Terms For Final Exam

Terms for Final Exam People/Concepts Double Mistaken Identity- 1.The case of taking Aztec symbols and trying to find equivalents to them in the Christian religion, which in most cases were not actual parallels.2. Spanish and Nah concepts seen as equivalent, differences are ignored, indigenous concepts thus maintained. Altepetl- 1.The altepetl, in Pre-Columbian and Spanish conquest-era Aztec society, was the local, ethnically based political entity. 2. complex regional ethnic states, hereditary leader, each had its own market and temple dedicated to patron diety. Congregacion- resettlement of indigenous persons into more nucleated settlements Encomienda- 1.a labour system that was used by the Spanish crown during the conquest. Orignally it was used to meet the needs of the early agricultural and mining econmics. It was used from the 16th to 17th century. 2. Grant of lands to Indian labour within certain territory, not grant of law. Grantee- Encomendero 3.A system that was established by 1499 in Espanola, System that had roots in both Spain and the new world. Teccalli--SP called this cacicazgo; combine cacique and mayorazgo -dozens of parcels; widely distributed (really, same as commoner, but diff scale) -resident farmers (serfs) -pay tribute in kind -patron-client relationships -eastern version: (slide) teuctli economic power and lands not subject to calpolli, nor integrated; like a separate institution -western version: closely integrated and dependent upon calpolli political role Virgin Soil Epidemics- 1.A devastating out break of disease that hits a population for the first time. 2. Epidemics in which the population have had no contact with their oldest members hence they have no immunity to fight the disease. Small pox, the plague, measles if you contracted and survive your immune for the rest of your life .When things like smallpox impact people the age of 15-40 years old, the adult population are sick and dying the children and their environment are altered thus they can contract the diseases or die of starvation. IntendenciesGuided Syncretism- 1. process known officially as “guided syncretism”missionaries taught Xanity in familiar terms to IND correlations made btw IND deities symbols and rituals with Xian ones 2. “a process … whereby each side takes it that a given form or concept is essentially one already known to it, operating in much the same manner as in its own tradition, and hardly takes cognizance of the other side's interpretation. … Under the unwitting truce thus created, Nahua patterns could continue indefinitely in a superficially

Hispanic guise that was sometimes no more than a label” (Lockhart, Nahuas and Spaniards: p. 25)e.g. Indian town government, the monastery complexes, mural painting, land tenure. 3. e.g. Mary was “our precious mother” potential to be goddess mother binary opposite was “our precious father” (common deity)Lockhart says this was due to yearning for “creator pair” native deities were unstable characters: represented both “good” and “bad” “good” and “evil” didn’t exist in Nahua world rather, forces of order, forces of chaos, or night/day, black/white: inseparable opposites bound together by innate tension to eliminate “chaos” was ludicrous e.g. tezcatlipoca as supreme being: “Lord Possessor of the Near, Possessor of the Surrounding, Possessor of Heaven and Earth”e.g. Lord of here there and everywhere! hw, Tezcatlipoca had no moral authority; neither good nor evil known as the trickster; ruler over chaos equated to Satan: hw, tezcatlipoca’s identity not stable. Republica de Indios-Sp prohibited from interference -Separate taxes, labour draft -Excluded from inquisition -Corporal punishment -Separate judges -Prohibited from priesthood -Prohibited from horse riding, carrying weapons, -Fundo legal -Not racially defined, necessarily; community membership; tribute payment; where you live; calpolli land or tectlalli HonraLey Lerdo- 1.Part of the 1856 Laws of Reform. Forced divestment of corporate property. 2.Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Economic theorist; sect. of treasury. forced divestment of corporate property. Moral Economy- is a phrase used in a number of contexts to describe the interplay between moral or cultural beliefs and economic activities. Caudillismo- 1.Caudillo is a Spanish word usually describing a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power. It is usually translated into English as "leader" or "chief," or more pejoratively as warlord, "dictator”, or "strongman". Caudillo was the term used to refer the charismatic populist leaders among the people. Caudillismo is the act of having this 'leader' in control as a dictator. An example of this is Porfirio Diaz. 2. Caudillos- regional strong men, large property owners, patron property owners, patron client relations, corrupt, pratical versus idelogical. Caudillismo= politics by caudillos. Revitalization Movements- 1.A revitalization movement is a "deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a group to create a new culture." 2. To re-establish disturbed orders or to regain, or maintain the religious order, as long as it was part of the working equilibrium. Therefore, you do not rebel to change but to reinstate a former order. Does not

threaten colonial order like a Nativistic revolt, it is simply a small change, I.e. the removal of a farm owner who had overstepped his boundaries. The reestablishment of equilibrium. If a certain cult or movement was hindered for example they would re-establish it. Camarilla PoliticsPeople/Events La Malincje (AKA Malintzin)- was a woman (almost certainly Nahua) from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played an active and powerful role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, advisor and intermediary for Hernán Cortés. She was also a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, who is considered one of the first Mestizos Cuauhtemoc- was the Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521. Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of Cuitláhuac and was a nephew of the emperor Moctezuma II, and his young wife was one of Moctezuma's daughters. He ascended to the throne when he was 18 years of age, as his city was being besieged by the Spanish and devastated by an epidemic of smallpox. Probably after the killings in the main temple, there were few Aztec captains available to take the position. Ce Actal Topilizin Quetzalcoatl- is a mythologised figure appearing in 16th-century accounts of Aztec and Nahua historical traditions, where he is identified as a ruler in the 10th century of the Toltecs. In later generations, he was a figure of legend often confused or conflated with the important Mesoamerican deity Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent). Bartolome de las Casas- 1. was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest, writer and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. As a settler in the New World he witnessed, and was driven to oppose, the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. 2. Las Casas began what became known as the "Black Legend", which created stereotypical images of the Spaniards as rapacious colonists and Indians as innocents. Marquis of GelvesJose de Galvez- was a Spanish lawyer, a colonial official in New Spain (1764-1772) and ultimately Minister of the Indies (1775-1787). He was one of the prime figures behind the Bourbon Reforms. He belonged to an important political family that included his brother Matías de Gálvez and nephew Bernardo de Gálvez. Fray Servando Teresa de Mier- was a Roman Catholic priest and a famous preacher and politician in New Spain. Nahutal Broadside of 1810The siege of Guanajuato-

Emperor Agustin de Iturbude- was born into a noble family in Valladolid, New Spain (now Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico). He was commissioned into the colonial army when still in his teens.[1] When the Mexican War of Independence broke out in 1810, Iturbide rejected an offer to lead insurgent troops, choosing to fight on the royalist side. He principally fought against insurgent generals José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero. Stephen Austin- known as the "Father of Texas", led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by settlers from the United States. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana- 1.was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against the independence from Spain, and then supporting it, rising to the ranks of general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico on seven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years.2. Also, known as the Mexican caudillo of the 19th century. Lost his leg and uses this injury to boost his career and come back to power in Mexican politics barriers his leg; when he come to power he brings his leg and puts the leg in a capsale The People of the Cross (AKA the Cruzob)Ferdinand Maximillian Joseph- was a member of Austria's Imperial Habsburg-Lorraine family who was Emperor of Mexico. With the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists, he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on April 10, 1864. Many foreign governments refused to recognize his government, including the United States. This ensured the success of Republican forces led by Benito Juárez, and Maximilian was executed, after capture by Republicans, in Querétaro in 1867. Jose Yves Limantour- Secretary of the Finance of Mexico from 1893 until the fall of the Porfirio Díaz regime in 1911. He is considered the political leader of the technocratic advisors to President Díaz known as Científicos who were educated and wanted expanded intellectualism and prosperity in Mexico, thus they supported the Diaz regime because of his support of the modernization of Mexico, yet they also wanted expanded freedom. Limantour became one of the central leaders of the Científicos in 1895 after the death of Romero Rubio.As Secretary of Finance he expanded foreign investment into Mexico, supported free trade, and balanced the budget for the first time and generated a budget surplus by 1894. However, even with the economic prosperity of Mexican business, the common people of the country suffered because of the rising cost of food.Towards the end of the Diaz government, Diaz felt that Limantour was becoming too powerful, and thus he sent him to Europe to negotiate loans. Then, after the collapse of the government, he returned to Mexico and encouraged Díaz to resign. Then they both retreated to France, where he died in 1935.