Terms+for+midterms (1).docx

Terms for Exams: 1. Asbāb an-nuzūl : It refers to occasions or circumstances of revelations, pointing towards the historical context in which Quranic verses were revealed. These also point to particular experiences and episodes in the life of Muhammad. According to Asbab an-Nuzul literature, a verse may have been revealed in a response to a direct question put to the Prophet. Surah Kaafiroon is an example, as it was response to the challenges presented by Abu Jahl. 2. Tafsīr bi-l ma’thūr : The term tafsir refers to any exegetical work on the Quran and thus is of two types: Tafsir bi-I ma’thur or Tafsir bi-I ra’y. 3. The first one refers to those tafasir in which the exegesis is predominantly derived from authentic sources such as other Quranic verses, Sahih ahadith, or established Sunnah. Tafsir bi-L ma’thur is the interpretation of the Quran based on transmitted sources. Does not include any opinion of the scholar writing it.

4. Tafsīr bi-l ra’y refers to those tafasir which are derived in part or in whole from personal interpretation and opinion. Interpretation of the Quran based on individual reading. The process of reasoning must be well established in Arabic linguistics and Islamic reasoning. 5. Nubuwwah: Literally means to be high thus a nabi means a high person. Thus, referring to the exalted position of a prophet in the eyes of Allah

6. anbiyā’ Refers to the prophets of the past who also preached the same faith as Muhammad. Most anbiya are elaborated upon in the surah Al-Anbiya. 7. Rusūl: Risalat means to send and Rusul means one who is sent. Thus, the word Rasul means one who is sent from Allah. The grade of a Rasul is higher than that of a Nabi because a Rasul brings a new code, in HP’s case “Shariah”

8. Ridda wars: Also known as Wars of Apostasy, refer to various upheavals that involved muslims rejecting their new faith. But in a broader context, they refer to the series of military campaigns launched by Hazrat Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633. Some rebels followed Tualyha, Musaylima, or Sajjah who claimed false prophethood. The first to fight against Abu Bakr in ridda wars were Najd tribe who wanted to remain muslims but not pay taxes. 9. Anṣār ye kaafi obv hai chordo 10. Muhājirūn ye kaafi obv hai chordo 11. Incident in the saqīfa of the Banū Sā‘ida: The saqifa also known as Saqifah Bani Sai’dah was essentially a roofed building used by a tribe called Banu Sai’dah, a faction of Banu Khazraj in

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Medina.The incident is significant because it is where many Muahmmad’s companions gathered to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Furthermore, Ansars initially gathered there to discuss the future of the governance, but Hazrat Umar took the chance to gather people and pledge allegiance. Dīwān system: The first divan appeared under the caliph ʿUmar I (634–644) as a pensions list, recording free Arab warriors entitled to a share of the spoils of war. Out of rents and property taxes exacted from conquered farmers and landowners, hereditary pensions were assigned to warriors entered in the divan. Later the term came to signify a financial institution, and, by the time of the caliphate of Muʿāwiyah (661–680), it meant a government bureau, e.g., the chancellery or the postal service. It is important to note that not every Muslim was paid the same, they were paid on the basis of “Sabiqa” Sābiqa: It refers to an individual’s precedence in Islam. An example to better explain process occured in Iran, where the earliest participants to participate in the war against Persians were to be paid at the rate of 3000 silver dirhams per month while those who came late would be paid proportionally less. This naturally resulted in social tensions. Ashrāf families: Mu‘āwiya b. Abī Sufyān ye wala bhi

16. ‘aṭā’ : Lands which were controlled by Aristrocratic Zoroastrian community were abandoned and were taken in control by Umar’s people. The administration “Sawafi” of this land was to remain a controversy for many years. Hence, the government decided to distribute the money to muslim settlers in the form ofsalaries known as “ata” through a system known as Diwan. 17. Qurrā’: 18. Rāshidūn caliphs: Rashidun, (Arabic: “Rightly Guided,” or “Perfect”), the first four caliphs of the Islāmic community, known in Muslim history as the orthodox or patriarchal caliphs: Abū Bakr (reigned 632–634), ʿUmar (reigned 634–644), ʿUthmān (reigned 644–656), and ʿAlī (reigned 656– 661). 19. Documentary evidence: Documentary evidence is most widely understood to refer to writings on paper (such as invoice , will) but the term can also apply to any media by which information can be preserved.In Islamic history documentary evidence refers to the evidence stored in form of papers such as the pieces of Quran , scriptures of Quran , which were later used in Hazrat Usman's Caliphate for compilation. The oldest Muslim documents available are the Muslim traditions , which were initially compiled as late as 765 AD (The Sira of Ibn Ishaq) 20. Literary evidence: It is a quotation from the text that supports the argument you are making about how to interpret the text. Literary evidence can be interpreted in many diff ways ,therefore if you provide a quotation, your text must be in line with the evidence . 21. Ibn Isḥāq: 22. Constitution of Madīnah The Constitution of Medina also known as the Charter of Medina was drawn up on behalf of the Islamic prophet Muhammad shortly after his arrival at Medina (then known as Yathrib) in 622 CE[1] (or 1 AH), following the Hijra from Mecca. The preamble declares the document to be "a book of the prophet Muhammad to operate between the believers [mu'minin] and Muslims from the Quraysh tribe and from Yathrib and

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jews and any of those who may be under them and wage war in their company" declaring them to constitute "one nation [ummah wāḥidah] separate from all peoples". It established the collective responsibility of nine constituent tribes for their members' actions, specifically emphasising blood money and ransom payment.The document ensured freedom of religious beliefs and practices for all citizens who "follow the believers". Al-Ṭabarī: (224 - 310 AH) is known as an influential Persian scholar, historian and is famous for his expertise on Quranic tafsir “Tafsir al-Tabari”and Tarikh al-Tabari. His writings reflect his agreement with traditionalist approach to highlight the nee for publicly accessible law, whiile developing his own legal methodology. His major argument is undeniably to persuade the public about the political need for a written and publicly accessible legal canon. Zayd b. Thābit: According to Islamic traditions, Zaid bin Sabit was a personal scribe of Holy Prophet PBUH and was from the Ansars. He joined the ranks of Muslim army when he was just 19. After the demise of Prophet PBUH, he collected Quran into a single volume from various written and oral sources. Jama‘a: According to tabari, the term jama'ah means "group of people when they unite for some cause". Al-Tabari says that Jama’a is the group of Muslims when they unite on a commander, and do not betray the Ummah. Muṣḥaf: The literal meaning of Mushaf is “collection of pages” hence referring to the compilation of Quran. It is an Arabic term and is derived from the term “sahifa”. The word itself i absent in Quran but its plural “Suhuf” is found 8 times. Each Mushaf follows a particular reading (Qira’a) of the Quran. Ibn Abī Dāwūd al Sijistānī ḥurūf: Huruf is a plural term for haraf which refers to the pronunciations used to read Quran. The major difference was in the words, not in the meanings, and were of different dialects. Quran came in 7 haraf and each haraf has a zahr and batn which means recitation and interpretation respectively. After time, these haraf trimmed down to only one, which majorly happened after the battle of Yamama where many Hafiz were killed, and Abu Bakr appointed Zaid bin Sabit to be the scribe of the revelations. Ibn Mujāhid Ḥafṣ’ transmission of ‘Ᾱṣim’s reading Warsh’s transmission of the reading of Nāfi‘‘Abdallāh b. Mas‘ūd: Abdallāh ibn Masʿūd was a companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He was also known by the kunya Abu Abdulrahman. Abdallāh ibn Masʿūd was born in Mecca in about 594 worked as a shepherd for Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt fought at the Battle of Badr

32. Ubayy b. Ka‘b: Ubbay was born in Medina (then known as Yathrib), into the tribe of the Banu Khazraj He participated in the battle of Badr He acted as a scribe of Muhammad, writing letters for him Ubayy was one of the few who put the Qur'anic suras into writing and had a Mushaf of his own. Following Muhammad's death, he was one of the twenty five people who knew the Qur'an completely by heart.

Ubayy died in the year 649 CE (30 AH during the caliphate of Uthman.)