The Last Laugh: Effectively Combining Fantasy With Reality
Bryan Kennedy Media 41 Professor W. McCallum
The Last Laugh: Effectively Combining Fantasy With Reality The major predicament facing movie directors of the silent period was the difficulty in conveying their desired message to the audience. Sound, such an integral component of human communication, had to be replaced in a visual form. Oftentimes, especially in American cinema of the period, this surrogate communication method took form as a plethora of intertitles. However, such titles had the propensity to withdraw the audience from the film, making them passive, thirdparty observers, rather than actively
engaged participants. In the Germanmade film, The Last Laugh [1924], director F.W. Murnau overcomes this communication gap through a masterful weaving of both reality and mild expressionism, a visual technique which allows the audience to better experience the emotional underpinnings of the story. The Last Laugh came out of a period in German cinema obsessed with expressionism. Films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari(1919), which depicted a world so grossly distorted as if to resist all vestiges of realism, had the effect of “fooling” the audience into believing a different reality. By contrast, the raging American film industry was churning out such works as von Stroheim’s Greed (1925), which favored realistic images by using only onlocation sets, and conveyed messages through onscreen dialog. With the former, the problem was that the message being conveyed tended to get lost in the expression of it, and the latter, that the message was all that was being conveyed, with the audience losing out on any potential emotional connotations of the story. Enter The Last Laugh, which combines the two unique styles to create an entertaining and highly effective story. This form of storytelling is so effective in conveying its message through purely visual imagery, that Murnau used but one inter title. Even then, this single intertitle was itself somewhat superfluous to the film’s plot, and perhaps served to chide the overuse of intertitles in the popular American films of the day (as is perhaps the entire “improbable epilogue”). Throughout the film, there are many moments where the balance between expressionism and realism blend to convey a particular feeling, idea, or emotion. The film opens with an innovative dolly shot, where the camera moves the
audience through the hotel where the protagonist works as a porter. Not only does this scene establish much of the film’s set, but serves to initiate the audience as active, and emotionallyattached, participants in the story. The camera leads us out to the entry of the grand hotel, where we look on through the comfort of the glass, as our faithful porter greets guests and ushers them in or out of the hotel in the pouring rain. In a sense, because of its firstperson viewpoint, this establishing shot allows the porter to symbolically welcome us to the hotel, all the while setting up in our minds an affinity for this so proud and friendly man. In many other instances during the film, the cinematographer shoots the scene through glass to depict the layered emotional message of the moment. In once such scene, our yet undemoted porter arrives proudly for work, and starts to walk through the giant rotating door to the hotel. However, just as he is about to pass the threshold and enter the hotel, a glint of reflection in the glass door catches his eye. The porter looks on in horror and helplessness through the glass, as he sees another porter, dressed and behaving exactly as he had the day before, performing his beloved job. As the audience, we see what he sees through the distorted glass, a very unreal and almost disorienting feeling. It is almost as if the porter were looking upon himself through the thin glass barrier. At that moment, the porter, who just a minute before has been conducting business as usual, is immediately confused with what he sees. The audience and the porter are suddenly on the wrong side of the glass. Replaced and very confused. Shortly thereafter, as the protagonist is first learned of his demotion. The camera opens the scene by peering through the plate glass window of the manager’s office, as the
young hotel manager hands the old porter the despised letter of demotion. Then, as the camera moves in, seemingly floating through the transparent glass, to gaze at the letter from the porter’s perspective, the shot suddenly blurs. The purpose of this effect is two fold: From the realism point of view, the porter would in fact require glasses to read the small print, due to his advancing age. Thus, the blurring vision of the camera highlights this inability, which contrasts sharply with the young hotel manager, who remains seated at his desk, looking over his various business documents unaided. The porter, dismissed by the young manager, suddenly feels, and looks, very old. From the expressionist point of view, the blurring also implies that the porter (and we as the audience), wish not to see the letter, for fear and doomed knowledge of what it must say.
But perhaps the best example of the contrasting style of the film comes to us after
the protagonist steals his former porter coat jacket from the hotel, and is hurrying away from the crime. It is at this moment that our terrified porter looks up, only to see the mighty façade of the hotel bearing down upon him. This imagery leads the audience, in not so uncertain terms, to understand exactly how the protagonist feels at that moment: literally buried in guilt, shame, and ridicule for his actions. By contrast, a true expressionist piece might have depicted this feeling through the use of a permanently distorted hotel façade or perhaps a newly malformed jacket (the later missing button may have significance in this regard), while realism may have told us how the porter was feel using an intertitle such as: “And so the distraught porter ran through the streets to his home, horrified by his recent ill luck, and shamed by his criminal act.” Neither of these methods would have conveyed nearly the depth of the emotional message intended for the
audience to experience. However, the powerful dreamlike combination of the two not only communicates the plot and story, but also involves the viewer in the interpretation of the story’s inner emotions, allowing him or her to bring his or her own experiences to the film. The mixture of mild expressionism and reality also serve to alter the audience’s emotional state. Supposedly just as distraught over the porter’s demotion as he himself is, we come to witness a dreamy, alcoholinduced sequence that serves to break up the doldrums of the recent turn of events. As the protagonist falls deeper and deeper into his drunken stupor that night, we see the room spin (just as he might see it), where the once realistic images of his apartment change form to become highly distorted, and even uncomfortably comical, objects. A splicedin scene of two of the drunken houseguests leaving as they fall all over each other, seals in the whimsical nature of this drunkenness. And, presumably like the protagonist himself, we temporarily forget his poor misfortune. The sequence continues as we follow the protagonist into a magical dream. In it, our favorite porter comes to the aid of a dozen ineffective butlers by picking up two impossibly heavy luggage trunks by his thumbs. And rather than simply watching in the jubilation and magic, Murnau invites the audience to celebrate with the porter, using the theninnovative movement of a handheld camera. In this scene, the camera (and audience in turn) literally dances around the room along with the porter. While this dreamy sequence serves to uplift us, it is ends abruptly with the distorted images of Emile trying to walk him/us up for work. Of course, this brings us all back to the cruel reality that the porter has been demoted to the unjust position as bathroom attendant.
Through innovative, expressionist camera work, combined with realistic scenes and sets, The Last Laugh narrates a story filled with meaning and emotion. From handheld camera work, to distorted images of collapsing buildings, special visual effects aid in the realistic depiction of a man’s emotional transition from bursting pride to utter shame and defeat.