The Evolution Of Computers

The Evolution of Computers

Commission on Information and Communications Technology

Manual Calculating Devices

The Abacus • Invented in 3000 BC

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Mechanical Calculating Devices • Codex Madrid • Discovered from the manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci

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Mechanical Calculating Devices • Replica of Codex Madrid • Created in 1967

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Mechanical Calculating Devices

The Pascaline SY 2002-2003

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Mechanical Calculating Devices Stepped Reckoner • Gottfried von Leibniz (1674)

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Mechanical Calculating Devices The Arithmometer • First commercially constructed mechanical calculating device

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Mechanical Calculating Devices

Difference Engine SY 2002-2003

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Mechanical Calculating Devices Difference Engine • Never built • Steam-driven • Fully automatic • Pre-cursor to the Analytic Engine SY 2002-2003

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Mechanical Calculating Devices

Ada Lovelace • First programmer

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Mechanical Calculating Devices

Punch cards • First used in the Jacquard Loom • Earliest secondary storage device

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Electromechanical Calculating Device Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Facilitated the tabulation of the 1890 census 

Used punch cards to store information 

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Electrical Calculating Devices First Keyboard • Developed in 1936 by John Dvorak • Designed such that the least used keys are on the outside corners SY 2002-2003

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Electrical Calculating Devices ENIAC • Was created to compute artillery trajectory • Completed in 1945

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Electrical Calculating Devices First Computer Bug Reported • Discovered in 1945 by a naval officer

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Electrical Calculating Devices UNIVAC I • Created in 1951 • Predicted the 1952 presidential elections

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Electrical Calculating Devices The Integrated Circuit (ICs) • Computers become less expensive, more reliable and smaller in size SY 2002-2003

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Timeline

before 1600’s

Manual Calculating Devices:

1600’s to 1900’s

1930’s to 1960’s

Mechanical Calculating Devices:

Electrical Calculating Devices:

• biological appendages

• Pascaline

• ABC

• stones, sticks, rocks, etc

• Stepped Reckoner

• Z3

• Arithmometer

• Colossus

• Difference Engine

• MARK I

• Analytical Engine

• ENIAC

• Comptometer

• EDVAC

• clay tablets • abacus

Beginnings of TRADE

Industrial Revolution SY 2002-2003

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• UNIVAC

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Modern Day Computers Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Paul Allen, Bill Gates Commission on Information and Communications Technology

Modern Day Computers Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak • founders of Apple • sold Blue Boxes – devices used for phreaking (phone tap)

• Wozniak worked for HP; Jobs worked for Atari SY 2002-2003

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Modern Day Computer

Bill Gates 

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together with Paul Allen, founded Microsoft was exposed to computers in high school together with his friends gifted programmer Computer Education III Program

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Modern Day Computer Altair 8800 (1975)   

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First electronic PC Sold as a do-it-yourself-kit Paved the founding of Microsoft

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Modern Day Computer Apple I (1976)  

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Assembled boards with wooden casing Had video terminals and keyboard interface Includes cassette interface and Apple BASIC

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Modern Day Computer

Apple II (1977) First PC with plastic case  Fully-colored graphical video interface (no more blinking lights and toggle switches)  Jobs encouraged programmers to write for Computer it Education III Program SYprograms 2002-2003 

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Modern Day Computer

IBM PC (1980) IBM needed an OS, so they contacted Microsoft  Bill Gates bought QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) and renamed it MS-DOS  IBM became a best-seller Computer Education III Program 25 

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Modern Day Computer

Lisa (1983) 

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First PC to use GUI (use of mouse, windows-like interface, etc) Too costly

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Modern Day Computer

Macintosh (1984) 

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Next version of Lisa; less expensive First to use a 400K 3½” FD Made famous by the Big Brothers commercial

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Modern Day Computer • 1984 – Steve Jobs approached Microsoft to create programs for Mac • 1987 – first version of Windows was released, engineered after the MacOS • Apple sued Microsoft, but opted to compromise instead SY 2002-2003

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Snippets 1976

• Kentucky Fried Computers is founded. • Steve Wozniak proposes that HewlettPackard create a personal computer. Steve Jobs proposes the same to Atari. Both were rejected. 1980  Atari ad: "Atari promises to be the most popular Personal Computer System of the 1980's!“

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Snippets 1981

• "640k should be enough for anybody." - Bill Gates. 1991  Microsoft vice president Brad Silverberg quote: DOS will be "with us forever. We've learned how passionate people are about DOS.“ SY 2002-2003 Computer Education III Program

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