The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
The Great Investor's Mentality Quiz ‐ Do you have it? The attributes that seem to make a great investor are the ability to let logic dominate emotion, a focus on understanding knowable factors, a self‐awareness of what is unknown or unknowable, and a constant mission to refine and improve their process. Take the quiz and remember that great investing is a mindset, not a skill‐set. Unfortunately, mindsets are harder to change than skill‐sets. But just like other great investors, you can put systems and discipline in place to help foster a culture with the “great investor” mentality. “Success in investing doesn't correlate with I.Q. once you're above the level of 25. Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble in investing.” – Warren Buffett, Legendary Investor “Part of being successful in the markets is being in control of your emotions and making decisions for the right reasons, not the wrong reasons. And the more you can stay in touch with that and what’s going on in your head, then I think the more successful you can be.” –Steven Cohen , SAC Capital Advisors
The Quiz: 1) A blackjack player has 19, takes a hit and gets a 2 for 21. Was the decision to take a hit a: a. Good decision b. Bad decision 2) A $20 stock has $15 in net cash and a volatility of 50%. The risk of this stock should be measured by: a. Downside potential ‐ $15 net cash b. Volatility ‐ $10 (based on 50% volatility on $20 stock price) 3) Letting “winners run” should enhance portfolio returns: a. True b. False 4) You buy a house for $1 million that subsequently declines in value to $500,000. Someone offers you $800,000 for the house. Do you: a. Take the deal b. Pass
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The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
5) Human instincts are well designed for portfolio management: a. True b. False 6) Risk‐adjusted return should be the highest weighted factor in determining position size: a. True b. False 7) The best time to buy is when: a. Fear in the market is low b. Fear in the market is high 8) Economic forecasts are an easy way to improve an investment thesis: a. True b. False 9) Two stocks trading at $20 have the same potential upside to $40 and downside to $10. You have greater confidence in the upside being achieved for Stock One. Assuming all else equal you would: a. Have a greater exposure to Stock One b. Have equal exposure to both assets 10) Modern Portfolio Theory is the optimal method to maximize the risk‐reward of a portfolio: a. True b. False
Answers: 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4 – a, 5 – b, 6 – a, 7 – b, 8 – b, 9 – a, 10 – b.
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The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
Quiz Answers:
1)
b – Bad decision. A blackjack player with 19 has a higher expected return staying than hitting no matter what the dealer is showing. To maximize the long‐term expected return of their play they should always stand on 19. “Any individual decision can be badly thought through, and yet be successful, or exceedingly well thought through, but be unsuccessful, because the recognized possibility of failure in fact occurs. But over time, more thoughtful decision‐making will lead to better overall results, and more thoughtful decision‐making can be encouraged by evaluating decisions on how well they were made rather than on outcome.” – Robert Rubin, former Treasury Secretary
2)
a – Downside potential. What is a better measure of risk? How much something moves or how much you can lose? Downside potential is a fundamental manager's gauge of risk and reflects their analysis of an asset’s potential permanent value impairment. Volatility is simply a proxy for downside potential and reflects the potential temporary value impairment. In addition, volatility is based on a log normal distribution of the market, which unfortunately, the market is not. See the Alpha Theory™ Differentiation from Portfolio Optimization for more details. “risk is not volatility” – Mario Gabelli, GAMCO Funds, Bloomberg TV Interview – December 3rd, 2008 “They’re looking for lower volatility, and they are paying a very heavy price for lower volatility: They’re losing performance.” –George Soros , Quantum Fund “Errors in means (price targets), variances, and covariances are roughly 20:2:1 times as important, respectively.” – Bill Ziemba, mathematics professor at University of British Columbia “While many have portrayed the current environment as a highly risky time to invest, these individuals are likely confusing risk with volatility. We believe risk should be determined based on the probability that an investor will incur a permanent loss of capital. As market values have declined substantially, this risk has actually diminished rather than increased. “– Bill Ackman, Pershing Square 3Q08 Investor Letter
3)
b – False. As a "winner runs" its position size increases, the potential upside decreases, and the potential downside increases. This equals greater exposure to a lower expected return asset. “We as a firm are always going to buy too soon and sell too soon. And I’m very at peace with that.” –Seth Klarman , Baupost Group When JP Morgan was asked how he had become so rich? He replied, “I sold too early.” – JP Morgan, famous financier “The riskiest moment is when you’re right. That’s when you’re in the most trouble, because you tend to overstay the good decisions.” – Peter Bernstein, legendary investor “Make a rule: Whenever an investment doubles in price, find out who has the most negative view of it and give this devil’s advocate a full hearing.” – Jason Zweig, author of Your Money and Your Brain
4)
a – Take the deal. The decrease in value from $1 million to $500,000 is a sunk cost. The question should always be, "if I were investing in this asset for the first time today, what would I do?" In this situation you would take the deal because you could turn around and buy another house of similar properties for around $500,000 and collect $300,000 in profit. “What you already have invested in the pot doesn’t matter.” / “Never stay in a poker game hoping to get even.” – Doyle Brunson, ten time World Series of Poker Champion
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5)
The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
b – False. Instinct, gut, and heuristics are all subject to the emotional bias of our mental calculators. Behavioral Finance and Neuroeconomics have spent the last 40 years explaining why humans are not well designed to make financial decisions. Compound that fact, with the calculation overload of managing a portfolio of multiple assets with constantly changing prices, position sizes, and fundamentals and it becomes impossible to manage without being a savant. “The wise are instructed by reason; ordinary minds by experience; the stupid, by necessity; and brutes by instinct.” – Cicero, Roman author and politician "A rational man knows—or makes it a point to discover—the source of his emotions, the basic premises from which they come; if his premises are wrong, he corrects them. He never acts on emotions for which he cannot account, the meaning of which he does not understand. In appraising a situation, he knows why he reacts as he does and whether he is right.” – Ayn Rand, author “Time is your friend; impulse is your enemy.” – Jack Bogle, founder of Vanguard “…human nature makes it hard for the markets to be efficient.” –Seth Klarman , Baupost Group “The best investors make a habit of putting procedures in place, in advance, that help inhibit the hot reactions of the emotional brain.” – Jason Zweig, author of Your Money and Your Brain "Emotions are your worst enemy in the stock market." – Don Hayes, market analyst
6)
a – True. There is no better way to maximize long‐term portfolio expected return, while minimizing risk, than to ensure that the best risk‐adjusted return assets are the largest positions in the portfolio. Other critical factors influencing position size are leverage, liquidity, and sector exposure, but risk‐adjusted return is the base line from which all position sizing decisions should begin. See the Alpha Theory™ Monte Carlo simulation that shows Expected Return based position sizing is 18% better than the next best method for creating long‐term returns. “We construct portfolios the way theory says one should, which is different from the way many, if not most, construct their portfolios. We do it on a risk‐adjusted rate of return.” – Bill Miller, legendary investor “When faced with a choice of wagers or investments, choose the one with the highest geometric mean of outcomes.” – John Kelly, scientist and name sake of the Kelly Criterion (Fortune’s Formula by William Poundstone) “It may be difficult to quantify the estimates, but arbitrageur armed with the risk‐adjusted return calculation will find it much easier to compare investment alternatives. The risk‐adjusted return calculation takes into account all the important aspects of the risk arbitrage decision process and melds them into one calculation.” – Keith M. Moore, author of “Risk Arbitrage ‐An Investor’s Guide”
7)
b – Fear in the market is high. Imagine the market is a huge pendulum that swings around intrinsic value. In times of elation the pendulum swings way past real value and in times of panic, the pendulum swings in the opposite direction, which presents arbitrage opportunities for investors. “Fear is the foe of the faddist, but the friend of the fundamentalist.” – Warren Buffett, Legendary Investor “Most of the time common stocks are subject to irrational and excessive price fluctuations in both directions as the consequence of the ingrained tendency of most people to speculate or gamble... to give way to hope, fear and greed.” – Benjamin Graham, father of Value Investing "It is our job to help our clients be fearful when others are greedy, and look at opportunities when others are fearful." – Warren Buffett, Legendary Investor
8)
b – False. Economic forecasts, if accurate, are extremely telling, but the issue is determining how to get comfortable in the accuracy of the economic prognostication. Market and economic direction are multi‐variable equations with thousands of
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The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
inputs. You can find two Nobel Laureate economists with well‐defended theses for divergent directions of the US economy. If they cannot figure it out, why should you try? Mental capacity is a precious commodity and should be focused on reasonable prognostication, like cash‐flow generation potential of an individual company. “We don’t come into the office with a view that interest rates, the dollar or the economy are going to do this or that. We come in with a view that this particular asset or security is trading for less than it’s worth and we want to buy it.” –Seth Klarman , Baupost Group “We spend little time trying to outguess market prognosticators about the short‐term future of the markets or the economy for the purpose of deciding whether or not to invest. Since we believe that short‐term market and economic prognostication is largely a fool’s errand, we invest according to a strategy that makes the need to rely on short‐term market or economic assessments largely irrelevant.” – Bill Ackman, Pershing Square “We will continue to ignore political and economic forecasts, which are an expensive distraction for many investors and businessmen.” – Warren Buffett, 1994 Letter to Shareholders "Based on my own personal experience, rarely do more than three or four variables really count. Everything else is noise.“ – Marty Whitman, Founder of Third Avenue Management 9)
a – Have a greater exposure in Stock One. The true value of an asset is a combination of the potential upside, potential downside and the probability of each. If one asset has a higher probability of upside then it has a higher risk‐adjusted return and should merit a greater exposure in the portfolio. “People don’t need extraordinary insight or intelligence. What they need most is the character to adopt simple rules and stick to them.” – Benjamin Graham, father of Value Investing “The main reason investors struggle with how to react to bad news is that they really haven’t figured out why they own the stocks they own.” – Bill Nygren, Oakmark Fund “Whether you should take a risk depends not just on the probability that you are right but also on the consequences if you are wrong.” – Peter Bernstein, legendary investor
10) b – False. Modern Portfolio Theory has been roundly disavowed as an effective portfolio management system for fundamental managers. The primary issue is MPTs use of volatility to measure risk when a much more important measure of risk is your estimate of potential loss and the probability of that occurring. Value at Risk has had an equally spotty record because covariance is a poor measure of interrelation of asset in extreme environments. When considering the most important measures of risk for a fundamental manager, volatility would probably be 4th or 5th on the list behind potential loss (as measured by fundamental research), liquidity, leverage, and sector exposure. “The risk‐reducing formulas behind portfolio theory rely on a number of demanding and ultimately unfounded premises. First, they suggest that price changes are statistically independent from one another…The second assumption is that price changes are distributed in a pattern that conforms to a standard bell curve. Do financial data neatly conform to such assumptions? Of course, they never do.” – Benoit Mandelbrot, mathematician, A Multifractal Walk down Wall Street VaR was “relatively useless as a risk‐management tool and potentially catastrophic when its use creates a false sense of security among senior managers and watchdogs. This is like an air bag that works all the time, except when you have a car accident.” – David Einhorn, Founder of Greenlight Capital “As far as I know neither (Paul) Samuelson nor (Robert) Merton nor indeed Ophir has challenged the basic principle imbedded in the geometric mean principle (Kelly Criterion) for long‐run portfolio selection. If they or he wishes to adopt a significantly different policy and I follow the geometric policy, in the long‐run I become almost certain to have more wealth than they. This hardly seems an erroneous or trivial proposition.” – Henry Latane, professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The Great Investor Mentality Quiz
“I am extremely skeptical of more automated, algorithmic, Value at Risk, and other business school sanctioned approaches to risk management. None of these approaches saved Lehman, Bear Stearns, Fannie, Freedie, AIG, WaMu, Wachovia or any of the other institutions that used these and other ostensibly more sophisticated risk management strategies.” – Bill Ackman, Pershing Square “There are only two subjects that matter in investing; valuation and markets. I would get rid of options pricing, modern portfolio theory and efficient market hypothesis” – Warren Buffett comments to IMD Business School in Lausanne, Switzerland
Conclusion: Knowing the answers is an important first step, but many potential great investors fail to put their knowledge into practice. Great investors take time to create discipline and systems that reinforce good decision making and create barriers against emotional response (Alpha Theory system). Are you applying the mentality of a good investor? Below are 10 quick questions to see if you are putting the “great investor” mentality into practice: 1.
What is the 3rd best idea in your portfolio?
2.
What is the potential upside if your thesis on the 3rd best idea comes true?
3.
What is the downside risk if your thesis proves incorrect?
4.
What are the probabilities of upside and downside (sum to 100%)?
5.
Calculate Risk‐Adjusted Return = (Upside * Upside Probability + Downside * Downside Probability) / Current Price
6.
Is this still your 3rd best idea?
7.
Is it your 3rd largest position?
8.
th What is your 7 best idea?
9.
Is all the information necessary to perform the analysis centralized so that it can be used to make portfolio decisions?
10. Do you have a system that displays every portfolio asset’s Risk‐Adjusted Return and adjusts in real‐time as prices, position sizes, and fundamentals change? Alpha Theory is that system, originally designed by a hedge fund, to enforce a firm‐wide focus on quality decision making. To see how, view the Alpha Theory demo, Alpha Theory Info Sheet, or www.AlphaTheory.com. “The best investors make a habit of putting procedures in place, in advance, that help inhibit the hot reactions of the emotional brain.” – Jason Zweig, author of Your Money and Your Brain “Individuals who achieve the most satisfactory long‐term results across various probabilistic fields tend to have more in common with one another than they do with the average participant in their own field.” (ie. great investors have more in common with great poker players, physicist, actuaries, handicappers, and sports team managers than they do with average investors) – Michael Mauboussin, investment theorist “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, not the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” – Charles Darwin, scientist, The Origin of Species For additional information or a trial of Alpha Theory, please contact
[email protected] or dial (212) 461‐4757. Please reference “Investor Quiz.”
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