TEACHING CONCEPTS and VOCABULARY Principles and Strategies
What is a concept? CONCEPTS are (1) categories into which experiences are organized and (2) the larger network of intellectual relationships brought about through categorization. Understanding a concept requires some level of critical thinking in order to make associations between words and ideas according to certain criteria. Objects or events are sorted into concept categories according to their basic characteristics or critical attributes. The critical attributes must be present in a particular sequence, relationship or patterns to qualify for category placement. These represent the concept criteria. The specific ordering of attributes is known as the concept definition or rule. Planning inventory for teaching a concept 1. What name is commonly applied to the concept? Ex. Lake 2. What is the concept's rule or definition? Ex. A body of water surrounded by land. 3. What are the essential characteristics or critical attributes of the concept? Ex. land, water, surrounding 4. What are the noncritical attributes typically associated with the concept? Ex. size, location, depth 5. What are some interesting and learnerrelevant examples or cases of the concept which you can use in its explanation?
Ex. local lakes, mountain lakes, desert lakes 6. What are some contrasting nonexamples of the concept that will help clarify or illustrate the concept? Ex. ocean, stream 7. What are some cues, questions or directions that can be employed to call attention to critical and noncritical attributes in the concept examples? Ex: "Look at all the points where the water meets the land." 8. What is the most efficient, interesting and thoughtprovoking medium (or media) by which to present examples and nonexamples? Ex. slides, aerial photographs 9. What level of concept mastery do you expect of students and how will you measure it? Ex. Be able to define "lake" and state the similarities and differences this body of water has with other major bodies of water through a project. Teaching word meanings related to concepts: How to select and teach vocabulary 1. Word meanings are best learned through conceptual development. This approach stresses indepth understanding as opposed to surface understanding. Existing concepts can be used as a basis for acquiring new concepts. For example, a student who knows what a horse is can relate the new concept of unicorn to horse in order to understand the new concept. 2. Word meanings should be learned in context. The contextual setting gives student clues to word meanings. The teacher should provide examples in which the new word is used correctly and students should have opportunities to apply the word's meaning. 3. Vocabulary instruction should be based on learnergenerated word meanings. Learner involvement increases understanding and memory; thus, when students use their experience and background knowledge to define words, they learn better. The words serve as labels for
concepts and students associate words to a larger vocabulary and experiences. 4. Vocabulary should focus on usable words. The use of vocabulary related to a theme or instruction in "word webs" is helpful. Students should be taught how to figure out related words. 5. Students should be taught the use of context clues and structural analysis skills (prefixes, suffixes, root words). 6. Students should learn to use the dictionary, thesaurus and glossary to develop understanding of word meanings when they cannot figure out the meanings from experience, context or structural analysis. Sources: Roe, B.D., Stoodt, B.B., & Burns, P.C. (1987). Secondary School Reading Instruction: The Content Areas. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Cooper, J. M. (Ed.). (1986). Classroom Teaching Skills. Boston, MA: D.C. Heath.