Technical Escort Movement Procedures

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL MARINE CORPS TECHNICAL MANUAL

TECHNICAL ESCORT MOVEMENT PROCEDURES

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND THE MARINE CORPS JANUARY 1971

TM 9-1300-275/1 TM 1300-30

TM 9-1300-275/1 TM 130030 Technical Manuals No. 9-1300-275/1 No. 1300-30

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2 January 1971 TECHNICAL ESCORT MOVEMENT PROCEDURES

Section 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Paragraph MOVEMENT PROCEDURES Introduction............................................................................................................ 1-1 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 1-2 Safety.................................................................................................................... 1-3 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS Detection Equipment ............................................................................................. 2-1 Protective Clothing ................................................................................................ 2-2 Masks ................................................................................................................... 2-3 Fire-Fighting Equipment ........................................................................................ 2-4 PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION PROCEDURES General ................................................................................................................. 3-1 Before-Loading Inspection ..................................................................................... 3-2 After-Loading Inspection ........................................................................................ 3-3 Loading Diagrams ................................................................................................. 3-4 Marking and Placarding ......................................................................................... 3-6 Unsafe Loads ........................................................................................................ 3-6 Regulations .......................................................................................................... 3-7 Delivery Arrangements ......................................................................................... 3-8 INTRANSIT OPERATIONS Normal Conditions ................................................................................................. 4-1 Emergency Conditions........................................................................................... 4-2 DELIVERY PROCEDURES Serviceable Munitions or Agent Containers............................................................ 5-1 Unserviceable Munitions or Agent Containers ....................................................... 5-2 APPENDIX A-REFERENCES ............................................................................... ---

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TM 9-1300-275/1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

TOXIC MATERIALS 1. Vapors of many decontaminating agents are toxic, if inhaled in large quantities for extended periods. Assure that decontaminating agent containers are kept closed when not in actual use. 2. Wear rubber gloves when handling these materials. If decontaminant gets on the skin, wash immediately and thoroughly with soap and water.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS Do not allow anyone to have sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearby when using flammable materials. Use explosion-proof lighting.

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS In addition to chemical agents, some munitions contain high explosives. Do not strike or drop high-explosive components. Do not have sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearby when handling high explosives.

CHEMICAL AGENTS Such agents are extremely dangerous. Many are designed to cause permanent injury or death. Do not handle these agents or attempt to repair leaky containers without use of correct protective equipment and clothing. In situations not covered by procedures herein, request aid from the CBAICO or EOD personnel.

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TM 9-1300-275/1

SECTION 1 MOVEMENT PROCEDURES 1-1 INTRODUCTION. 1-1.1 Purpose. This manual is published for personnel who escort shipments of chemical agents and chemical munitions.

d. Fire, explosion, or natural disaster involving chemical or biological agents which causes release of or contamination by the agent. e. Loss, seizure, or theft of chemical or biological agents. 1-2.3 CBAICO, AFDPO, and NDCO. Officers to call upon during an accident or incident emergency are the Chemical-Biological Accident and Incident Control Officer (CBAICO), the Air Force Disaster Preparedness Officer (AFDPO), and the Navy Disaster Control Officer (NDCO). Dependent upon whether on an Army, Air Force, or Navy base, inform the appropriate officer when an accident or major incident occurs. He is in charge of all technical operations resulting from an accident or incident.

1-1.2 Scope. 1-1.2.1 Procedures outlined herein are standardized for use when escorting chemical agents and munitions. If a biological mission is assigned, refer to Appendix A for applicable publications. 1-1.2.2 Report of errors, omissions, and recommendations for improving this publication by the individual user is encouraged. Reports should be submitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to DA Publications) and forwarded direct to Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN: SMUPA-WD2, Dover, New Jersey 07801.

1-2.4 Consignee. The person or agency receiving the cargo.

1-2 DEFINITIONS. 1-2.1 Incident. 1-2.1.1 Significant Chemical-Biological Incident. Any situation which, if not corrected, could result in an accident. Such situations include malfunction or deterioration of a container or associated equipment components; attempted seizure or theft; physical damage to containers which does not but could result in spillage; and any possibility of contamination, explosion, or release of CB material. 1-2.1.2 Minor CB Incident. An unexpected event or procedural violation, not reportable as a significant incident, but which could cause damage, malfunction, or failure of a CB weapon or associated equipment.

1-3 SAFETY. 1-3.1 Personnel. Escort personnel must be trained thoroughly in the handling of chemical materiel and in the hazards and safe practices involved. Technical escort training is conducted at the U. S. Army Chemical Center and School, Fort McClellan, Alabama 36201. 3.1.1 All personnel who work with toxic chemical agents must wear the medical ID bracelet continuously for at least 2 days after completion of a mission. 1-3.1.2 Escort personnel will wear adequate protective clothing when handling, inspecting, and containing leakers (refer to TM 9-1300275/3).

1-2.2 Accident. 1-2.2.1 Chemical-Biological Accident. Any situation involving CB agents that results in: a. Physical damage to munitions or containers which causes spillage. b. Exposure of unprotected personnel to hazardous quantities of chemical or biological agents. c. Contamination of public or private land, buildings, equipment, animals, or vehicles.

1-3.1.3 Personnel must keep a first-aid kit available and suitable for the mission involved. 1-3.1.4 At all times, follow general safety precautions, such as traffic safety. 1-3.2 Breathing Apparatus. Wear suitable, self-contained breathing apparatus for the following: 3

TM 9-1300-275/1

1-3.2.4 In any operation involving chemical agents or chemical munitions, have at least two persons perform the necessary steps. In addition, a third person should be used as a safety observer, if possible. The safety observer should be dressed in the same protective clothing as the others to enable him to render immediate assistance.

1-3.2.1 When entering a closed space that contains a toxic agent, or an area suspected of having highly toxic concentrations. 1-3.2.2. At any time the presence of cyanogen chloride (CK) is suspected. 1-3.2.3 Whenever the term leader suspects the available oxygen content is too low to support human life, as when there is dense smoke, or fuel or solvent vapors.

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TM 9-1300-275/1 SECTION 2 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS 2-1 DETECTION EQUIPMENT. 2-1.1 ABC-M18A2 Chemical Agent Detector Kit.

2-2.2.1 Description. This type is not penetrated by vapor and is highly resistant to liquid chemical agents. It consists of cotton cloth coated on both sides with butyl rubber. Generally, impermeable protective clothing is worn for protection of personnel engaged in extremely hazardous decontamination work or in other special operations involving danger from spillage or splash of liquid chemical agents.

2-1.1.1 Use. This kit is for detecting dangerous concentrations of chemical agents: AC, CX, CK, CG, ED, MD, G, H, HD, HN, HT, L, and V. a. The kit measures 8 x 6 x 3 inches and contains all materials necessary for adequate detection. It can also be used to take samples of unknown agents for laboratory analysis. It should always be readily accessible to an escort team when escorting chemical agents or chemical munitions. b. For further information on this kit, refer to TM 91300-275/2 or to TM 3-6665-254-12. 2-1.1.2 Surveillance. Surveillance equipment for the detection of G-series chemical agent leakers consists of live, caged rabbits, at least two in each truck, railway car, aircraft, or ship's hold. After estimating the number of rabbits needed for escort, add 10 percent extra to have replacements for any that die in transit. These rabbits are supplied by the consignor.

2-2.2.2 Use. This clothing is normally used under the following conditions: a. When handling blister or nerve agents. b. In heavily contaminated areas. c. When the danger of spillage of a liquid agent exists. 2-2.3 Permeable Protective Clothing. 2-2.3.1 Description. This clothing consists of cloth treated with chemicals that absorb or neutralize vapors, aerosols, and small (up to 1/8 inch) liquid droplets of chemical agents.

2-1.2 AN-M15A2A and AN-MISA2N Chemical Agent Detector Kits.

2-2.3.2 Use. Generally, permeable protective clothing is worn for protection of personnel exposed to vapors and small liquid droplets of blister and V-agents in field concentrations. Such clothing is for use by combat troops and has only limited application for technical escort teams. Impregnated underwear is used under appropriate protective clothing when exposure to blister agents and V-series nerve agents is imminent.

2-1.2.1 Use. These kits are for detecting dangerous concentrations of CK, CX, G, H, and V. a. The kits measure 5 x 5 1/2 x 2 3/4 inches with all of their contents enclosed. b. For further information on these kits, refer to TM 3-6665-254-12.

2-3 MASKS.

2-2 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. 2-2.1 General. Two main types of protective clothing are available to escort personnel: impermeable and permeable. Refer to TM 10-227 for detailed description and use of protective clothing. FM 21-40 has information on the wearing of protective clothing.

At present, the protective mask in general use for technical escort teams is the M9. The team commander may be issued the M15 (Scott Air Pack), M17, M19, and the OBA-M20. 2-4 FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Once the mission (including cargo, mode of transportation, and dunnage) is known, determine firefighting requirements and make provisions for necessary equipment and personnel.

2-2.2 Impermeable Protective Clothing.

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TM 9-1300-275/1 SECTION 3 PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION PROCEDURES 3-1 GENERAL. Before shipment the technical escort team commander is responsible for inspection to assure the safety and security of the cargo and compliance with applicable regulations. All inspections should be conducted by or under the supervision of the team commander.

3-3.3.2 Inspect all blocking and bracing as outlined in paragraph 3-3.2.1. 3-3.4 Truck Shipment. Cargo carried by truck is either blocked and braced with wood or tied to the truck with steel or nylon strapping. Inspect the strapping for broken, missing, or otherwise damaged straps. Inspect pallets and blocking and bracing (if used) as outlined in paragraph 3-3.2.1. Inspect for leakers (paras 3-2 and 3-3.1).

3-2 BEFORE-LOADING INSPECTION. The technical escort team commander should take precautions to make certain that no leakers are loaded. This includes checking containers and munitions for obvious damage (dents, cracks, and broken boxes). All suspected items must be checked with the chemical agent detector kit. The team commander should refuse to escort any items that show leakage.

3-3.5 Air Shipment Aboard aircraft, the items are tied down securely. Inspect the tiedown for broken, cut, frayed, or missing components. Inspect the pallets, if any, as outlined in paragraph 3-3.2.1; also inspect for leakers (paras 3-2 and 3-3.1). The loadmaster on the aircraft is responsible for loading and tiedown operations.

3-3 AFTER-LOADING INSPECTION. 3-3 .1 All Shipment Involving G-Agents. After the cargo carrier is loaded, place two rabbits in each cargo compartment; wait 30 minutes, then monitor to assure that no leaky items are present.

3-4 LOADING DIAGRAMS. If possible, use service-prepared Bureau of Explosives approved loading diagram' as a reference when inspecting the loaded cargo carrier. The consignor's copy of the loading diagram can usually be referred to before or during loading. Although it is the responsibility of the shipping installation to load the cargo correctly, the team commander should refuse to accept the shipment, if its loading method makes it unsafe or easily damaged, or would allow it to interfere unnecessarily with the technical escort mission.

33.2 Vessel Shipment. 3-3.2.1 Inspect all blocking and bracing for loose, broken, or missing boards and protruding nails. Assure that with all palletized items the pallet is not damaged and that the item is fastened securely to the pallet. 3-3.2.2 Inspect the vessel's holds to assure that the vents and drains are sealed as prescribed in CG 103. One of the vessel's officers should assist in the inspection. (A copy of CG 108 can usually be procured from the port commander or the vessel's captain.) Any discrepancies noted during the inspection should be reported to the captain and corrected before departure.

3-5 MARKING AND PLACARDING. The team commander must assure that the load carrier has correct placards displayed. Placards are shown in TM 3-250, TM 8-750 (AFM 71-4, NAVAIR 15-03-500, MCO P4030.19), and T.C. GEORGE'S TARIFF, part 23.

3-3.3 Rail Shipment 3-3.3.1 After the rail car is loaded, the cargo should be reinspected for damaged items, and damaged items rechecked for leaks. If any such leaks are found, the technical escort team commander should refuse to accept the cargo.

3-6 UNSAFE LOADS. If the team commander believes the items are loaded improperly, he should refuse to escort the cargo until the consignor makes the necessary changes.

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TM 9-1300-275/1 If the consignor refuses to change the load, the team commander will contact his superior for instructions, immediately.

3-8 DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS. Before the trip, make arrangements for specific details of delivery. Arrange delivery procedures with the consignee or his representative. The name and telephone number of the consignee and his alternate must be furnished.

3-7 REGULATIONS. The escort team must be familiar with regulations governing shipments of chemical munitions before starting an escort mission. 7

TM 9-1300-275/1 SECTION 4 INTRANSIT OPERATIONS 4-1 NORMAL CONDITIONS. 4-1.1 Monitoring. Monitor the cargo as required, and, for G-series, check the condition of the rabbits. If any have died, use a chemical agent detector kit to determine whether a leaker has developed.

4-2.5 CBAICO, AFDPO, and NDCO. When not on an Air Force base or aircraft, or on a Navy base or ship, notify the chemical-biological, accidentincident control officer as soon as possible. When on an Air Force base, notify the Air Force disaster preparedness officer and, on a Navy Base, notify the Navy disaster control officer. It is mandatory that all personnel of the technical escort team carry the name, address, and phone number of the CBAICO, AFDPO, or NDCO.

4-1.2 Inspection. When the cargo is monitored, inspect the blocking, bracing, and cargo for damage. Obvious damage to the cargo or blocking and bracing is considered an incident situation. In such case, begin application of emergency procedures immediately.

4-2.5.1 Personnel. Personnel decontamination should be included with first-aid measures. For the body, excepting the eyes, use the ABC-M13 decontamination kit or soapy or plain water. Use plain water to wash the eyes.

4-2 EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. 4-2.1 General. Since each incident or accident situation is different, no specific procedures can be prescribed to cover each situation. For guidance, the following procedures are offered.

4-2.5.2 Equipment. All tools and equipment used by the escort team must be decontaminated thoroughly. Refer to TM 9-1300-275/2 for recommended decontamination methods and how to mix the decontaminates. For more detailed procedures, refer to TM 3-220.

4-2.2 Evacuation of Personnel. Evacuate all personnel from the area for at least 2,000 meters downwind and 450 meters in other directions.

4-2.5.3 Cargo and Carrier. The cargo and carrier must be decontaminated before moving it to complete the escort mission. Proceed as outlined in TM 9-1300275/2. Use only soapy water or deicing solution on or in an aircraft. Decontaminating agent DS-2 may be used in most other cases. Check the cargo carrier thoroughly with a chemical agent detector kit and get permission from the CBAICO, AFDPO, or NDCO before moving the carrier. If the cargo and carrier must be moved out of the contaminated area before they are decontaminated, the team commander must get permission from the CBAICO or AFDPO or NDCO before taking action.

4-2.3 Repair. Begin containment of the agent as soon as possible. Refer to TM 9-1300-275/2 and /3. Repair blocking and bracing, if possible. 4-2.4 First Aid. Render first aid to the injured, treating first the most serious casualty. For specific applications, refer to TM 9-1300-275/2.

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TM 9-1300-275/1 SECTION 5 DELIVERY PROCEDURES 5-1 SERVICEABLE MUNITIONS OR AGENT CONTAINERS. 5-1.1 Responsibility. The technical escort team's responsibility for the shipment is ended once the items have been delivered and inspected by the consignee. The escort team may render assistance to the consignee, if requested, or if a problem involving safety or security arises.

receiving policy. Therefore, the escort team commander should contact the consignee for specific instructions. 5-2.2 Leakers. After reaching the consignee, repaired leakers are usually taken to an isolated area, designated by the consignee, where he will receive and inspect them. Any new leakers should be patched and decontaminated.

5-1.2 Delivery. Get a signed copy of the DD 1348 or other shipping documents signed by the consignee, which is a release. This must state that the complete cargo has been received.

5-2.3 Damaged items. The CBAICO, or ADFPO, or NDCO will instruct the escort team commander about delivery of items damaged during an accident or incident.

5-2 UNSERVICEABLE MUNITIONS OR AGENT CONTAINERS. 5-2.1 General. Delivery procedures for leakers and damaged items vary, depending upon the extent of damage and local

5-2.4 Handling. Handle leakers and damaged items with maximum care and with the strictest safety precautions. Wear protective clothing and a protective mask at all times when handling leakers and damaged items.

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TM 9-1300-275/1 APPENDIX A REFERENCES 1. ARMY. AR 11-17 AR 55-8 AR 55-16 AR 55-56 AR 55-355 AR 59-11 AR 75-14 AR 75-85 AR 740-32 AMCR 385-27 AMCR 385-28 AMCR 385-101 AMCR 385-102-1 AMCR 385-232 AMCR 385-233 TM 3-215 TM 8-216 TM 3-220 TM 3-240 TM 3-250 TM 3-522-15 TM 3-4240-202-14 TM 3-4240-212-15 TM 3-4240-258-14 TM 3-6665-254-12 TM 8-285 TM 9-1300-206 TM 9-1300-275/2 TM 9-1300-275/3 TM 9-1900 TM 10-227

Chemical and Biological Weapons Surety Program. Transportation of Biological Materials. Movement of Cargo by Air and Surface--Including Less Than Release Unit and Parcel Post Shipments. Transportation of Chemical Ammunition, Chemical Agents and Other Dangerous Chemicals. Military Traffic Management Regulations. Air Transportation, Army Use of Log AIR. Responsibilities for Explosives Ordnance Disposal. Authority to Waive Ammunition and Explosives Quantity-Distance Safety Standards Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Safety Regulations for Disposal of Bulk Chemical Agents and Munitions. Safety Regulation for Agent BZ. Shipping Criteria for Etiological Agents and Material. Safety Guide for the Processing, Filling, Handling, and Decontamination of VX. Shipping Criteria for Chemical Agents, Chemical Ammunition, Poisons and Other Dangerous Articles. Safety Criteria for Processing, Filling, Handling and Decontamination. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents. Military Biology and Biological Agents. Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Decontamination. Field Behavior of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents. Storage, Shipment and Handling of Chemical Agents and Hazardous Chemicals. Mask, Protective, Field, M9 and Mink, Protection M9A1. Organizational, DS, GS, and Depot Maintenance Manual: Mask Protective, Field ABC-M17. Breathing Apparatus, Oxygen Generating, M20 Operator, Organizational Field and Depot Maintenance Manual. Operator, Organizational, DS and GS Maintenance Manual Mask, CBR: Field M17A1 and Accessories. Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Detector Kit, Chemical Agent ABC M18A2. Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties. Care, Handling, Preservation and Destruction of Ammunition. Technical Escort Information on Chemical Agents and Decontaminating Procedures. Technical Escort Containment Procedures. Ammunition, General. Protective Clothing for Chemical Operations. 10

TM 9-1300-275/1 TM 38-250 FM 21-40 TM 55-602 TM 743-200 TB 3-4230-207-10 TB CML 83 TB MED 114 TB MED 223 TB MED 273 SB 3-24

SB 3-30-24

Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense. Movement of Special Freight. Storage and Materials Handling. Decontaminating and Reimpregnating Kit--Individual M13. Calculator, Downwind Toxic Vapor Hazard Point Source ABC M2. Immunization. Respiratory Protective Devices. Collection and Preparation of Specimens for Shipment to Medical Laboratories. Shipping Chart for Chemical Corps Ammunition, Ammunition Components, and Military Chemical Agents. Serviceability Standard for CB Materiel Protective Mask Canisters: Serviceability Lists. Field Protective Masks, M3, M4, and M9 Services and Protective Mask Canisters, M10A1 and M11: Serviceability. Decontaminating Apparatus, Portable: 3-gallon M1; 1½ quart M2; 1½ quart M11; Serviceability Standard. Breathing Apparatus, Compressed Air, M15 and ABC M15A1: Serviceability Standard.

2. NAVY. OPNAVINST 8070.1 NAVSUP Pub 444 OPNAVINST 8027.1C NAVAIR 15-03-500 NAVORD OP 2239 NAVORD OP 2165 NAVORD OP 5

Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Military Traffic Management Regulations. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Drivers Handbook Ammunition, Explosives, and Dangerous Articles. Volume I. Navy Transportation Safety Handbook. Volume I. Ammunition Ashore Handling, Stowing, and Shipping.

SB 3-30 SB 3-30-2 SB 3-30-10 SB 3-30-13

3. AIR FORCE. AFM 75-2 AFR 136-8 AFM 71-4 TO 11A-1-42 TO 11A-1-46 TO 11A-1-55 TO 11C-1-8-0 AFR 55-14 AFM 71-4 AFM 75-1 AFM 75-2 AFR 75-15 AFR 127-4

Military Traffic Management Regulations. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft. General Instructions-Disposal of Ammunition. Ammunition Complete Round Chart and Transportation and Storage Guide. General Manual-Fire Fighting and Withdrawal, Time, Distance and Related Criteria for Explosives (except Nuclear Weapons). Technical Escort-Chemical, Biological and Etiological Material. Operational Procedures for AIRCRAFT carrying Dangerous Materials as Cargo. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Materials for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Transportation of Material. Military Traffic Management Regulation. Reports for Military Overseas and Domestic Transportation Requirements During Peacetime and Emergency Conditions. Investigating and Reporting USAF Accidents/Incidents. 11

TM 9-1300-275/1 AFM 127-100 AFR 136-4 AFR 190-4 AFR 190-10 AFR 205-1 AFR 205-17 AFM 207-1 AFM 355-1 AFM 355-5 AFM 355-6 AFM 355-7 AFR 355-7

4. MARINE CORPS. MCO 4030.25 MCO P4600.12 MCO 8027.1 MCO P4030.19

Explosives Safety Manual. Responsibilities for Technical Escorts of Chemical, Biological and Etiological Agents. Community Relations and Emergency Assistance Procedures After An Offbase Aircraft, Missile, Ground, Water, or Explosives Accidents. Release of Information on Accidents. Safeguarding Classified Information. Special Security Procedures, Classification Guide for Sensitive Controlled Fragmentation Munitions. Doctrine and Requirements for Security of Aerospace Systems. The AF Disaster Preparedness Program. Employment of Biological Agents. Military Biology and Biological Agents. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents. Response to Major Peacetime Accidents Involving Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Weapons, and Other Dangerous Materials.

Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Military Traffic Management Regulations. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft.

5. CIVIL PUBLIUCATION. T. C. George's Tariff #23 Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation. CG 108 Rules and Regulations for Military Explosives and Hazardous Munitions. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Parts 146-149. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Parts 71-91. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Section 72.75. Bureau of Explosives Pamphlets No. 6/6A/6C. Tariff 6-D (CAB No. 82).

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TM 9-1300-275/1 By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official: KENNETH G. WICKHAM, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

W. C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff

Distribution: Special. See /2 & /3

US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 0 - 300-421 (82287)

The Metric System and Equivalents Linear Measure

Liquid Measure 1 centiliter = 10 milliters = .34 fl. ounce 1 deciliter = 10 centiliters = 3.38 fl. ounces 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 33.81 fl. ounces 1 dekaliter = 10 liters = 2.64 gallons 1 hectoliter = 10 dekaliters = 26.42 gallons 1 kiloliter = 10 hectoliters = 264.18 gallons

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters = .39 inch 1 decimeter = 10 centimeters = 3.94 inches 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches 1 dekameter = 10 meters = 32.8 feet 1 hectometer = 10 dekameters = 328.08 feet 1 kilometer = 10 hectometers = 3,280.8 feet

Square Measure Weights 1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters = .155 sq. inch 1 sq. decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters = 15.5 sq. inches 1 sq. meter (centare) = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.76 sq. feet 1 sq. dekameter (are) = 100 sq. meters = 1,076.4 sq. feet 1 sq. hectometer (hectare) = 100 sq. dekameters = 2.47 acres 1 sq. kilometer = 100 sq. hectometers = .386 sq. mile

1 centigram = 10 milligrams = .15 grain 1 decigram = 10 centigrams = 1.54 grains 1 gram = 10 decigram = .035 ounce 1 decagram = 10 grams = .35 ounce 1 hectogram = 10 decagrams = 3.52 ounces 1 kilogram = 10 hectograms = 2.2 pounds 1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds 1 metric ton = 10 quintals = 1.1 short tons

Cubic Measure 1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters = .06 cu. inch 1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters = 61.02 cu. inches 1 cu. meter = 1000 cu. decimeters = 35.31 cu. feet

Approximate Conversion Factors To change

To

inches feet yards miles square inches square feet square yards square miles acres cubic feet cubic yards fluid ounces pints quarts gallons ounces pounds short tons pound-feet pound-inches

centimeters meters meters kilometers square centimeters square meters square meters square kilometers square hectometers cubic meters cubic meters milliliters liters liters liters grams kilograms metric tons Newton-meters Newton-meters

Multiply by

To change

2.540 .305 .914 1.609 6.451 .093 .836 2.590 .405 .028 .765 29,573 .473 .946 3.785 28.349 .454 .907 1.356 .11296

ounce-inches centimeters meters meters kilometers square centimeters square meters square meters square kilometers square hectometers cubic meters cubic meters milliliters liters liters liters grams kilograms metric tons

To Newton-meters inches feet yards miles square inches square feet square yards square miles acres cubic feet cubic yards fluid ounces pints quarts gallons ounces pounds short tons

Temperature (Exact) °F

Fahrenheit temperature

5/9 (after subtracting 32)

Celsius temperature

°C

Multiply by .007062 .394 3.280 1.094 .621 .155 10.764 1.196 .386 2.471 35.315 1.308 .034 2.113 1.057 .264 .035 2.205 1.102

PIN: 027366-000