Theme 2 Brunei : Ancient Brunei To 16th Century

Theme 2 Brunei : Ancient Brunei to 16th Century

Early names of Ancient Brunei By traders of other countries By the Chinese traders

P’o-li, Bu-ni, Fo-ni, Po-ni, Po-lo, Bruni, Wen-lai, Bun-lai,  P’o-li Pu-lo-chung, Ye-po-  ti,  Fo-shih-pu-lo

Vijayapura

Buruneng, Borrei, Burneau, Borney, Borneo, Bruneo, Burne, Bornui, Bruni, Bhurni, Dzabaja, WrittenSribuza, in the Chinese records Karpuradvipa (camphor Randj Recorded in the 6th century land), Located in the north-west coast of Borneo Vijayapura (victory), Varunai (seaborn) By the Arab traders

        

Written in the Chinese and Arab records Recorded in the 7th century Founded by members of the Funan royal family The royal family changed the name P’o-li to Vijayapura (victory) The Chinese referred Vijayapura as Fo-shih-pu-lo The Arabs called it as Sribuza It was a trading empire The people traded in champor (main export) and other forest produces With trade, the empire began to extend

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ Funan was located in present-day Cambodia The royal family of Funan fled from their kingdom when it was attacked and captured by the people of Chenla They landed on the northwest coast of Borneo with their followers

 Written in the Chinese reports  Recorded in 977 (10th century)  The Chinese used the name Po-ni to refer to the Brunei

Po-ni

Kingdom

Written records on Ancient Brunei

Located on Brunei Bay

The religions were Hinduism and Buddhism

A

trading empire which exported camphor

1225 (by Chua Ju-Kua) Had 100 warships

The king was carried in a litter

There was a lot of gold

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977

1280 1365

Controlled large parts of Borneo islands (Sabah and Sarawak)

Became a vassal state of Majapahit

Chinese reports on PONI

Controlled Sulu

Paid a tribute of 40 katis of camphor

Controlled Northwest coast of Borneo (the Philippines)

1369

1371

Attacked by the Sulus A poor country Its gold and treasures were controlled taken awayTotally Majapahit

by

Majapahit came to drive the Sulus awayThere was no mention of gold and wealth

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Po-ni became much weaker after the attack

The founding of Brunei

The first ruler of Brunei was Awang Alak Betatar Under his rule. Brunei became well-known among its neighbours. This included Johore At that time, the kingdom of Johore was ruled by Sultan Bakhei One day, Sultan Bakhei sent his messengers to invite Awang Alak Betatar to Johore Awang Alak Betatar accepted the invitation and set to sail to Johore with Pateh Berbai Upon arrival in Johore, the two brothers were warmly welcomed As Sultan Bakhei was a Muslim, he shared his knowledge about Islam with the two brothers Awang Alak Betatar and Pateh Berbai were interested in the new religion and so they also decided to become Muslims On becoming Muslims, Awang Alak Betatar chose the name Muhammad Shah while Pateh Berbai was named Ahmad Muhammad Shah also married the daughter of Sultan Bakhei This strengthened the ties between Brunei and Johore Muhammad Shah was then known as Sultan Muhammad Shah In the Chinese records, he was known as Maha-mo-sha With the Sultan a Muslim, Brunei also became Brunei as a centre of learning and teaching of Islam a Muslim country

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The start of the Brunei Sultanate

Awang Alak Betatar with his 13 brothers lived in Garang, Temburong Among the brothers, Awang Alak Betatar was the leader because of his intelligence One day, the brothers had a meeting on finding a new place to live The search for a new place was led by Pateh Berbai, one of Awang Alak Betatar’s brothers They found Butir which was on the Brunei River The brothers agreed that Butir was the perfect place as there was an ample supply of food and water When they went back to Garang, they told Awang Alak Betatar about Butir. The 14 brothers then began to clean the area and to make a new home which later became known as Brunei Each one of the brothers set up his own house. Later, more and more people came to live there Awang Alak Betatar became the first ruler of Brunei A Awang Alak Betatar then became known as the first ruler of Brunei

Sultan Sharif Ali

Period of rule

1425 – 1432 (3rd Sultan)

Descendant

Prophet Muhammad (he came from Taif, Arabia)

Sultan Bolkiah

1485 – 1524 (5th Sultan)

Islam

in

Nakhoda Ragam

 spread Islam :

:

Contributio ns

built the first mosque (in Kota Batu)

: became the Imam and read the khutbah : the mosque was also used as a place to study Al-Quran and teach Islamic law :

included Islam in Brunei’s everyday life

: turned Brunei into a centre for the teaching of Islam :

added the ‘Darussalam’

Sultan Saiful Rijal (his father)

Sultan Abdul Kahar (his son who was Acting Sultan during Antonio Pigafetta’s visit to Brunei in 1521)

Sultan Berkat (he did so much to spread Islam)  encouraged Brunei

1582 – 1598 (9th Sultan)

Sultan Sharif Ali (his grandfather)

Married Sultan Ahmad’s daughter (2nd Sultan of Brunei)

Known as

Sultan Muhammad Hassan

name

: created the ‘Panji-Panji’ or the Royal Emblem (a symbol of Islamic power)

spread Islam to the places he controlled

His rule was comparable to Sultan Bolkiah and Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acheh  introduced the first written code of law (Hukum Kanun Brunei) :

: made Brunei as a centre of teaching and spreading Islam especially after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511

 expanded Brunei empire (the ‘Golden Age’ of Brunei) : captured all kingdoms and places he visited : the places were : Pandasan, Tempasuk, Mukah, Sambas, Bulungan, islands in the Philippines, Cebu, Sulu Archipelago, Mindanao, Palawan and Saludang (Luzon)

the law was based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad

: Islam continued to spread with the introduction of the law  reunited territories

Brunei’s

: reunited the lands that Brunei lost during the Spanish attack on Brunei (the Castille War)

 expanded Brunei empire : spread Islam along the coast of Borneo : controlled lands along the coast of Borneo and in the nearby islands

Death

1432

1524 (buried at Kota Batu)

1598

The System of Brunei’s government

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How Brunei was governed and organised

Sultan

Wazirs Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Temenggong Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Pemancha

Cheteria

Manteri

Hulubalang Pegawai, Imam, Khatib, Bilal

The Sultan



He was the ruler of Brunei

 

He was the Head of Islam in the country Special ceremonies were held to make a new Sultan the YANG DI-PERTUAN

The Officials  The Wazirs : the most important officials : they were members of the royal family



The Cheteria : they were the nobles : example = the Shahbandar was in charge of the port and looked after the foreign traders



The Manteri : example = Manteri Pendalaman



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The Hulubalang : the low-ranking officials : examples = the Pegawai, the mosque officials (Imam, Khatib, Bilal)

Brunei’s traditional land right systems

kerajaan

 The lands were controlled by the Sultan  The Sultan’s officials took care the of the lands  Money from these lands belonged to the Sultan (as taxes)

kuripan

tulin

 The lands were  given to the officials who were still in their positions 

The lands belonged to the noble families Money from these lands belonged to the head of the family

 If the official was no longer in that position, the land was given to  The owner of this the new official land may pass it to his son  Money from these lands  The owner of this became the land could sell his salary of the land if he wished officials

Brunei’s trade

1.

To get money

2.

To exchange goods

3.

To have trade contacts with other countries

Trading Partners

Brunei’s Trade

China, India, Arabia, Cambodia, Siam, Pahang, Java, Sumatra, Moluccas (Spice Islands), Mindanao (in the Philippines)

Brunei’s export

Brunei’s import

Black wood, camphor, rattan, sandalwood, gums, birds’ nests, feathers, hornbills, brassware and cloth

Luxury items such as ceramics from China and Siam, cloth and brassware

Exported to Malacca, China and Siam

Imported from China and Siam

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Importance of trade