Teaching Context Clues.docx

Teaching Context Clues Context clues are the words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, pictures, and other text features that give clues to the meaning of an unknown word. Using context to determine an unknown word is highly recommended as an effective word learning strategy (Blachowicz 2005; Graves, 2006). Teaching context clues involves good planning, explicit instruction, and opportunities for students to practice and receive feedback using the gradual release of responsibility (Blachowicz 2005; Pearson & Gallagher, 1983). According to Baumann (2010), context clues are important to teach because: • The meaning of the word is sometimes stated in the sentence or sentences before or after the unknown word. • There may be clues

in the sentence or sentences before or after the unknown word. • Some texts provide the meaning of the word, but students may overlook it. • The most helpful hints are often found in the same sentence, but students do not recognize these hints.

• Some clues may be misleading. Students need to take the initiative and ask, “Does this meaning make sense in this context?” There are many different kinds of context clues. To help students become familiar with using context clues, teachers can create an anchor chart outlining the clues students can use to unlock the meaning of words (see picture in the Teaching Context Clues vignette). The Word Detective strategy can be used to teach context clues. How to know a word, Knowing a word involves a skill that proficient readers take for granted— the ability to recognize the word, both through how it sounds and what it looks like. Typically, knowing a word also means knowing its definition. But knowing a word’s definition is not the same thing as being able to use the word in speech and writing or to understand the text in which the word appears. Dale and O’Rourke (1986) identify four levels of word knowledge:1. I never saw it [the word] before.2. I’ve heard of it [the word], but I don’t know what it [the word] means.3. I recognize it [the word] in context—it [the word] has something to do with...4. I know it [the word].Nagy and Scott (2000) describe the process of knowing a word as happening over time as students come in contact with the word in various contexts. The more exposures students have with a word, the more sophisticated their understanding. Sophisticated understanding translates into deeper conceptual understanding, a broader knowledge base related to the multiple meanings a word can convey based upon context, and an enhanced ability to make connections to the subtleties of language found in riddles, poetry, colloquial speech, and puns (Johnson, Johnson, & Schlicting, 2004). The goal of vocabulary learning is to have students store the meanings of words in their long-term memory and to use these words to construct meaning, comprehend text, and understand content they are studying.

Conclusion Students who are living in an English-speaking country are often happy learning what difficult words and phrases mean through their everyday study or work lives, but for

the majority of students, learning a language is a slow and painful process, and we must try to do something to accelerate the pace of learning. My students should, I believe, benefit from the teaching procedures I've described in this article. If they learn words and phrases in this systematic way in class, they are not only likely to achieve more communicative success in class but also to become more aware of how they learn and the knowledge they need to acquire to learn words more successfully. teachers aren't alone, however, and they are facing a challenge shared by teachers across the country. We know that for school-age students, academic language is crucial for school success (Francis, Rivera, Lesaux, Kieffer, & Rivera, 2006). In addition, research allows us to state with a fair degree of confidence that English learners best acquire English when language forms are explicitly taught and when they have many opportunities to use the language in meaningful contexts (Goldenberg, 2008). Yet while the explicit instructional support that ESL and bilingual teachers provide is essential to English learners' academic language development, English learners receive a majority of their instruction from general education and content area teachers who may not have experience teaching academic language development. The question becomes then: What do general education classroom teachers need to do in order to support the academic English development of language learners, especially when English learners are one of many types of students they serve? Planning for Language Objectives Planning language objectives isn’t always a simple, straight-forward process—in fact, you could say that it takes a bit of detective work. With the English Language Development standards in hand, try answering these questions to help guide the development of overt language objectives: What language forms are students struggling with? What language functions do they need to access content learning? What gaps most need to be filled? What will increase their fluency? What will help prepare students for thenext proficiency level?A language objective for an intermediate student might be to read sentences aloud, correctly identifying and pronouncing all verb tenses. In the lesson plans developed by teachers in the English Learner Collaborative, language objectives are framed in what they’ve termed the SWBAT format—that is, Students Will Be Able To ... Describe a photograph using adjectives. In any endeavor, if you do not understand what others expect from you then you will have a much greater likelihood of failure. However, many teachers fail to let students know exactly what they expect of them. One key to success in getting students to succeed is being completely transparent with them about expectations. However, it is not enough to simply state them at the beginning of the school year. Following are some ways that you can not only communicate but also reinforce expectations to students each and every day.

Post expectations around the room From the first day of class, the expectations for academic and social success should be publicly visible. While many teachers post their class rules for all to see, it is also a great idea to post the expectations. You can do this through a poster that you create similar to the one you might use for class rules, or you can select posters with inspirational quotes sayings that reinforce your expectations such as: High achievement always takes place in the framework of high expectation.

Give students space Students need opportunities to show what they already know and can do. Before scaffolding a lesson, check for prior knowledge. Even when students experience the discomfort of not knowing, they are learning how to deal with productive struggle. They need to become more comfortable with working through problem-solving so they will have the chance to experience the personal satisfaction of coming up with a solution. You should avoid the desire to jump right in and help a struggling student by simply providing them the answers to their questions but instead lead them to find the answers for themselves. Create a written dialogue A great tool to make sure that students feel connected and empowered is to create a written dialogue tool. You can either have a periodic assignment for students to complete or an ongoing back-and-forth journal. The purpose of this kind of communication is to have students write about how they feel they are doing in your class. You can use their comments and your own space to personally guide them while reinforcing your expectations. Have a Positive Attitude Make sure that you do not harbor any specific biases towards student learning. Develop a growth mindset by helping your students believe that their most basic abilities can be developed, and improved upon. Use positive feedback by saying phrases such as:

     

"Show me more." "How did you do that?" "How did you figure that out?" "That looks like it took a lot of effort." "How many ways did you try it before it turned out the way you wanted it?" "What do you plan to do next?"

Developing a growth mindset with students creates a love of learning and a resilience. Try to always maintain a positive attitude. Your language must support students and help them believe that can and will learn. 06 of 10 Get to know your students A positive teacher-student relationship is a wonderful thing to inspire students to learn and achieve. Here are steps to take at the beginning of the school year to set the tone:   

Take the effort to learn students’ names by the end of the first week. Connect with families in the first few weeks of school. Share academic and social goals for the year.

If you allow students to see you as a real person, and you can connect with them and their needs, then you will find that many will achieve simply to please you. 07 of 10 Remain in charge Very little can happen when you have poor classroom management. Teachers who allow students to disrupt class unchecked will find that their classroom situation will quickly deteriorate. Always remember that you are the teacher and the leader of the class. Another trap for many teachers is trying to be friends with their students. While it is great to be friendly with your students, being a friend can lead to problems with discipline and ethics. In order to have students meet your expectations, they need to know that you are the authority in the class. 08 of 10 Be clear

It is very hard, if not impossible, for students to know your expectations on behaviors, assignments, and tests if you do not clearly express them from the beginning. Keep directions short and simple. Do not fall in the habit of repeating directions; once should be enough. Students can understand what they need to learn and do to be successful at any point in time. 09 of 10 Cheer Your Students On You should be a cheerleader for your students, letting them know as often as possible that you know they can succeed. Use positive reinforcement whenever you can by appealing to their interests. Know what they like to do outside of school and give them a chance to share these interests. Let them know that you believe in them and their abilities. CONCLUSION While good instruction-giving is an essential part of an effective lesson and an important part of classroom management, it is a skill that is often overlooked in teacher-training programs and in classrooms. An otherwise strong lesson sometimes fails because instructions were not properly delivered. It is not enough to assume that giving good instructions is a naturally acquired skill. Both preservice and in-service teachers need to be attentive to good instruction-giving practices and become aware of their own methods of delivery and how they can be improved.

Allow Revisions When students turn in an assignment that is poorly done, you may allow them to revise their work. They may be able to turn work in for additional points. A second chance allows them to demonstrate how their skills have grown. You are looking for students to demonstrate final mastery of the subject. Revision promotes mastery learning. In revising their work, students may feel as though they have more control. You can provide them with additional assistance as needed on the way to their achieving the objectives you have set for them.