiated a revolution in the study of IR: - Marxist- Leninism - National Socialism - Liberalism.
:Liberalism Roots of Liberalism in IR Liberal World View The Liberal Reform Program Limitations of Liberalism
:Roots of Liberalism
Liberalism/ Idealism: its advocates are inspired by their interest in ideals.
Post World War I idealists derived their world view from Liberal thinkers as Immanuel Kant, John Stewart Mill, John Lock, Roseau, & Adam Smith.
Liberalism emphasizes: - the impact of ideas on behavior. - equality & liberty of individuals. - protecting people from excessive state regulations. - ethical principles over the pursuit of power& institutions over the interests as forces shaping inter-state relations.
Post World War I Liberal World :View
Liberalists share a moralistic & optimistic image of the world based on the following beliefs:
- Human nature is good, thus people can collaborate through ethically inspired education.
- Bad human behavior (violence) is the product of evil institutions. - Wars are not inevitable, & can be reduced through institutional arrangements.
- Institutions that make war should be eliminated. - States must reform their political system: self determination & democratic systems to pacify relations among states.
:The Liberal Reform Program Three Groups: The first group: creating International Institutions (collective security rather than balance of power). The League of Nations. The second group: the use of legal processes (mediation & arbitration) to settle disputes. The Permanent Court of International Justice in 1921.
The third group: called for certain regulations to reform the International System: - Disarmament & arms control - Free trade - Open Diplomacy -Termination of alliances - Self-determination, & democratic domestic institutions (President Wilson).
:Limitations of Liberalism With the exception of the League of Nations nothing was achieved of the Liberal program. With the policies of the Axis Powers, Liberalism receded.
Too idealistic & too naïve & couldn’t predict the eruption of the 2nd World War & neglected the facts of power politics. This led to the development of a new perspective (political realism) which stressed on the importance of studying real IR & not just what IR should be.
I- Evolution of theoretical inquiry in IR
II- Main Theoretical Approaches in IR
The Evolution of Theoretical :Inquiry in IR
IR as a field of study is relatively new (early 1920’s, after World War I). However thinking about IR started a long time before: - In Political thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Roseau , Bentham & others.
- In Diplomatic History & Strategic & Military studies in the 18th & 19thC & International Law. But with no attempt to think theoretically about states behavior.
The 2 exceptions: Alfred Mahan (1840 – 1914 : Theory of Naval power) & Sir Halford Mackinder (1861 – 1947: theory of Heart Land) The influence of Geographic factors on National Power & IR….(Political Geography: Geopolitics)
World War I & the need for theoretical thinking about IR. Liberalism developed, followed by Realism, then Neo- Realism & Neo Liberalism….. The development of a new approach doesn’t mean the end of the former, it only means that the new one is more appealing to or more popular among IR scientists.
I Liberalism:
World War I initiated a revolution in the study of IR: - Marxist- Leninism - National Socialism - Liberalism.
:Liberalism Roots of Liberalism in IR Liberal World View The Liberal Reform Program Limitations of Liberalism
:Roots of Liberalism
Liberalism/ Idealism: its advocates are inspired by their interest in ideals.
Post World War I idealists derived their world view from Liberal thinkers as Immanuel Kant, John Stewart Mill, John Lock, Roseau, & Adam Smith.
Liberalism emphasizes: - the impact of ideas on behavior. - equality & liberty of individuals. - protecting people from excessive state regulations. - ethical principles over the pursuit of power& institutions over the interests as forces shaping inter-state relations.
Post World War I Liberal World :View
Liberalists share a moralistic & optimistic image of the world based on the following beliefs:
- Human nature is good, thus people can collaborate through ethically inspired education.
- Bad human behavior (violence) is the product of evil institutions. - Wars are not inevitable, & can be reduced through institutional arrangements.
- Institutions that make war should be eliminated. - States must reform their political system: self determination & democratic systems to pacify relations among states.
:The Liberal Reform Program Three Groups: The first group: creating International Institutions (collective security rather than balance of power). The League of Nations. The second group: the use of legal processes (mediation & arbitration) to settle disputes. The Permanent Court of International Justice in 1921.
The third group: called for certain regulations to reform the International System: - Disarmament & arms control - Free trade - Open Diplomacy -Termination of alliances - Self-determination, & democratic domestic institutions (President Wilson).
:Limitations of Liberalism With the exception of the League of Nations nothing was achieved of the Liberal program. With the policies of the Axis Powers, Liberalism receded.
Too idealistic & too naïve & couldn’t predict the eruption of the 2nd World War & neglected the facts of power politics. This led to the development of a new perspective (political realism) which stressed on the importance of studying real IR & not just what IR should be.
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