The Co Ld War Begins
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The Co ld War Begins
“Well if we don’t look out, we will wake up some morning and read in the newspapers that there happened in South America the same kind of thing that happened in China in 1949.” J.F. Dulles
A new era: Bipolar Ideological Global “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” -- Harry Truman
“The great battleground for the defense and expansion of freedom today is in the southern half of the globe….the lands of the rising people.” --JF Kennedy
“We have simply forgotten about Latin America.” --Adolf Berle
Post war NSC memo: “Communism in the Americas is a potential danger, but that, with a few possible exceptions, it is not seriously dangerous at the present time.”
Democratic surge in Latin America at and of WWII Rise of “progressive,” reformist political parties Rise in participation of the political left Including the communists Mobilization of labor Victory of democracy over fascism
The Cold War heats up 1950
$50 million in direct military aid to Latin America: “U.S. security is synonymous with Hemispheric security.”
Rio Pact (1945) and charter of the Organization of American States (1948) opposed unilateral action Collective decision making Non-intervention Different interpretations
George Kennan’s (aka X) vision of U.S. policy toward Latin America: 1. The protection of our [sic] raw materials 6.The prevention of military exploitation of Latin America by the enemy 8.The prevention of the psychological mobilization of Latin America against us.
“The final answer might be an unpleasant one, but….we should not hesitate before police repression by the local government. This is not shameful since the communists are essentially traitors….it is better to have a strong regime in power than a liberal one.” --George Kennan
“Orderly political and economic development” Late 1940s: shift back to authoritarian rule in Latin America By 1954 only 4 democracies left
Granted to the following dictators: Odria of Peru Perez Jimenez of Venezuela Somoza of Nicaragua “Do not offend the dictators, they are the only people we can depend upon.” --J.F. Dulles
3 –Part Crusade: 4.Eliminate Latin American communist parties 7.Assert state control over labor movements 10.Diplomatically exclude Soviet Union from Western Hemisphere
Juan Jose Arevalo 19451950
Jacobo Arbenz 1951-1954
The Ten years of Spring The only period of peace and democracy in Guatemala’s history
Arbenz
v. “La Frutera” (United Fruit Company)
UFCO owned a lot of land in Guatemala 85% unused Had undervalued and on tax returns Guatemalan Govt. offered $627,672
The Dulles Boys John Foster, Secretary of State and Alan, director of the CIA
Both were members of the law firm representing the United Fruit Company. State Dept. countered Guatemalan offer of $627,672 with one of $15,854, 849.00
The battle of the Western Hemisphere has begun…..We enter upon a new era in our history. We face, for the first time, the prospect of continuous struggle against Communism on a hemispheric scale.” --Daniel James, The New Leader
OAS meeting,1954: Attempted resolution by J.F. Dulles: “The domination of control of the political institutions of any American state by the international communist movement…. would constitute a threat, [and require] appropriate action in accordance with existing treaties.”
Arbenz ousted by Gen. Castillo Armas, with help from CIA. Ended “10 years of Spring”
1958: V.P. Nixon’s Tour of Latin America
Things went smoothly at first. Then, protests in Peru
“The Communist high command in South America had made a high-level decision to regain the ground they lost in Lima by mounting a massive pay-off demonstration in Caracas.” --V.P. Nixon
Quite a ruckus in Caracas
“The spit was flying so fast that the driver turned on his windshield wipers…..I felt as though I had come as close as anyone could get, and still remain alive, to a firsthand demonstration of the ruthlessness, fanaticism and determination of the enemy we face in the world struggle.” Nixon’s suggested new policy: “A formal handshake for dictators; an embraso [sic] for leaders of freedom.” (the word is abrazo, not embrazo)
OAS members severed ties with Trujillo of Dominican Republic Eisenhower tried to convince him to step down
When considering granting military assistance, we must ask: “Is the country on our side?” -Christian Hertler, Secretary of State
Ideologiacally: Democracy was preferable but not absolutely required
Economically: “We must develop and economic program for Latin America which is distinctively its own….There must be a new program for economic progress for the hemisphere.” --V.P. Nixon
Inter-American Development Bank 1960 Social Progress Trust Fund $500 million for health, education, housing, and land reform
Two-pronged Policy: 1954 Declaration of Caracas, renouncing Marxism + at least rhetorical support for democratic leaders 1960 Act of Bogotá to reduce poverty and underdevelopment
Elimination of roots and expression of communism
“As you know, the reaction throughout Latin America has been bad. Intervention is considered a worse evil than communism, especially since the intervention is never applied to foster a democratic cause.” --Jose Figueres, former president of Costa Rica
“Well if we don’t look out, we will wake up some morning and read in the newspapers that there happened in South America the same kind of thing that happened in China in 1949.” J.F. Dulles
A new era: Bipolar Ideological Global “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” -- Harry Truman
“The great battleground for the defense and expansion of freedom today is in the southern half of the globe….the lands of the rising people.” --JF Kennedy
“We have simply forgotten about Latin America.” --Adolf Berle
Post war NSC memo: “Communism in the Americas is a potential danger, but that, with a few possible exceptions, it is not seriously dangerous at the present time.”
Democratic surge in Latin America at and of WWII Rise of “progressive,” reformist political parties Rise in participation of the political left Including the communists Mobilization of labor Victory of democracy over fascism
The Cold War heats up 1950
$50 million in direct military aid to Latin America: “U.S. security is synonymous with Hemispheric security.”
Rio Pact (1945) and charter of the Organization of American States (1948) opposed unilateral action Collective decision making Non-intervention Different interpretations
George Kennan’s (aka X) vision of U.S. policy toward Latin America: 1. The protection of our [sic] raw materials 6.The prevention of military exploitation of Latin America by the enemy 8.The prevention of the psychological mobilization of Latin America against us.
“The final answer might be an unpleasant one, but….we should not hesitate before police repression by the local government. This is not shameful since the communists are essentially traitors….it is better to have a strong regime in power than a liberal one.” --George Kennan
“Orderly political and economic development” Late 1940s: shift back to authoritarian rule in Latin America By 1954 only 4 democracies left
Granted to the following dictators: Odria of Peru Perez Jimenez of Venezuela Somoza of Nicaragua “Do not offend the dictators, they are the only people we can depend upon.” --J.F. Dulles
3 –Part Crusade: 4.Eliminate Latin American communist parties 7.Assert state control over labor movements 10.Diplomatically exclude Soviet Union from Western Hemisphere
Juan Jose Arevalo 19451950
Jacobo Arbenz 1951-1954
The Ten years of Spring The only period of peace and democracy in Guatemala’s history
Arbenz
v. “La Frutera” (United Fruit Company)
UFCO owned a lot of land in Guatemala 85% unused Had undervalued and on tax returns Guatemalan Govt. offered $627,672
The Dulles Boys John Foster, Secretary of State and Alan, director of the CIA
Both were members of the law firm representing the United Fruit Company. State Dept. countered Guatemalan offer of $627,672 with one of $15,854, 849.00
The battle of the Western Hemisphere has begun…..We enter upon a new era in our history. We face, for the first time, the prospect of continuous struggle against Communism on a hemispheric scale.” --Daniel James, The New Leader
OAS meeting,1954: Attempted resolution by J.F. Dulles: “The domination of control of the political institutions of any American state by the international communist movement…. would constitute a threat, [and require] appropriate action in accordance with existing treaties.”
Arbenz ousted by Gen. Castillo Armas, with help from CIA. Ended “10 years of Spring”
1958: V.P. Nixon’s Tour of Latin America
Things went smoothly at first. Then, protests in Peru
“The Communist high command in South America had made a high-level decision to regain the ground they lost in Lima by mounting a massive pay-off demonstration in Caracas.” --V.P. Nixon
Quite a ruckus in Caracas
“The spit was flying so fast that the driver turned on his windshield wipers…..I felt as though I had come as close as anyone could get, and still remain alive, to a firsthand demonstration of the ruthlessness, fanaticism and determination of the enemy we face in the world struggle.” Nixon’s suggested new policy: “A formal handshake for dictators; an embraso [sic] for leaders of freedom.” (the word is abrazo, not embrazo)
OAS members severed ties with Trujillo of Dominican Republic Eisenhower tried to convince him to step down
When considering granting military assistance, we must ask: “Is the country on our side?” -Christian Hertler, Secretary of State
Ideologiacally: Democracy was preferable but not absolutely required
Economically: “We must develop and economic program for Latin America which is distinctively its own….There must be a new program for economic progress for the hemisphere.” --V.P. Nixon
Inter-American Development Bank 1960 Social Progress Trust Fund $500 million for health, education, housing, and land reform
Two-pronged Policy: 1954 Declaration of Caracas, renouncing Marxism + at least rhetorical support for democratic leaders 1960 Act of Bogotá to reduce poverty and underdevelopment
Elimination of roots and expression of communism
“As you know, the reaction throughout Latin America has been bad. Intervention is considered a worse evil than communism, especially since the intervention is never applied to foster a democratic cause.” --Jose Figueres, former president of Costa Rica
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