Technical Escort Information On Chemical Agents And Decontaminating Procedures

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL MARINE CORPS TECHNICAL MANUAL

TECHNICAL ESCORT INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY AND THE MARINE CORPS JANUARY 1971

TM 9-1300-275/2 TM 1300-30/2

TM 9-1300-275/2 TM 1300-30 Technical Manuals No. 9-1300-275/2 No. 1300-30

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, D.C., 2 January 1971

TECHNICAL ESCORT INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES

Section 1. INTRODUCTION General .............................................................................................................. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 2. CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES General ............................................................................................................. Nerve Agents (G-Series) ................................................................................... Nerve Agent (V-Series) ..................................................................................... Blister Agents..................................................................................................... Choking Agents ................................................................................................. Blood Agents ..................................................................................................... Incapacitating Agent........................................................................................... Summary ........................................................................................................... 3. CHEMICAL DECONTAMINANTS: PREPARATION AND USE General ............................................................................................................. STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry ..................................................................... DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2) ............................................................ Caustic Soda Solution ....................................................................................... HTH-HTB Solution (High-Test Hypochlorite) ...................................................... Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate) ..................................................... Commercial or Household Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite) .................................. Summary ..........................................................................................................

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1-1 1-2

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2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8

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3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8

12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14

Chemical Agent Characteristics.......................................................................... Decontaminants for Chemical Agents ................................................................ Application of Decontaminants ........................................................................... Mixing of Decontaminates .................................................................................

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15 16 17 18

APPENDIX B-REFERENCES ......................................................................................

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APPENDIX A-TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TOXIC MATERIALS 1. Vapors of many decontaminating agents are toxic, if inhaled in large quantities for extended periods. Assure that decontaminating agent containers are kept closed when not in actual use. 2. Wear rubber gloves when handling these materials. If decontaminant gets on the skin, wash immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. FLAMMABLE MATERIALS Do not allow anyone to have sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearby when using flammable materials. Use explosionproof lighting. EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS In addition to chemical agents, some munitions contain high explosives. Do not strike or drop high-explosive components. Do not have sparks, open flames, or other sources of ignition nearby when handling high explosives. CHEMICAL AGENTS Such agents are extremely dangerous. Many are designed to cause permanent injury or death. Do not handle these agents or attempt to repair leaky containers without use of correct protective equipment and clothing. In situations not covered by procedures herein, request aid from the CBAICO or EOD personnel.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION temperature and pressure. Vapor density compared with air is valuable in providing information on the probable duration of effectiveness when there is little or no air movement or ventilation.

1-1 GENERAL. This volume provides an adequate source of practical information on chemical agents and decontamination procedures necessary for technical escort team operation.

1-2.4 Liquid Density (Compared with Water). 1-1.1 This information is a guide for the selection of equipment and material for detection and decontamination of chemical agents. It also includes associated hazards and safety precautions.

The weight of any liquid compared with the weight of an equal quantity of water at the same temperature and pressure. Water weighs 8.3 pounds per gallon at 70°F. Any liquid's density (compared with water) is. used in determining whether the liquid would tend to sink or float in water or a decontaminant solution before mixing or agitating.

1-1.2 TM 3-215, FM 21-40 and FM 2141 contain additional detailed information on chemical agents and first aid; TM 3-220 on decontamination; and TM 8-285 and TB MED-282 on recognition and treatment of chemical casualties.

1-2.5 Melting Point.

1-1.3 Report of errors, omissions, and recommendations for improving this publication by the individual user is encouraged. Reports should be submitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to DA Publications) and forwarded direct to Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN: SMUPA-WD2, Dover, New Jersey 07801.

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. 1-2.6 Freezing Point. The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. It is important to know the freezing point of a chemical agent because dissemination characteristics vary markedly with physical state.

1-2 DEFINITIONS. 1-2.7--Boiling Point. The following terms are used to describe chemical agents and their characteristics from the viewpoint of problems found during technical escort.

The temperature of a liquid at which the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. A chemical agent's duration of effectiveness can be estimated when its boiling point is known. The lower the boiling point, the higher the vapor pressure and the greater the evaporating tendency at ambient temperature.

1-2.1 Chemical Agent. A solid, liquid, or gas that, through its chemical properties, either produces lethal or damaging effects on men, animals, plants, or material, or produces a screening or signaling smoke.

1-2.8 Vapor Pressure. Vapor pressure of a liquid or solid is the pressure exerted by its vapor (after enough time has passed for it to stabilize) at a given temperature. Vapor pressure is usually expressed in millimeters of mercury.

1-2.2 Decontamination. The process .of neutralizing the harmful effects of a chemical agent by covering, removing, absorbing, destroying, or by changing into harmless substances through action of the chemical decontaminants. Do not confuse decontamination with detoxification which is a depot-type operation where all traces of the agent are destroyed.

1-2.9 Volatility. This term is used to show the tendency of a liquid to evaporate. It may be expressed as the weight of vapor present in a unit volume of air under balanced conditions at a specified temperature. Volatility is usually stated as milligrams of vapor per cubic meter (mg/m3) of air.

1-2.3 Vapor Density (Compared with Air). The weight of any gas or vapor compared with the weight of an equal quantity of air at the same

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TM 9-1300-275/2 1-2.10 Duration of Effectiveness. 1-2.11 Hydrolysis. This refers to the length of time a chemical agent is dangerous at point of release. It depends upon inherent properties of the agent and varies with the method of dispersal, the weather, and the terrain. An escort team is concerned mainly with the length of time a chemical agent continues to present a hazard in case of accidental spillage or leakage.

The reaction of a chemical with water, whereby decomposition of the chemical occurs. Such reaction reduces the effectiveness of some chemical agents. In others, however, the resulting product of hydrolysis may be in itself a poison (as with agents containing arsenic). The rate of hydrolysis is the rate at which various chemicals are decomposed by water. Therefore, it indicates the resistance of a chemical to decomposition by water.

1-2.10.1 A nonpersistent effect agent causes most casualties through inhalation of its vapor. However, some can also cause casualties through contact of liquid on the skin.

1-2.12 Rate of Action.

1-2.10.2 A persistent agent usually causes casualties through contact of liquid on the skin. Some cause casualties by contact of vapor on the skin or by inhalation of vapor.

The speed at which the body reacts to or is affected by the agent.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 SECTION 2 CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DECONTAMINATING PROCEDURES 2-1 GENERAL. Chemical agents are classified according to their tactical use and physiological effects. They are also grouped according to their storage and shipment characteristics.

2-2.1 Symbol and Name. a. (GA) Tabun. b. (GB) Sarin. c. (GD) Soman.

2-1.1 Classification (According to Use). Chemical agents are classified physiological effects as follows:

according

2-2.2 Description.

to

These agents are brown liquids at field purity with consistency similar to that of water and they give off a colorless vapor. They are nonpersistent, highly toxic, quick-acting chemicals that cause muscular spasms. Excessive exposure to lethal dosage may result in death within 1 to 10 minutes.

a. Toxic Chemical Agents (Casualty Agents). Agents capable of producing serious injury or death when used in field concentrations. b. Incapacitating Agents. Agents that produce temporary physiological or mental effects, or both, rendering individuals incapable of concerted effort in the performance of their assigned duties. c. Other Agents. Other chemical agents are riot control agents, screening and signaling smokes, incendaries.

2-2.3 Use. These are quick-acting casualty agents used in artillery shells, bombs, sprays, or rockets. 2-2.4 Characteristics of G Series Agents.

2-1.2 Grouping (According Shipment Characteristics).

to

Storage

and a. Boiling point is above 290°F. b. Freezing point is below -50°F. c. Vapor density (compared with air) is more than

Chemical agents and hazardous chemicals with similar storage and shipment characteristics are grouped as follows:

4.0. d. Liquid density (compared with water) is more than 1.02. e. Duration of effectiveness: Evaporates at about the same rate as water. f. Action on metal is slightly corrosive.

2-1.2.1 Group A includes all toxic chemical agents, especially blister and nerve agents, for which impermeable protective clothing and protective mask are required. 2-1.2.2 Group B comprises incapacitating agents and toxic (including blood and choking) for which the protective mask alone is required. Included are burning and non-burning screening smokes and burning and nonburning riot-control agents.

2-2.5 Safety Precautions. 2-2.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. a. By inhalation of the vapors. b. By liquid or vapor contact with the skin or through any body opening.

2-1.2.3 Group C consists of the spontaneously flammable agents. They include white phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorous.

2-2.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask and impermeable protective clothing.

2-1.2.4 Group D consists of all readily flammable materials, such as burning mixtures of incendiaries, oils, and solvents.

2-2.5.3 Symptoms. The first indication of exposure to a G-series agent may be a reaction at the point of contact (such as localized sweating, muscular twitching, or pinpointing of eye pupils). For mild exposures, symptoms may not progress beyond the local reaction; however, if exposure is severe, the following symptoms can be expected, the number and severity of which will be determined by the degree of exposure.

2-1.2.5 Miscellaneous Chemicals involve all chemicals that do not fall under Group A through D. They are chemical decontaminants, industrial compressed gases, corrosive liquids, and hazardous chemicals. 2-2 NERVE AGENTS. (G-Series).

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TM 9-1300-275/2 2-2.5.3.1 Early Symptoms (If exposure is from liquid or vapor).

f. Escort the decontaminated hospital without delay.

a. Pinpointing of eye pupils and dimness of vision. (May be absent entirely in cases of skin absorption.) b. Running nose. c. Tightness of chest.

casualty

to

a

2-2.6 Detection.

2-2.5.3.2 Early Symptoms (If exposure is by skin contact). Localized sweating and muscular twitching.

Use the chemical agent detector kit-blue-band detector tube/green-marked bottle, ABC-M8 VGH detector paper, and detector ticket. Monitoring for detection can be done by using live, caged rabbits.

2-2.5.3.3 Later Symptoms (Indicating severe exposure).

2-2.7 Decontamination (Of Liquid Agents).

a. b. c. d. e.

Procedures are listed in order of preference for effective decontamination in the shortest time. Aeration is effective for vapor.

Nausea; possible vomiting. Diarrhea. Weakness. Coma. Cessation of breathing.

2-2.7.1 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide, Lye). Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10 pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. This will destroy G-agents immediately to 5 minutes upon contact.

2-2.5.4 First Aid. a. If any of the foregoing symptoms appear, put on a protective mask immediately, inject atropine (refer to para. e following), and withdraw to an uncontaminated area. b. For liquid in the eyes, flush immediately with clear water. Absorption of G-agent through the eyes is extremely rapid. c. If a liquid agent gets on the skin, wash it off immediately with a stream of water and then wash the contaminated area with soap and water. Use the skin decontaminant pad from the M13 individual decontaminating and reimpregnating kit. Remove all contaminated clothing quickly and carefully, taking necessary precautions to avoid self-contamination. d. If the victim has stopped breathing, use mask to mouth respiration or remove him to a clean atmosphere and use the mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration described in TM 8-285. e. If nerve-agent poisoning symptoms develop, inject immediately the atropine from one to three automatic injectors (depending on the severity of symptoms) into a muscle, preferably the back of the thigh muscle.

a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, and canvas, use a 5-percent solution (5 pounds caustic soda with 12 gallons of water). b. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling. c. This solution corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc. d. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water (not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling and splattering because of excessive heat formed when dissolving the caustic. e. When decontaminating large amounts of a Gseries agent, apply caustic solution slowly to prevent a violent reaction which causes boiling and splattering. 2-2.7.2 Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate). Prepare a 10-percent solution by mixing 10 pounds of washing soda with 12 gallons of water. Solution normally reacts against G-agents within 5 minutes. 2-2.7.3 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50 pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon shipping container, with 6 gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminated surface for a 30-minute period. Then wash it off with water and test for any remaining contamination. A dry mix (2 shovels full of STB to 3 shovels full of earth or similar material) may be placed under equipment to decontaminate agents flushed from the equipment.

(1) After injection of atropine, dryness of the mouth indicates that enough has been taken to overcome the dangerous effects of nerve agents. NOTE Atropine injections do not relieve headache or difficulty in focusing the eyes. These symptoms are annoying but not dangerous.

a. Toxic vapors are emitted from reaction with Gagents. b. This slurry is corrosive to most metals and injurious to most fabrics. c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS2.

(2) If more atropine is needed, two more automatic injections may be administered at 3 to 8minute intervals. Should additional injections be needed, the officer or non-commissioned officer in charge may give them. 6

TM 9-1300-275/2 2-2.7.4 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This is the recommended decontaminant for small quantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does not require any mixing. However, it requires relatively large quantities of DS-2 (about 2.4 gallon per pound of agent) to neutralize the agent. Only one application on the contaminated surface is required. After a 30minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. a. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. b. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. c. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitteroutlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact. 2-2.7.5 Hot Soapy Water. Mix 1 pound of soap with 1 gallon of water. This solution will decontaminate as long as suds are maintained. Use for personnel decontamination. 2-3 NERVE AGENT (V-Series). 2-3.1 Symbol VX. 2-3.2 Description. This agent is generally a brown liquid at field purity, is slightly thicker than water, and does not evaporate rapidly. Because of its low volatility, the vapor effect is limited, and the duration of effectiveness can be up to 6 days. A persistent, highly-toxic, moderately quick-acting chemical, it causes muscular spasms and, if in the eyes, it may result in death within 1 to 10 minutes. 2-3.3 Use. This is a moderately quick-acting casualty agent with a normally long duration of effectiveness. It is used in large-caliber artillery shells, sprays, rockets, and mines. 2-3.4 Characteristics. a. Boiling point is 572°F. b. Freezing point is -38°F. c. Duration of effectiveness can be up to 6 days, depending upon conditions and contamination density. d. Additional details on VX are outlined in FM 310B, classified CONFIDENTIAL. 2-3.5 Safety Precautions. 2-3.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By liquid contact with the skin or through any body opening. 2-3.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask and impermeable protective clothing. 2-3.5.3 Symptoms. In liquid or droplet form, VX affects the body in a manner similar to that of G-agents absorbed through the skin (para. 2-2.5.3)..

2-3.5.4 First-Aid. First-aid treatment is similar to that used for G-agents (para. 2-2.5.4), except that V-agents may be removed effectively from the skin by using the M5 protective ointment. (Never use M5 protective ointment in or around the eyes as it is extremely irritating to the eyes.) Hot soapy water or household bleach may also be used for personnel decontamination. 2-3.6 Detection. Use the chemical detector kit detector tickets and ABCM8-VGH detector paper. 2-3.7 Decontamination. Solutions are listed in order of preference for effective decontamination in the shortest time. 2-3.7.1 HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite; HighTest Bleach). a. Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water. Apply to contaminated surface and, after a 5-minute wait, wash it off with water. Test for any remaining contamination. b. Wear a protective mask and gloves during handling because this solution gives off toxic vapors and will burn the skin. c. HTH-HTB solution is corrosive to most metals and will destroy fabrics. d. Dry HTH-HTB will cause oil-grease or DS-2 to burn on contact. 2-3.7.2 Commercial or Household Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite). No mixing is required; use the full-strength solution. Commercial laundry solutions are 10to 14-percent concentrations. Household brands are 3 to 6-percent. They are effective in decontamination of V-agents on the skin. Solutions normally decontaminate V-agents within 5 minutes after contact. 2-3.7.3 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This is the recommended decontaminant for small quantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does not require any mixing. However, it requires relatively large quantities of DS-2 (approx. 1.2 gal per lb of agent) to neutralize the agent. Only one application on the contaminated surface is required. After a 30minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. a. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitter outlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 2-4.5.3 Symptoms (In Order of Appearance). a. There is little or no pain upon exposure to blister agents. Symptoms usually appear in 4 to 6 hours; the higher the concentration, the shorter the interval between exposure and first symptoms. b. The eyes are very susceptible to low concentrations and become inflamed, causing "red eye" and a sensation of grit in the eyes. c. The nose and throat become inflamed, causing sensations of having a head cold. d. The skin reddens and water blisters may develop. 2-4.5.4 First-Aid. a. Liquid mustard in the eyes must be flushed out with water within the first few seconds after exposure. Treatment is of little value after 2 minutes of exposure. Hold the eyes open and flush with clear water for 2 minutes. b. For the skin, use the skin decontaminating pad from the M13 individual decontaminating and reimpregnating kit, or protective ointment from the M5 protection and treatment kit. 2-4.6 Detection. From the ABC-M18A2 detector kit, use M7A1 vesicant detector crayons and ABC-M8-VGH detector paper; for vapor, use the blue-band detector tube/blue-marked bottle. Mustard agent has an odor like that of garlic or horseradish. 2-4.7 Decontamination. Solutions are listed in order of preference for effective decontamination within the shortest time. 2-4.7.1 HTH-HTB Slurry or Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite; High-Test Bleach). a. Prepare a slurry of 50 pounds HTH-HTB with 6 gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminated surface for 5-minute period. Then wash it off with water and retest for any remaining contamination. Too stiff a slurry will cause a fire when in contact with blister agents. b. Prepare a 10 percent concentration by mixing 10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water. Apply to contaminated surface and, after a 5-minute wait, wash off with water and test for any remaining contamination. c. Wear protective mask and gloves when handling HTH-HTB because this slurry or solution gives off toxic vapors and will burn the skin. d. HTH-HTB solution is corrosive to most metals and will destroy fabrics.

c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. 2-3.7.4 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50 pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon drum, with 6 gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminated surface for a 30-minute period. Then wash it off with water and detect for any remaining contamination. A dry mix (2 shovels full of STB to 3 shovels full of earth or similar material) may be placed under equipment to decontaminate agents flushed from the equipment. a. This slurry is corrosive to metal and injurious to most fabrics. b. Avoid the contact of slurry concentrations on the skin. c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS2. 2-4 BLISTER AGENTS. 2-4.1 Symbol and Name. a. (H) Levinstein Mustard. b. (HD) Distilled Mustard. c. (HT) Mustard-T-Mixture. 2-4.2 Description. 24.2.1 Blister agents are dark-brown oily liquids at field purity and of relatively low volatility. They are delayedaction, persistent, toxic chemical agents that burn and blister the skin or injure internal parts of the body. 2-4.2.2 HD is obtained by distilling H which has sulfur impurities. HT is a mixture of HD and a sulfur and chlorine compound. All these agents have similar properties. 2-4.3 Use. They are delayed-action casualty agents used in artillery shells, mortar shells, and rockets. 2-4.4 Characteristics. a. The boiling point is above 440°F. b. The freezing point of HD is 58°F. HT freezing point is below 10°F. c. Vapor density (compared with air) is 5.4. d. Liquid density (compared with water) is 1.27. e. Duration of effectiveness: liquid remains 1 to 2 days under temperate weather conditions and a week or more under cold conditions. 2-4.5 Safety Precautions. 2-4.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. a. By inhalation of the vapors. b. By liquid contact with the body or through any body opening. 2-4.5.2 Protection Required. A protective mask and permeable protective clothing for protection against vapor. Wear impermeable clothing and a protective mask when exposed to any liquid agent.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 2-5.4 Characteristics. a. Boiling point, 49°F. b. Freezing point, -155°F. c. Vapor density (compared with air) is 3.4. d. Liquid density (compared with water) is 1.38. e. Duration of effectiveness: Normally, liquid evaporates within a very few minutes, although the vapor may remain for days in low places or in confined areas.

e. Dry HTH-HTB will cause oil-grease, DS-2, or mustard agents to burn on contact. 2-4.7.2 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This is the recommended decontaminant for small quantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does not require any mixing. However, it requires relatively large quantities of DS-2 (approx. 6 gal per lb of agent) to neutralize the agent. Only one application on the contaminated surface is required. After a 30 minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. a. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitteroutlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact. c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. 2-4.7.3 STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. Mix 50 pounds of STB, the content of its 8-gallon drum, and 6 gallons of water. Leave this slurry on the contaminated surface for a 30-minute period. Then wash it off with water and test for any remaining contamination. A dry mix (2 shovels full of STB to 3 shovels full of earth or similar material) may be placed under equipment to decontaminate agents flushed from the equipment. a. This slurry is corrosive to metal and injurious to most fabrics. b. Avoid the contact of slurry concentration on the skin. c. Dry STB will cause a fire upon contact with DS2 and mustard agents. 2-4.7.4 Commercial or Household Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite). No mixing is required; use the fullstrength solution. Commercial laundry solutions are 10to 10-percent concentrations. Household brands are 3to 6-percent.

2-5.5 Safety Precautions. 2-5.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of the vapors, causing injury to the nose, throat, and lungs. There is no damage to the eyes and skin. 2-5.5.2 Symptoms. Exposure causes uncontrollable coughing, tightness of the chest, choking sensation, and headache. The severity of poisoning cannot be estimated from the immediate symptoms because the full effect is not apparent usually until 3 to 4 hours after exposure. Symptoms may appear immediately after exposure to a high concentration. Most deaths occur within 24 hours. 2-5.5.4 First-Aid. If exposed to CG vapor, move into fresh air. Seek rest and keep comfortably warm. In all cases, get medical care. 2-5.6 Detection. 2-5.6.1 CG may be detected by its odor which is similar to that of new-mown hay or grass. 2-5.6.2 The fumes from a bottle of ammonia will cause phosgene to form white fumes. 2-5.6.3 Use the chemical agent detector kit-green-band detector tube. 2-5.7 Decontamination. Solutions are listed in order of preference for effective decontamination of liquid agents in the shortest time. Normally, aeration or venting is suitable for CG vapor. 2-5.7.1 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This is the recommended decontaminant for small quantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does not require any mixing. However, it requires relatively large quantities of DS-2 to neutralize the agent. Only one application on the contaminated surface is required. After a 30-minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. a. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitteroutlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact.

2-5 CHOKING AGENTS 2-5.1 Symbol and Name. (CG) Phosgene. 2-5.2 Description. Agent is a colorless gas above 49°F. and a liquid below 49°F. It is normally a nonpersistent toxic agent that causes the lungs to fill with liquid. This results in death from lack of oxygen (dryland drowning) within 24 hours. 2-5.3 Use. A delayed-action casualty agent used in mortar shells and cylinders.

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TM 9-1300-275/2 c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. 2-5.7.2 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide; Lye). Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10 pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. Leave the solution on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes, then wash off and test for any remaining contamination. a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, and canvas, use a 5-percellt solution (5 pounds caustic soda to 12 gallons of water). b. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. c. Caustic soda corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc. d. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water (not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling and splattering because of excessive heat formed when dissolving the caustic.

for CK-agent vapors as mask filters deteriorate rapidly in strong concentrations of CK. Use impermeable protective clothing for the liquid agents. 2-6.5.3 Symptoms. Exposure to AC causes an immediate increase in the breathing rate. This is followed by violent convulsions within 30 seconds and cessation of breathing within 1 minute. Moderate exposure causes immediate dizziness, nausea, and headache followed by convulsions and coma. CK has similar reactions: It also irritates the eyes, nose, and throat and causes coughing. 2-6.5.4 First-Aid. If exposed to blood agents, move into fresh air immediately. Then crush two ampuls of amyl nitrate and hold them close to the nose. Repeat every few minutes until eight ampuls have been used. Administer artificial respiration to victim, if necessary. Get medical aid immediately for injections of sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate. Seek rest, keep comfortably warm, and drink liquids.

2-6 BLOOD AGENTS 2-6.1 Symbol and Name. a. (AC) Hydrogen Cyanide. b. (CK) Cyanogen Chloride.

2-6.6 Detection. Use the chemical agent detector kit ABC-M18A2: For AC, the red-band detector tube; for CK, the blue-band detector tube. AC has an odor like that of bitter almonds. CK irritates the eyes, nose, and throat.

2-6.2 Description. Blood agents are colorless gases or liquids that are normally nonpersistent, quick-acting, toxic, chemical agents. They are absorbed into the body, primarily, by breathing, and prevent transfer of oxygen from blood to body.

2-6.7 Decontamination. Solutions are listed in order of preference for effective decontamination of liquid agent in the shortest time. Normally, aeration or venting is suitable for the agent vapors. 2-6.7.1 DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). This is the recommended decontaminant for small quantities of agent because it is a ready-to-use solution that does not require any mixing. However, it requires relatively large quantities of DS-2 to neutralize the agent. Only one application on the contaminated surface is required. After a 30-minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. a. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling this solution. b. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitteroutlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact. c. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. 2-6.7.2 Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide; Lye). Prepare a 10-percent concentration by mixing 10 pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. Leave the solution on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes, then wash off and test for any remaining contamination.

2-6.3 Use. These are quick-acting casualty agents used in mortar shells and artillery shells. 2-6.4 Characteristics. a. Boiling Point: (AC) is 79°F; (CK) is 59°F. b. Freezing Point: (AC) is 7°F; (CK) is 23°F. c. Vapor Density (Compared with Air): (AC) is .93; (CK) is 2.1. d. Liquid Density (Compared with Water): (AC) is.7; (CK) is 1.2. e. Duration of Effectiveness: Agents are highly volatile; therefore, they have a duration of only 1 to 10 minutes. As a vapor, AC is lighter than air and will disperse rapidly. CK may remain in low places or confined areas. 2-6.5 Safety Precautions. 2-6.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of the vapors. These vapors are highly irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. 2-6.5.2 Protection Required. Use a protective mask for the AC-agent vapors. Use the M20 oxygen breathing apparatus or M15 compressed air breathing apparatus 10

TM 9-1300-275/2 b. Inhalations of high concentrations cause dizziness, vomiting, dry mouth, blurred vision, confusion, and the inability to respond effectively or move about. If untreated, symptoms may last up to 4 days before gradual return to normal. 2-7.5.4 First-Aid. a. Wash contaminated skin with soap and water. Flush the eyes with clean water. Contaminated clothing should be wetted with water and removed. b. Personnel exposed to BZ cannot sweat so that immediate and vigorous cooling, as for a heat stroke, must be performed. c. Move into fresh air immediately; maintain close observation and restrictive care to prevent the victim from injuring himself or others.

a. When decontaminating fabrics, leather, and canvas, use a 5-percent solution (5 pounds caustic soda to 12 gallons of water). b. Wear protective gloves and mask when handling these solutions. c. Caustic soda corrodes aluminum, tin, and zinc. d. When mixing, add the soda to the water (not the water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling and splattering because of excessive heat formed when dissolving the caustic. 2-7 INCAPACITATING AGENT. 2-7.1 Symbol (BZ). 2-7.2 Description. BZ is a solid, persistent chemical agent which affects the brain, causing temporary physical and mental confusion when inhaled. Normally, it does not seriously endanger life or cause permanent injury. It is packed in munitions as a white or offwhite powder.

2-7.5.5 Fire Protection. If munition is involved in a fire, it may function as designed and disseminate the agent. 2-7.6 Detection. BZ is packed (in powdered form) in munitions and is white or off-white. At present, no reliable field test for detection is available. 2-7.7 Decontamination. 2-7.7.1 Before starting decontamination, pack up all visible BZ and put it in plastic bags. Seal these bags in the M494, or similar container, for shipment. 2-7.7.2 BZ can be removed by scrubbing or drenching with a solution of .5- to 1-percent nonionic detergent or 5-percent acetic acid solution. (This solution will remove but will not detoxify the agent; the drainage must be contained for treatment and disposal.) Treatment of the wash solution from the decontaminating operation will normally be handled at a depot by mixing with 5- to 15-percent caustic solution, maintaining a caustic for 1 hour at ambient temperature with more time at a lower temperature.

2-7.3 Use. BZ agents are used to produce limited-time, delayedaction incapacitation of personnel. There is eventually a complete recovery. These agents are used in burning type ordnance to disseminate the aerosol. 2-7.4 Characteristics. BZ is a solid and packed in munitions in micropulverized powder. These particles can become suspended in air, and, in dry areas, can remain for an indefinite time. 2-7.5 Safety Precautions. 2-7.5.1 Portal of Entry Into Body. By inhalation of the particles. 2-7.5.2 Protection Required. Protective mask only. 2-7.5.3 Symptoms (In Order of Appearance). Effects will begin to become evident 30 to 60 minutes after exposure. Its maximum effect is within 4 to 8 hours. a. Small doses of BZ cause an increased heart rate, dry skin and mouth, increased eye pupil size, and increased skin temperature.

2-8 SUMMARY. Characteristics of the foregoing chemical agents are summarized in Table 1 of Appendix A. For each chemical agent, the recommended decontaminants are listed in order of preference in Table 2 of Appendix A.

11

TM 9-1300-275/2 SECTION 3 CHEMICAL DECONTAMINANTS: PREPARATION AND USE 3-1 GENERAL. This section covers the chemical decontaminants with which technical escort personnel would normally be involved. Included are those used alone as stored and those that must, before use, be mixed with water.

3-2.4.2 This slurry is used to decontaminate G-series, V-series, and blister agents by leaving it on the contaminated surface for a 30-minute period and then washing it off with water, and testing for any remaining contamination. A .dry mix may be placed under equipment to decontaminate any agents flushed from the equipment. (Handle dry STB carefully; it burns on contact with blister agents and DS-2 and gives off toxic vapors from G-agents).

3-2 STB (Supertropical Bleach) SLURRY. 3-2.1 Composition. STB consists of commercial bleach with about 6 percent of calcium oxide added.

3-3 DS-2 (DECONTAMINATING SOLUTION No. 2). 3-3.1 Composition. DS-2 is a general-purpose decontaminant consisting of a 70-percent active agent, 28-percent solvent, and a 2percent active-agent booster.

3-2.2 Packaging and Storage. 3-2.2.1 STB is usually shipped in tightly-closed, 8gallon (50 pound) metal containers. 3-2.2.2 It is fairly stable but decomposes when heated; it loses about 1-percent of its 30- to 35-percent available chlorine content each month. Therefore, it should be stored in a cool dry place and discarded after expiration time. This chemical can explode when heated above 300°F. 2-2.2.3 When placed in damp areas, it will corrode metal and destroy most fabrics.

3-3.2 Packaging and Storage. 3-3.2.1 DS-2 is available in 1 1/3-quart cans for filling the M11 portable decontaminating apparatus. It is packed in 5-gallon drums for application with brooms, swabs, or brushes. 3-3.2.2 This solution is stable in storage, if protected from temperature extremes. 3-3.2.3 DS-2 is flammable and should not be used with STB or HTH-HTB. 3-3.2.4 It will discolor, soften, or blister painted surfaces, and corrode tin, zinc, and aluminum on prolonged contact.

3-2.3 Safety Precautions. 3-2.3.1 Detection. STB is a white powder with a chlorine odor. 3-2.3.2 Protection. No special protection is required, except when STB is in dust form in the air. In such instance, wear a mask and impermeable apron, gloves, and boots. 3-2.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts of water and wash with soap containing lanolin. 3-2.3.4 First-Aid. STB dust is irritating to skin, eyes, and throat. It should be flushed out or off immediately, using plenty of plain water.

3-3.3 Safety Precautions. 3-3.3.1 Detection. DS-2 is a light-amber liquid with a slightly sweet odor. 3-3.3.2 Protection. Wear rubber gloves and a protective mask when handling this solution. Do not allow DS-2 to contact the voicemitter-outlet valve in the M17 protective mask. DS-2 will destroy the mylar in this valve immediately upon contact. DS-2 will cause a fire upon contact with dry HTH-HTB or STB. 3-3.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts of water. Excess DS-2 may be disposed of by burning. 3-3.3.4 First-Aid. DS-2 will irritate the skin and eyes. Treatment is the same as for any chemical burn. It can be removed readily from the skin, without harmful effects, by washing immediately with water.

3-2.4 Preparation and Use. 3-2.4.1 Slurry for applications prescribed in this manual is prepared by mixing one can (50 pounds) of STB with 6 gallons of water. A "dry mix" can be prepared by mixing 2 shovelsfull of STB with 3 shovelsfull of earth or similar material.

12

TM 9-1300-275/2 3-3.4 Preparation and Use. b. A 10-percent solution is usually enough for decontamination. It is prepared by mixing 10 pounds of caustic soda with 12 gallons of water. A 5-percent solution is recommended for decontamination of fabrics, leather, and canvas. Prepare it by mixing 5 pounds of the soda with 12 gallons of water. c. When mixing, add the caustic soda to the water (not water to caustic soda) to prevent boiling and splattering because of excessive heat formed when dissolving the caustic. 3-4.4.2 Use. a. Caustic soda solution destroys G-agents immediately to 5 minutes after contact. b. It decontaminates choking and blood agents after a 30-minute contact time. 3-5 HTH-HTB SOLUTION (High-Test Hypochlorite). 3-5.1 Composition. High-test hypochlorite is also known as high-test bleach and is a stable, water-soluble solid. It is usually in granular or tablet form. This chemical contains at least 70-percent calcium hypochlorite. It is similar to STB (supertropical bleach) but has more chlorine and is, therefore, more corrosive.

WARNING Do not use DS-2 near open flames. 3-3.4.1 DS-2 is a ready-to-use preparation that does not require any mixing. It is effective from -25°F. to 125°F. 3-3.4.2 This is a general-purpose decontaminant that is effective against all toxic agents; however, it requires relatively large quantities to neutralize the agent (approx. 2.4 gal/lb of G-series agent; 1.2 gal/lb of Vseries agent; 6 gal/lb of blister agent). It reacts against G-series and blister agents to reduce their hazards effectively within 5 minutes. Only one application is required on contaminated surfaces. After 30 minutes, flush the decontaminated surface thoroughly with water. 3-4 CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION 3-4.1 Composition. This is a white solid that dissolves easily in water. The chemical name is sodium hydroxide (NaOH); it is also known as lye or sodium hydrate. 3-4.2 Packaging and Storage. Sodium hydroxide is stable when stored in tightly sealed metal drums. It will absorb moisture and carbon dioxide, and corrode aluminum, tin, or zinc. While not a fire hazard, it liberates considerable heat when mixed with water.

3-5.2 Packaging and Storage. HTH-HTB is packaged in 5-pound cans and 100-pound drums. It is fairly stable but decomposes when heated. HTH-HTB loses its chlorine content rapidly when open. Therefore, it should be sealed and stored in a cool, dry place. When moist, it corrodes metals, and destroys most fabrics. When dry, it causes oils, grease, and DS2 to burn.

3-4.3 Safety Precautions. 3-4.3.1 Detection. Caustic soda is a white solid in the form of flakes, powder, beads, or lumps that dissolve easily in water. 3-4.3.2 Protection. During handling, wear a protective mask, rubber gloves, and rubber apron. 3-4.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts of water. 3-4.3.4 First-Aid. Caustic soda is a very caustic alkali which, on contact, burns the skin and eyes. Wash it off the skin immediately with water followed by a 2-percent solution of acetic acid. Flush it out of the eyes with large amounts of water, and seek medical aid immediately.

3-5.3 Safety Precautions. 3-5.3.1 Detection. HTH-HTB is a white tablet or granular solid with a chlorine odor. 3-5.3.2 Protection. Wear a protective mask, apron, boots, and rubber gloves when handling this solution. 3-5.3.3 Decontamination. Flush off with large quantities of water. 3-5.3.4 First-Aid. If HTH-HTB comes in contact with the skin or clothing, flush the area with a large amount of water.

3-4.4 Preparation and Use. 3-4.4.1 Preparation. a. Water solutions of caustic soda are effective in most concentrations. Normally, the more concentrated the solution, the faster the decontamination. Hot solutions decontaminate faster than cold ones.

3-5.4 Preparation and Use. 3-5.4.1 A 10-percent solution or slurry is recommended. Mix 10 pounds of HTH-HTB with 12 gallons of water for the solution and 50 pounds of HTH-HTB with 6 gallons of water for slurry. 3-5.4.2 This solution is used to decontaminate blister agents (H, HD, and HT) and V-agents. 13

TM 9-1300-275/2 Commercial or household bleach is normally a solution and is more stable than the solid form. Commercial solutions usually contain a 10 to 14-percent concentration and household brands, a 3- to 6-percent concentration.

Slurry can be used to decontaminate blister agents. Apply the solution or slurry to the contaminated surface and, after a 5-minute wait, flush off with water and test for any remaining contamination. 3-6

WASHING SODA SOLUTION. (Sodium Carbonate). 3-6.1 Composition. 3-6.1.1 Washing soda is a white powder with alkaline properties. Common names include soda ash, sal soda, and laundry soda. 3-6.1.2 Commercial grades may contain large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).

3-7.2 Packaging and Storage. Commercial or household bleach solution is usually packed in 1-quart or 1-gallon airtight containers. It is stable when stored in a cool, dry place. 3-7.3 Safety Precautions. 3-7.3.1 Detection. In solid form, sodium hypochlorite has a disagreeable, sweet odor. 3-7.3.2 Protection. Sodium hypochlorite solution may be handled without danger. However, it is a strong bleaching agent and will damage fabrics, if not removed. 3-7.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large amounts of water. 3-7.3.4 First-Aid. If the solution gets into the eyes, wash them out with water.

3-6.2 Packaging and Storage. Normally, washing soda is packed in 100-pound paper sacks. It is stable in dry storage. 3-6.3 Safety Precautions. 3-6.3.1 Detection. Washing soda is a white powder. 3-6.3.2 Protection. Washing soda has no serious effect on the skin or eyes, or on clothing. Do not breathe its dust as it is irritating to the respiratory tract. No special protection is required, except when the soda is in the air in dust form. 3-6.3.3 Decontamination. Flush with large quantities of water. 3-6.3.4 First-Aid. If washing soda solution or dust gets into the eyes, wash them with water.

3-7.4 Preparation and Use. 3-7.4.1 Normally, the commercial or household bleach can be used in a full-strength solution. 3-7.4.2 The full-strength solution is an effective decontaminant for V-agents and blister agents, reacting within 5 minutes after contact with either agent. NOTE Pure bleach will burn on contact with liquid blister agent. 3-8 SUMMARY The instructions on recommended mixing and application of the chemical decontaminants are summarized in Table 3 of Appendix A. To assist in the preparation of the recommended concentrations of the chemical decontaminating solutions, a graph indicating pounds of decontaminant vs. gallons of water is included as Table 4 of Appendix A.

3-6.4 Preparation and Use. 3-6.4.1 A 10-percent solution is recommended. Mix 10 pounds of soda with 12 gallons of water. 3-6.4.2 This washing soda solution is an effective decontaminant for G-agents. It reacts within 5 minutes after contact with the agent. 3-7

COMMERCIAL OR HOUSEHOLD BLEACH (Sodium Hypochlorite). 3-7.1 Composition. 14

TM 9-1300-275/2

APPENDIX A TABLES

NERVE (GA, GB, GD) Quick-Acting Casualty Agt

Table 1. Chemical Agent Characteristics NERVE BLISTER Choking (VX) (H, HD, HT) (CG) Quick-Acting Delay-Acting Quick-Acting Casualty Agt Casualty Agt Casualty Agt

BLOOD (AC, AK) Quick-Acting Casualty Agt

DESCRIPTION

Brown Liquid

Brown Liquid

BOILING POINT

Above 290°F.

FREEZING POINT

AGENT USE

Colorless Gas

Colorless Gas

572°F.

Dark-Brown Oily Liquid Above 370°F.

49°F.

Below -50°F.

-38°F.

(H, HD) -58°F.

-155°F.

VAPOR DENSITY

4.0

(See FM 3-10B)

5.4

3.4

LIQUID DENSITY

1.02

(See FM 3-10B)

1.27

1.38

DURATION OF EFFECTIVENESS (Normally) RATE OF ACTION

Nonpersistent 1-2 Days

Persistent

Persistent

Nonpersistent Within Min.

(AC) 79°F. (CK) 59°F (AC) 7°F. (CK) 23°F (AC) -.93 (CK) - 2.1 (AC) - .7 (CK) -.12 Nonpersistent Within Min.

Rapid

Hours to Days

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION

Very Rapid Within 15 Min. M18A2 Blue-Band Tube, Paper, and Tickets Breath Stopped Death

Immediate to 4 Hours M18A2 Green Band Tube; Odor Damages and Flood Lungs

PROTECTION REQUIRED

Mask & Imperme able Clothing-

DETECTION

M18A2 Detector.

M18A2 Blue-Band Tube, Crayon, & Paper Breath- Stopped Blisters Skin & Death Inflames Eye and Throat Mask & Impermeable Clothing w/ Impregnated underwear or Liner

15

Mask

Immediate. Within 1 Min. M18A2 (AC) Red-Band (CK) Blue-Band Stops Transfer of Oxygen from Blood to Body Mask

INCAPACITATING (BZ) Delayed-Action Temporary Inpacitating Agt. White Powder -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Persistent

Minutes To Hours None

Temporary Mental & Physical Confusion Mask

TM 9-1300-275/2

Agents NERVE (GA, GB, GD)

NERVE (VX)

BLISTER (H, HD, HT)

CHOKING (CG) and BLOOD (AC-CK) INCAPACITATING (BZ)

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1.

Table 2. Decontaminants for Chemical Agents (Listed in order of Preference) Decontaminants Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide). Washing Soda Solution (Sodium Carbonate). STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite). Commercial or Household Bleach Solution (Sodium Hypo-Chlorite).DS 2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). STB (Supertropical Bleach) Slurry. HTH-HTB Solution (Calcium Hypochlorite). DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). STB Slurry (Supertropical Bleach). Commercial or Household Bleach Solution Sodium Hypo-Chlorite. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2). Caustic Soda Solution (Sodium Hydroxide). Detergent or 5-percent Acetic Acid Solution to remove Agent. Contain wash solution for disposal. 16

TM 9-1300-275/2

DECONTAMINANT

STB (Supertropical Beach) SOLUTION

DS -2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2).

Table 3. Application of Decontaminants AGENT DE- MIXING CONTACT CONTAMI- PROCEDURES TIME NATED 30 Min. G-Agent Slurry: 50 lbs of Blister bleach to 6 gal. of V-Agent water. Dry Mix: 2 shovelsfull bleach to 3 shovelsfull of earth. A Ready-to-Use 30 Min. G-Agent Solution; no mixing V-Agent required Blister Choking Blood

CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION (Sodium Hydroxide).

G-Agent Choking Blood

10 lbs caustic - 12 gal. water (10% solution).

HTH OR HTB SOLUTION (Calcium Hypochlorite)

V-Agent Blister

WASHING SODA SOLUTION (Sodium Carbonate). COMMERCIAL HOUSE HOLD BLEACH SOSOLUTION (Sodium Hypochlorite). ACETIC ACID SOLUTION.

G-Agent

10 lbs HTH w/12 gal. water (10% Solution Slurry: 50 lbs HTH w/6 gal. water). 10 lbs soda - 12 gal. water (10 % solution).

V-Agent Blister

BZ

No mixing required Commercial brands: 10-14% Household brands: 3-6% 5-Percent.

17

30 Min. except for G-Agent which is immediate. 5 Min.

REMARKS

1. Pure bleach will burn on contact w/liquid 2. Toxic vapors given off on contact w/G-Agent. 3. Will burn on contact w/DS-2. 1. Used at Temperatures -25°F. to 125°F. 2. Will discolor, soften, or blister painted surfaces. 3. Will cause color change on contact w/detector paper and crayon. 4. Will burn on contact w/STB and HTH. 1. Solution corrodes aluminum, tin, & zinc. Use a steel container. 2. When mixing, add caustic to water to prevent splattering from heat formed when dissolving caustic. 1. Solution or slurry gives off toxic vapors, and is corrosive to most metals.

5 Min.

5 Min.

1. Solution will remove, but not detoxify agent. 2. Contain wash solution for disposal.

TM 9-1300-275/2

1. CAUSTIC SODA (Sodium Hydroxide) 10-Percent Solution. 2. HTH-HTB (Calcium Hypochlorite) 10-Percent Solution 3. WASHING SODA (Sodium Carbonate) 10-Percent Solution. NOTE: These solutions consist of .8 pounds of decontaminant for each 1 gallon of water.

1. HTH-HTB- (Calcium Hypochlorite) Slurry 2. STB - SUPERTROPICAL BLEACH (Sodium Hypochlorite with Calcium Oxide) SLURRY NOTE: These slurrys consist of 8.3 pounds of decontaminant for each 1 gallon of water.

POUNDS OF DECONTAMINANT NOTES: a. DS-2 (Decontaminating Solution No. 2) - Ready-To-Use. Solution - No Mixing Required. b. COMMERCIAL OR HOUSEHOLD BLEACH ( Sodium Hypochlorite) SOLUTION - Ready-To-Use Solution - No Mixing Required. MU-C12135 Table 4. Mixing of Decontaminants. 18

TM 9-1300-275/2 APPENDIX B REFERENCES

1. ARMY. AR 11-17 AR 55-8 AR 55-56 AR 75-14 AR 740-32 AMCR 385-27 AMCR 385-28 AMCR 385-101 AMCR 385-102-1 AMCR 385-232 AMCR 385-233 TM 3-215 TM 3-216 TM 3-220 TM 3-240 TM 3-250 TM 3-522-15 TM 3-4240-202-14 TM 3-4240-212-15 TM 3-4240-258-14 TM 3-6665-254-12 TM 8-285 TM 9-1300-206 TM 9-1300-275/1 TM 9-1300-275/3 FM 21-40 FM 21-41 FM 3-10B TM 9-1900 TM 10-277

Chemical and Biological Weapons Surety Program. Transportation of Biological Materials. Transportation of Chemical Ammunition, Chemical Agents and Other Dangerous Chemicals. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Safety Regulations for Disposal of Bulk Chemical Agents and Munitions. Safety Regulation for Agent BZ. Shipping Criteria for Etiological Agents and Material. Safety Guide for the Processing, Filling, Handling, and Decontamination of VX. Shipping Criteria for Chemical Agents, Chemical Ammunition, Poisons and Other Dangerous Articles. Safety Criteria for Processing, Filling, Handling and Decontamination. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents. Military Biology and Biological Agents. Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Decontamination. Field Behavior of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents. Storage, Shipment and Handling of Chemical Agents and Hazardous Chemicals. Mask, Protective, Field, M9 and Mask, Protective, Field, M9A1. Organizational, DS, GS, and Depot Maintenance Manual: Mask Protective, Field ABC-M17. Breathing Apparatus, Oxygen Generating, M20 Operator, Organizational Field and Depot Maintenance Manual. Operator, Organizational, DS and GS Maintenance Manual Mask, CBR: Field M17A1 and Accessories. Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Detector Kit, Chemical Agent ABC M18A2. Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties. Care, Handling, Preservation and Destruction of Ammunition. Technical Escort Movement Procedures. Technical Escort Containment Procedures. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense. Soldier's Handbook for Defense Against Chemical and Biological Operations and Nuclear Warfare. Employment of Chemical Agents (MINIP 36-4/AFM 355-9/FMFM113B). Ammunition, General. Protective Clothing for Chemical Operations.

19

TM 9-1300-275/2 TM 38-250 TM 743-200 TB 3-4230-207-10 TB CML 83 TB MED 114 TB MED 223 TB MED 273 SB 3-24 SB 3-30 SB 3-30-2 SB 3-30-10 SB 3-30-13 SB 3-30-24

Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Storage and Materials Handling. Decontaminating and Reimpregnating Kit-Individual M13. Calculator, Downwind Toxic Vapor Hazard Point Source ABC M2. Immunization. Respiratory Protective Devices. Collection and Preparation of Specimens for Shipment to Medical Laboratories. Shipping Chart for Chemical Corps Ammunition, Ammunition Components, and Military Chemical Agents. Serviceability Standard for CB Material. Protective Mask Canisters: Serviceability Lists. Field Protective Masks, M3, M14, and M9 Services and Protective Mask Canisters, M10A1 and M11: Serviceability Standard. Decontaminating Apparatus, Portable: 3-gallon M1; 11/2, quart M2; 1 1/2 quart M11; Serviceability Standard. Breathing Apparatus, Compressed Air, M15 and ABC M15A1: Serviceability Standard.

2. NAVY. OPNAVINST 8070.1 OPNAVINST 8027.1C NAVAIR 15-03-500 NAVORD OP 2239 NAVORD OP 2165 NAVORD OP 5

Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Material for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Drivers' Handbook Ammunition, Explosives, and Dangerous Articles. Vol I. Navy Transportation Safety Handbook. Vol I. Ammunition Ashore Handling, Stowing, and Shipping.

3. AIR FORCE. AFR 136-8 TO 11A-1-42 TO 11A-1-46 TO 11A-1-55 TO 11C-1-8-0 AFM 71-4 AFM 127-100 AFR 136-4 AFR 205-1 AFR 20r-17 AFM 207-1 AFM 355-1 AFM 355-5 AFM 355-6 AFM 355-7

Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal. General Instructions-Disposal of Ammunition. Ammunition Complete Round Chart and Transportation and Storage Guide. General Manual-Fire Fighting and Withdrawal, Time, Distance and Related Criteria for Explosives (Except Nuclear Weapons). Technical Escort-Chemical, Biological and Etiological Material. Packaging and Handling of Dangerous Materials for Transportation by Military Aircraft. Explosives Safety Manual. Responsibilities for Technical Escorts of Chemical, Biological and Etiological Agents. Safeguarding Classified Information. Special Security Procedures, Classification Guide for Sensitive Controlled Fragmentation Munitions. Doctrine and Requirements for Security of Aerospace Systems. The AF Disaster Preparedness Program. Employment of Biological Agents. Military Biology and Biological Agents. Military Chemistry and Chemical Agents. 20

TM 9-1300-275/2 AFR 355-7

Response to Major Peacetime Accidents Involving Nuclear Weapons and Non-Nuclear Weapons, and Other Dangerous Materials.

4. MARINE CORPS. MCO 4030.25 MCO 8027.1

Responsibilities for Technical Escort of Chemical, Biological, and Etiological Agents. Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal.

5. CIVIL PUBLICATION. T. C. George's Tariff #23 CG 108

Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation. Rules and Regulations for Military Explosives and Hazardous Munitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Parts 146-149. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Parts 71-91. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Section 72.75. Bureau of Explosives Pamphlets No. 6/6A/6C. Tariff 6-D (CAB No. 82). 21

TM 9-1300-275/2 By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official: KENNETH G. WICKHAM, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

W. C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff.

Distribution: Special.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 - 342-421/80832

The Metric System and Equivalents Linear Measure

Liquid Measure 1 centiliter = 10 milliters = .34 fl. ounce 1 deciliter = 10 centiliters = 3.38 fl. ounces 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 33.81 fl. ounces 1 dekaliter = 10 liters = 2.64 gallons 1 hectoliter = 10 dekaliters = 26.42 gallons 1 kiloliter = 10 hectoliters = 264.18 gallons

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters = .39 inch 1 decimeter = 10 centimeters = 3.94 inches 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches 1 dekameter = 10 meters = 32.8 feet 1 hectometer = 10 dekameters = 328.08 feet 1 kilometer = 10 hectometers = 3,280.8 feet

Square Measure Weights 1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters = .155 sq. inch 1 sq. decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters = 15.5 sq. inches 1 sq. meter (centare) = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.76 sq. feet 1 sq. dekameter (are) = 100 sq. meters = 1,076.4 sq. feet 1 sq. hectometer (hectare) = 100 sq. dekameters = 2.47 acres 1 sq. kilometer = 100 sq. hectometers = .386 sq. mile

1 centigram = 10 milligrams = .15 grain 1 decigram = 10 centigrams = 1.54 grains 1 gram = 10 decigram = .035 ounce 1 decagram = 10 grams = .35 ounce 1 hectogram = 10 decagrams = 3.52 ounces 1 kilogram = 10 hectograms = 2.2 pounds 1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds 1 metric ton = 10 quintals = 1.1 short tons

Cubic Measure 1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters = .06 cu. inch 1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters = 61.02 cu. inches 1 cu. meter = 1000 cu. decimeters = 35.31 cu. feet

Approximate Conversion Factors To change

To

inches feet yards miles square inches square feet square yards square miles acres cubic feet cubic yards fluid ounces pints quarts gallons ounces pounds short tons pound-feet pound-inches

centimeters meters meters kilometers square centimeters square meters square meters square kilometers square hectometers cubic meters cubic meters milliliters liters liters liters grams kilograms metric tons Newton-meters Newton-meters

Multiply by

To change

2.540 .305 .914 1.609 6.451 .093 .836 2.590 .405 .028 .765 29,573 .473 .946 3.785 28.349 .454 .907 1.356 .11296

ounce-inches centimeters meters meters kilometers square centimeters square meters square meters square kilometers square hectometers cubic meters cubic meters milliliters liters liters liters grams kilograms metric tons

To Newton-meters inches feet yards miles square inches square feet square yards square miles acres cubic feet cubic yards fluid ounces pints quarts gallons ounces pounds short tons

Temperature (Exact) °F

Fahrenheit temperature

5/9 (after subtracting 32)

Celsius temperature

°C

Multiply by .007062 .394 3.280 1.094 .621 .155 10.764 1.196 .386 2.471 35.315 1.308 .034 2.113 1.057 .264 .035 2.205 1.102

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