Teaching Basic Chinese - My Own Handouts

This text is a careless compilation of handouts collected when I was teaching basic Chinese language. It is pretty much like an list of vocabs gathered tematicaly. I hope it shall be of any use for those that wish to study this beautiful language.

Text uses Chinese characters and Chinese language transcription system Pinyin. Explenations expressions are based on Electronic Chinese-English, English-Chinese dictionary Wenlin. The author would like to express his gratitude towards Wenlin editors.

Table of contents: (Lexical part) Abuse Competition Education Education 2 Negotiations Wishes Work and studies Personality Traveling At work

page 2-3 page 4-6 page 7-8 page 9-10 page 11-12 page 13-14 page 15 page 16-18 page 19-20 page 21-22

(Grammatical part) Ajectives Conjunctions in Chinese Modal Verbs

page 23-24 page 25-26 page 27-28 page 29-

为学

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Abuse 1

Abuse of power lànyòng 滥用 v. abuse; misuse | lanyong zijin | tānwū 贪污 attr. corrupt; venal ◆n. corruption; graft | Tā yīnwéi ∼ bèi jiězhí le | He was dismissed because of graft. wēixié 威胁 v. menace; imperil; threaten; intimidate [threaten] | Tamen jingchang weixie ruozhe | [endanger] | 1991 nian, dashui weixie zhe zuo jianzhuwu | lèsuǒ 勒索 v. extort; blackmail | Nà wèi bǎiwàn fùwēng bèi ∼le shíwàn Měijīn | The millionare was forced to give up one hundred thousand dollars.

sāorǎo 骚扰 v. harass; molest | Yǒu rén dǎ diànhuà ∼ nà wèi diànyǐng míngxīng | Someone is harassing the movie star with phone calls. | Shiwu sui shaonu zai gongjiaoche shang yu xing saorao |

wūrǔ 污辱 n./v. ①humiliate; insult | Ta shuo zhe ju hua shi guyi wuru women | bēibǐwúchǐ 卑鄙无耻 f.e. contemptible and shameless màrén 骂人 v.o. swear/curse (at people) bǎohù 保护 v. protect; safeguard nüèdài 虐待 v. maltreat; tyrannize; abuse nüèdàikuáng 虐待狂 n. sadism; sadist bèinüèdàikuáng 被虐待狂 n. masochism dissmissing and resigning cízhí 辞职 v. resign | Zǒngtǒng ∼ le | The president has resigned. | Ta xiang shangji tichu le cizhi yaoqiu | jiězhí 解职 v. dismiss from office chǎo yóuyú 炒鱿鱼 v. dismiss; fire | Tā bèi ∼ le | He was fired. kāichú 开除 v. expel; discharge | Tā bèi xuéxiào ∼ le | He was expelled by the school. virtue and vice 贤惠 xiánhuì s.v. virtuous and dutiful (of women) 2

| Wǒ qīzi hěn ∼ | My wife is kind and virtuous. | Xian qi liang mu | zhēncāo 贞操 n. ①chastity; virginity (of women) ②loyalty; moral integrity chúnjié 纯洁 adj.v. pure; clean and honest chún 纯 v. pure; unmixed | Zhè xiāngyóu hěn ∼| The sesame oil is pure. yémen 爷们 n. man | chun yemen | apology dàoqiàn 道歉 v.o. apologize | Wǒ xiàng nǐ ∼| I apologize. qiànyì 歉意 n. apology; regret | xiang ni biaoshi qianyi |

extramerital affair wàiyù 外遇 n. extramarital affair | Tīngshuō tā zhàngfu yǒule ∼| I've heard that her husband has an extramarital affair. chūguǐ 出轨 v. be derailed; go off the rails | Ta zai Taiguo chuchai de shuhou chugui le | Jiao ta liao tiao chuan

vixen jiàn 贱 inexpensive, cheap, lowly, humble, worthless jiàn nǚren 贱女人 | Ta bu xiang gen zhege jian nuren laiwang | yāojing 妖精 n. ①evil spirit; demon ②alluring woman; siren pōfù 泼妇 n. shrew; vixen jiūchán 纠缠 v. tangle , nag; worry; pester | Ta jiuchan wo de pengyou de laogong bufang |

3

Competition Types od contests : bǐsài 比赛[-賽] n. match; competition | Lǐbài liù de ∼ qǔxiāo le. Saturday's game has been called off. | 在竞赛中比较高低 | 长跑比赛 yùsài* 预赛[預賽] n. 〈sport〉 preliminary contest M:²chǎng juésài 决赛[決賽] n. 〈sport〉 finals M:²chǎng guànjūnsài 冠军赛[-軍賽] n. championship contest M:²chǎng/¹cì shìjièbēi 世界杯 n. world cup

First phase. Preparation : cānjiā 参加[參-] v. ①join; attend; take part in ②give (advice/etc.) | Zhè ²shì, qǐng nǐ yě ∼ diǎnr yìjian. Please give us your opinions about this matter? cānyù* 参与[參與] v. participate in | Tā ∼le nàge ànzi. He participated in that case.

zhǔnbèi 准备[準備] v. ①prepare; get ready | Nǐ ∼ hǎole ma? Are you ready? ②intend; plan | Tā ∼ chūguó shēnzào. He intends to go abroad to further his studies. páiyǎn* 排演 v. Rehearse yǎnchū* 演出 v./n. perform; show | Zhùhè nǐ ∼ chénggōng. Congratulations to your successful performance.

xùnliàn 训 练 [ 訓 練 ] v. ①train; drill | Wǒmen zhèngzài jiājǐn ∼. We're intensifying our training. ②train animals jiàoliàn* 教练[-練] n. coach; instructor M:ge/¹míng/²wèi fǔdǎo* 辅导[輔導] v. coach; tutor ◆n. ①guidance ②tutorial | Yǒuxiē xuésheng xūyào gèbié ∼. Some students need individual tutorials. 辅导老师

Champions，opponents and enemies： xuǎnshǒu* 选手[選-] n. 〈 sport 〉 ① player selected as a contestant; athlete ②champion M:ge/¹míng/²wèi

gāoshǒu* 高手 n. ace; expert M:ge/¹míng/²wèi néngshǒu 能手 n. expert; master hand | Tā shì yǒumíng de ¹jìshù ∼. He is a technology expert. M:ge/¹míng/²wèi

duìshǒu 对手[對-] n. ①opponent; adversary ②match; equal M:ge/¹míng/²wèi duìtou 对头[對頭] n. enemy; opponent; adversary | Tāmen liǎ shì ∼. The two are enemies. M:ge/¹mín | 死对头

duìfāng* 对方[對-] p.w. the other side/party; an adversary dírén 敌人[敵-] n. enemy M:ge/¹míng chóurén 仇人 n. personal enemy yùndòngyuán 运动员[運動員] n. athlete; player M:ge/¹míng/²wèi yōushèngzhě 优胜者[優勝-] n. winner; champion M:ge/¹míng/²wèi

4

Competition： jìngzhēng* 竞 争 [ 競 爭 ] v./n. compete; competition | Wǒ bùpà ∼. I'm not afraid of

competition.

táotài 淘汰 v. ①eliminate through selection/competition | Zài bànjuésài zhōng, Měiguó ²duì bèi ∼ le. The American team was eliminated in the semi-final. ②die out The victory and the fail yíng 赢[贏] v. gain; win | Wǒ xiàqí ∼le tā. I beat him at chess. shū 输[輸] b.f. v. lose; be defeated | ²Jiǎ ²duì yòu ∼ le. Team A lost again. chénggōng 成功 v. succeed ◆n. success 取得成功 shībài* 失败[-敗] n./v. ①be defeated; lose ②fail | Shíyàn ∼ le. The experiment failed. shènglì* 胜利[勝-] v. win victory/success ◆adv. successfully | Dàhuì ∼ bìmù. The conference has come to a successful conclusion. ◆n. victory

dǎbài* 打败[-敗] v. ①defeat | Wǒmen ∼ le dírén. We defeated the enemy. ②be defeated | Tā ∼ le. He was defeated.

kǎixuán 凯旋[凱-] v. return triumphant kǎixuánmén 凯旋门 [ 凱 - 門 ] n. M:⁴zuò ①triumphal arch ②Arc de Triomphe (in Paris); Arch of Triumph

Jury。 Scores ： píngwěihuì 评 委 会 [ 評 - 會 ] p.w. committee of commentary and selection; appraisal committee; judges' panel píngjià 评价[評價] v. appraise; evaluate | Tóngshìmen duì ²tā de ∼ fēicháng hǎo. She is highly praised by her colleagues. dǎfēn* 打分 v.o. grade (student exams/etc.) | Lǎoshī hái méi gěi shìjuàn ∼ ne. fēnshù* 分数[-數] n. mark; grade xx 比 xx 4比 6 打平 daping draw 打平手 dapingshou draw

Trophy。 Results： 第一名 第二名 第三名

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一等奖 二等奖 三等奖

guànjūn* 冠军[-軍] n. champion M:ge/¹míng/²wèi yàjūn 亚军[亞軍] n. 〈sport〉 runner-up jìjūn 季军[-軍] n. 〈sport〉 third place，bronze medalist 5

bānjiǎng 颁 奖 [ 頒 獎 ] v.o. present reward/honor | Shéi gěi yōushèngzhě ∼? Who presents awards to the winners?

jiǎngpǐn 奖品[獎-] n. prize; award; trophy M:¹fèn/²jiàn jīnpái 金牌 n. gold medal M:²kuài yínpái 银牌[銀-] n. silver medal M:²kuài tóngpái 铜牌[銅-] n. copper/bronze medal M:⁴méi/¹miàn/²kuài Records : jìlù* 记录[記錄] v. take notes; keep minutes | Jīntiān de huìyì shuí ∼? Who takes notes for today's meeting? ◆n. ①minutes; notes; record ②note-taker M:¹fèn/¹běn 保持 打破 刷新

记录 记录 记录

bǎochí* 保持 v. keep; maintain; preserve | Tā hái ∼ yuánlái de tàidu. He still maintains his original attitude. dǎpò 打破 r.v. break; smash shuāxīn 刷新 v. ①renovate; refurbish ②break (a record) | Tā ∼le zhè ³xiàng jìlù. He broke the record.

Honor and Glory： zhēngguāng 争光[爭-] v.o. win honor/glory; do credit to | Wǒmen yào wèi guó ∼. We shall win honor for our motherland.

rónghuò 荣获[榮獲] v. have the honor to win | Tā ∼le yōuxuì jiàoshī ²jiǎng. He's won the best teacher award.

Luck： zǒuyùn 走运[-運] v.o. 〈coll.〉 have good luck yùnqi* 运气[運氣] n. fortune; luck | Nǐ de ∼ zhēn bùcuò. You're really lucky. Attitude： zìxìn* 自信 v. be self-confident zìxìnxīn 自信心 n. self-confidence jǐnzhāng* 紧 张 [ 緊 張 ] s.v. ①nervous; keyed up | Kǎoshì qián, xuéshengmen dōu hěn ∼. Before the exam, students are anxious. qīngsōng 轻松[輕鬆] s.v. light; relaxed ◆v. relax; lighten up | ∼ yīxià ba. Relax, have a little fun. | ∼ (yī)diǎnr ba. Don't be so serious.

fāhuī* 发挥[發揮] v. ①bring into play; give free rein to | Yùndòngyuánmen jīntiān ∼ de hěn zhèngcháng. The athletes played to their usual good potential today.

Education 6

jié 节 measure word for lessons táng 堂 measure word for lessons | Ni jintian shanle jitang ke ? | | jijie ke ? |

Teaching jiǎngkè 讲课 v.o. teach; lecture | Wang laoshi jiang ke jiang de zenme yang? | | Xizhuren zhengzai gei dayi xuesheng jiangke| bèikè 备课 v.o. prepare lessons (by teachers) | Wǒ háiyào bèi míngtiān de kè ne. | I still have to prepare lessons for tomorrow's class. zhǔnbèi 准备 v. prepare nèiróng 内容 n. content; substance | Zhèi běn shū ∼ hěn fēngfù. | The content of this book is very substantial jiǎngzuò 讲座 n. course of lectures | Hanyu pinyin jiangzuo. |

Studying yùxí 预习 v. prepare lessons before class | Shangke qian zuo yuxi shangke shi cai you hen da de shouhuo. | xuéxí 学习 v. study; learn ◆n. learning | Tā ∼ hěn yònggōng. | He studies hard. fùxí 复习 v. review; revise | Nimen huijia haohaor fuxi jintian xue de neirong. | niànshū 念书 v.o. read; study | Tā zài Měiguó niànle sì nián shū. | He studied for four years in America. dú dàxué 读大学 v.o. go to college or university | Ni du na yi suo daxue? |

Exams kǎoshì 考试 n./v.o. examination; test | Wo taoyan kaoshi. | | Canjia kaoshi | | Tongguo kaoshi | jígé 及格 v.o. pass (a test) | Canjia xuewei kaoshi, jige le. | liújí 留级 v.o. fail to advance in school grade | Nàge lǎnsǎn de xuésheng ∼ le. | That lazy student failed to advance in school grade. kǎoshang 考上 v. pass an entrance examination. | Wo de erzi kaoshang le Bei Da. | 7

Recrutation bàomíng 报名 v.o. enter one's name; sign up | Wo bao Qinghua Daxue le, xianzai zhunbei luqu kaoshi. | lùqǔ 录取 v. enroll; recruit; admit | Wǒ dìdi bèi Hāfó Dàxué ∼ le. | My younger brother was admitted by Harvard University. lùqǔ tōngzhīshū 录取通知书 n. admission notice |Wo zhongyu shoudao le luqu tongzhishu! | lùqǔxiàn 录取线 n. minimum passing score for admission | Buhao yisi, nin shi jinnian luquxian zhixia de xuesheng. |

Graduation bìyè 毕业 v.o. graduate; finish school | Wo biye le yu 2004 nian. | bìyè lùnwén 毕业论文 n. graduation thesis; dissertation | Ni de biye lunwen xuede zenme yang? | bìyèshēng 毕业生 n. graduate

Education tiányāshì 填鸭式 n. cramming method in teaching Tianyashi jiaoyu Jiàoyùbù 教育部 n. Ministry of Education

Degrees and self-cultivation xuélì 学历 n. record of formal schooling | Wǒ méiyǒu hěn duō ∼. | I doesn't have much formal schooling. xiūyǎng 修养 n. self-cultivation |Wáng lǎoshī hěn yǒu ∼. | Teacher Wang is a highly cultivated man.

xuéwèi 学位 n. academic degree; degree | Tā yǒu bóshì ∼. | She has a doctorate degree.

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Education 2 teaching and education jiāoxué 教学 v. teach jiàoxué 教学 n. teaching; education jiàoshì 教室 classroom; schoolroom jiàoshī 教师 n. teacher; instructor jiàoxué zhǔguǎn 教学主管 n. Teaching supervisor xiūdìng 修订 v. revise | xiuding chengji | skills jiàoxué jìshù 教学技术 n. educational technology / skills jiàoxuénénglì 教学能力 n. educational skills xuéxí nénglì 学习能力 n. learning ability | zenme tigao ziji de xuexi nengli? | zhùyìlì 注意力 n. attention | Bǎ ∼ jízhōng zài shíyàn shang. | Focus your attention on the experiment.

cheating and plagiarizing 骗 piàn v. deceive; fool; hoodwink | Nǐ ²kě bié ∼ wǒ a! | Please don't kid me! qīpiàn 欺骗 v. cheat; dupe | Tā ∼le wǒ. | He cheated me. | Aiqing rongbuxia qipian | piànrén 骗人 v.o. deceive people; defraud others, welsher mēngpiàn 蒙骗 v. deceive; cheat; hoodwink | Tā shòu le shāngrén de ∼. | He was cheated by the merchants. | Ni shi meng wo de ma? | chāoxiě 抄写 v. copy (by hand) | Lǎoshī yāoqiú xuésheng ∼ kèwén. | The teacher asked the students to copy the lesson. zuòbì 作弊 v.o. cheat on a test/exam | Kǎoshì bùxǔ ∼. | Cheating on tests is not allowed. chāoxí 抄袭 v. plagiarize | Bùxǔ ∼ tārén de zuòpǐn. | Don't plagiarize other's works. piāoqiè 剽窃 v. plagiarize | Bùnéng ∼ biérén de wénzhāng. | One must not plagiarize someone else's article. deadline qīxiàn 期限 n. time limit; deadline | ∼ bù kěnéng zài yáncháng le. | It's impossible to extend the time limit again. 9

Zuìzhōng 最终 final; ultimate; last | zuìzhōng qīxiàn |

participation chūxí 出席 v.o. attend; be present quēxí 缺席 v.o. be absent (from a meeting/etc.) | Zhècì huìyì méi rén ∼. | Nobody is absent from this meeting. chūqín 出勤 v.o. turn out for work | chuqin qingkuang |

cānyù 参与 v. participate in | Tā ∼le nàge ànzi | He participated in that case. | Jiaoshi chang guli xuesheng jiji canyu | Teachers often encourage class participation. | Xuesheng canyu | student participation

work in pares xiǎozǔ 小组 n. group | xiaozu zuoye | group work pèiduì 配对 v.o. be a pair | peidui zuoye |

field work shídì 实地 adv. on the ground/spot◆n. Field | ∼ diàochá duì tā de yánjiū hěn yǒu bāngzhù. | On-the-spot investigation is of great help to his research. shídì kǎochá lǚxíng 实地考察旅行 field trip

hands on appoach zhōngxīn 中心 p.w. center; heart; hub; focus xuésheng wéi zhōngxīn 学生为中心 student centered jiàoshī wéi zhōngxīn 教师为中心 teacher centered | Ni xihuan jiaoshi wei zhongxin de ketang haishi xuesheng wei zhongxin de ketang? | 10

teaching documents kèchéng 课程 n. course; curriculum | jixie zhuanye kecheng | the engineering curriculum. kèchéng gàiyào 课程概要 n. Course outline gàiyào 概要 n. essentials; outline; summary | Hànyǔ yǔfǎ ∼| Essentials of Chinese Grammar

jiào'àn 教案 n. teaching / lesson plan jiàoxuéjìhuà 教学计划 teaching plan

duǎnwén 短文 n. short article; essay sǎnwén 散文 n. prose | Nà niánqīngrén shì yī ge ∼ zuòjiā. | The young man is a writer of prose.

Negotiations interrupt someone's speech 要 打断 他人的讲话 dìdiǎn* 地点[-點] n. place; site; locale 我们在四楼的 办公室 开会 women zai … kaihui negotiations ∾v. 谈判[談-] tánpàn session n. 届[屆] jiè solve v. 解答 jiědá ∾v. 解决[-決] jiějué ānpái 安排 v./n. ①arrange; plan; fix up | Wǒ děi ∼ shísù. chǔlǐ* 处理[處-] v. ①handle; deal with; dispose of Wǒ bù zhīdào zěnme ∼ zhèxiē wèntí. I don't know how to deal with these problems. ②process | Zhèxiē shùjù xūyào ∼. These data need to be processed. jiéshù* 结束[結-] v. end; conclude; close | Huìyì hái méiyǒu ∼. The meeting hasn't ended yet.

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tídào* 提到 r.v. ①mention; refer to | Tā zài xìn zhōng ∼le zhè ²jiàn ²shì. He mentioned the matter in his letter. lùndiǎn 论点[論點] n. argument; thesis; point at issue | Wǒ bù zànchéng tāmen de ∼. I don't agree with their arguments.

huàtí* 话题[話題] n. ①subject of a talk; topic of conversation| Huàn ge ∼, hǎo ma? How about changing the subject? zànchéng* 赞成[贊-] v./n. ①approve; endorse

zhǔchí* 主 持 v. ③preside over; chair | Nǐ lái ∼ xiàwǔ de huì, hǎo ma? Would you chair the meeting in the afternoon? zhǔchírén 主持人 n. host; anchor; chair

chūxí* 出席 v.o. attend; be present

quēxí* 缺席 v.o. be absent (from a meeting/etc.) | Zhècì huìyì méi rén ∼. Nobody is absent from this meeting. 席位 xíwèi* n. seat (at an assembly/gathering) 主席 zhǔxí* n. ①chair (of a meeting) ②chair/president (of an organization/state) 毛主席 Chairman Mao

jièshào 介绍[-紹] v. ①introduce; present ②recommend; suggest ③let know; brief | Xìzhǔrèn gěi ¹xīnshēng ∼le kèchéng. The department chairman briefed new students on the curriculum. huānyíng* 欢迎 [歡-] v. ①welcome; greet | ∼ Lǎo Zhào jiǎng jǐjù. Let's ask Zhao to say a few words 欢迎和介绍出席人员 xuānbù 宣布 v. declare; proclaim; announce | Zhǔchírén ∼ huìyì jiéshù. The chairperson declared the meeting ended. ¹kāishǐ* 开始[開-] v. begin; start | Zánmen ∼ gàn ba. Let's get down to work. ◆n. initial stage; beginning Opening 宣布会议开始 dàjiā* 大家 n. ①all of us ②everyone | ∼ dōu zǒu le. Everyone has left. 大家 。。。 。。。 好 dajia 。。。 。。。 hao

gèwèi* 各位 n. ①you-all | Qǐng ∼ duōduō bāohán. Please excuse me/us for all the imperfections. 位 [wèi] position; (量) (polite measure word for people) 你是哪一位啊？ Ni shi na yi wei a? 几位？ji wei? How many guests? 两个人 liang ge ren. Two people. 12

地位 ¹dìwèi* n. position; status bāohan 包涵 v. ①〈court.〉 excuse; forgive | Qǐng nín duō ∼. Please forgive me. mìshu* 秘书[-書] n. secretary chéngxù* 程 序 n. ①order; procedure; course; sequence | Zhè dào ∼ bù néng shěng. This procedure cannot be omitted. 就会议程序（发言，时间，决策） fāyán* 发言[發-] v.o. speak; make statement/speech 请下一位出席者发言 zǒngjié 总 结 [ 總 結 ] v. sum up; summarize | Wǒmen duì jīnnián de gōngzuò jìnxíngle ∼We summarized our work of this year. ◆n. summary; summing up zǒngjié bàogào 总结报告[總結報-] n. summary/final report zǒngjiéhuì 总结会[總結會] p.w. summing-up meeting

Wishes yànhuì 宴会 n. banquet; dinner party zhùyuàn 祝愿 v. wish xīnyuàn 心愿 n. cherished desire; wish | Zài hǎibīn dùjià shì wǒ de yī ge ∼. To spend holidays by the sea is one of my wishes. zhùfú 祝福 v. invoke a blessing ， wish happiness to qífú 祈福 v.o. pray for blessings 在这愉快的时刻我祝愿 Zai zhe yukuai de shike wo zhuyuan shíkè 时刻 n. moment | zài zhèyàng de ∼ at this juncture wànshìrúyì 万事如意 f.e. have all one's wishes 13

| Zhù nǐ ∼. I hope all goes well with you. shēntǐ jiànkāng 身体健康 v.p. be in health 幸福生活 Xingfu shenghuo 幸福 xìngfú Happiness， happy | Wǒmen de shēnghuó hěn ∼. We're leading a very happy life. 一切顺利 yiqie shunli yīqiè 一切 n. all; every; everything | ∼ yóu tā fùzé. He's responsible for everything. shùnlì 顺利 s.v. smooth; successful; without a hitch | Tā de gōngzuò hěn ∼. His business was very successful. 六六大顺 liuliudashun great success Rénrén 人人 r.f. everyone jiājiā 家家 every family / household tiāntiān 天天 r.f. every day; daily suisui 岁岁

each year

人人快乐 renren kuaile 家家幸福 jiajia xingfu 岁岁平安 suisui ping’an píng'ān 平安 s.v. safe and sound | Tā yǐjīng ∼ dàodá. He's arrived safely. 天天快乐 tiantian kuaile 焕发精神 huanfa jingshen huànfā 焕发 v. shine; glow jīngshen 精神 n. Vigor, spirit

舒心工作 shuxin gongzuo shūxīn 舒心 comfortable; happy | Tā gōngzuò de hěn ∼. He works happily. shìyè 事业 n. Career | Tā yībèizi cóngshì jiàoyù ∼. He's worked in the field of education all his life. 事业蓬勃 shiye pengbo péngbó 蓬勃 s.v. vigorous; flourishing 事业有成 shiye youcheng yǒuchéng* 有成 v.o. have achieved success 事业发达 shiye fada fādá 发达 developed; flourishing | ∼ guójiā a developed country

14

祝愿我的母校 : 桃李满天下 Zhuyuan wo de muxiao ：taoli man tianxia mǔxiào 母校 one's old school; alma mater táolǐ mǎn tiānxià 桃李满天下 have pupils everywhere 桃李 táolǐ n. ①peaches and plums ②one's pupils/disciples

天天向上 tiantian xiangshang xiàngshàng 向上 adv. upward; up ◆v. advance; progress turn upward strive upward

愉快学习 yukuai xuexi yúkuài 愉快 s.v. happy; cheerful

爱情甜蜜 Aiqing tianmi àiqíng 爱情 n. romantic love | Nà shì méiyǒu ∼ de hūnyīn. That's a loveless marriage. tiánmì 甜蜜 sweet， happy | Tāmen de shēnghuó hěn ∼. They have a happy life.

Work and studies rènzhēn 认真[認-] v.o. take for real | Wǒ ¹zhǐ shì suíbiàn shuōshuo, bié ∼. I'm just kidding. Don't take it seriously. ◆s.v. serious; earnest 认真的态度 nǔlì* 努力 v.o./s.v. make great effort; try hard | Tā hěn ∼ de ²zuòshì. He works extremely hard. qínláo 勤劳[-勞] s.v. industrious; hardworking | Zhōnghuá mínzú shì ge ∼ de mínzú. The Chinese are a hardworking people.

nénggàn 能 干 [- 幹 ] s.v. ①able; capable; competent | Tā niánqīng, ¹yòu ∼. He's young and capable. ②ingenious; clever 15

有能力 qiánlì* 潜力[潛-] n. latent capacity; potential(ity) | Zhège dìqū yǒu hěndà de fāzhǎn ∼. This area has great potential for development. wōnang 窝 囊 [ 窩 -] s.v. ①good-for-nothing | Tā lǎoshí, dànshì ∼. He is honest, but good-fornothing. ②vexed mǎhu* 马虎/糊[馬-/-] v./s.v. ①be careless/casual | Zhè shìr nǐ kě bié xiǎng ∼ guòqu. Don't think you can handle this matter in a slapdash manner. ②be confused/indistinct dàyi 大意 v.p. careless | Zhèi shìr nǐ kě bùnéng ∼. You have to be very careful about this matter. yánsù* 严 肃 [ 嚴 肅 ] s.v. serious; solemn ◆v. ①strictly enforce ②enforce 严 肃 的 表 情 [earnest;grave] 认真 - 严肃对待 [make strict] 使严格 - 严肃法制 xiūyǎng 修养[-養] n. ①accomplishment; training; mastery ②self-cultivation | Wáng lǎoshī hěn yǒu ∼Teacher Wang is a highly cultivated man. yōuxi ù 优秀[優-] s.v. outstanding; excellent 优秀人物

Personality chéngshú* 成熟 s.v. ripe; mature | Tā ¹bǐ yǐqián ∼ duō le. He's more mature than before. qīngsè 青涩[-澀] s.v. unripe and puckery (of fruit) kěkào* 可靠 s.v. reliable; trustworthy | Tā de ¹huà bù ∼. What he said is not reliable. kàodezhù 靠得住 r.v. be reliable; trustworthy bù zhǔn 不准 aux. not allow; forbid ◆s.v. not accurate méipǔ* 没谱[沒譜] v.o./s.v. ①〈topo.〉 be unsure; have no idea | Zhè ²jiàn ²shì wò xīnli ∼. I'm unsure about this matter. wěndìng* 稳定[穩-] v. stabilize ◆s.v. stable; steady 16

wěnzhòng* 稳重[穩-] s.v. steady; staid; sedate tǐtiē* 体贴[體貼] s.v. ①showing consideration for | Tā hěn ∼ qīzi. He's very considerate of his wife. ②obliging

贤 惠 [ 賢 -] xi ánhu ì* s.v. virtuous and dutiful (of women) | Wǒ qīzi hěn ∼. My wife is kind and virtuous. xiàoshùn 孝顺[-順] v. ①show filial obedience ②offer a present to a superior

lǎnduò 懒惰[懶-] s.v. lazy; indolent lǎnchóng 懒虫[懶蟲] n. 〈coll.〉 lazybones M:¹tiáo/ge niǔniuniēniē 扭扭捏捏 r.f. 〈coll.〉 diffident; timorous; mincing henjiangjiu 很讲究 zìxìn* 自信 v. be self-confident xìnxīn* 信心 n. confidence; faith; belief | Wǒ duì chénggōng chōngmǎnle ∼. I am fully confident of success. juéxīn 决心[決-] n. determination; resolution ◆v.o. be determined to; make up one's mind to

dàfang* 大方 s.v. ①generous | Wéi rén yào ∼. Be generous toward people. kāngkǎi 慷慨 s.v. ①vehement; fervent ②generous | Tā wéirén hěn ∼. He's a generous man

bùjūxiǎojié 不拘小节[---節] f.e. ①not be punctilious ②not bother about trifles xiǎoqì 小气[-氣] s.v. ①stingy; mean | Tā hěn ∼, shěbùde huāqián. He's very stingy and can't bear to spend money. ②〈topo.〉 narrow-minded; petty lìnsè 吝啬[-嗇] s.v. stingy; miserly | Zài zhè zhǒng chǎnghé bùyào ∼. Don't be stingy in this kind of occasion. tiěgōngjī 铁公鸡[鐵-雞] n. ①miser ②stingy person M:²zhī xiǎokōur 小抠儿[-摳兒] n. 〈coll.〉 stingy person; miser kāifàng* 开放[開-] v. ①come into bloom ②lift a ban/etc. ③open to traffic or public use; open to the world| Zhǎnlǎn duìwài ∼. The exhibition is open to the public. ④be turned on; be in operation bǎoshǒu* 保守 v. guard; keep ◆s.v. conservative 17

yūfǔ 迂腐 s.v. ①trite ②dogmatic; pedantic

kāilǎng 开朗[開-] s.v. ①open and clear ②sanguine; optimistic | Tā xìnggé ∼. He's a happy person. ③broadminded and outspoken yōuyù 忧郁[憂鬱] s.v. melancholy; dejected yǒuhǎo* 友好 n. close friend ◆s.v. friendly; amicable rèqíng 热 情 [ 熱 -] s.v. enthusiastic; passionate | Liǎngkǒuzi ∼ de zhāodài kèrén. The couple received the guests warmly. ◆n. enthusiasm; zeal; warmth; passion; ardor; fever wàixiàng* 外向 n. extroversion ◆s.v. extroverted; open; frank; be outwardly directed | Wǒ dìdi cóngxiǎo xìnggé ∼. My younger brother has been an extrovert since childhood. ◆attr. 〈lg.〉 exocentric nèixiàng* 内向[內-] s.v. introverted; endocentric ◆n. 〈psy.〉 introversion jīngshén* 精神 n. ①spirit; mind; consciousness ②essence; gist 有精神 zìsī* 自私 s.v. selfish; self-centered lìjǐzhǔyì 利己主义[---義] n. egoism lìjǐzhǔyìzhě 利己主义者[---義-] n. egoist M:ge/¹míng lìtāzhǔyì 利他主义[---義] n. altruism lìtāzhǔyìzhě 利他主义者[---義] n. altruist M:ge/¹míng lèyúzhùrén 乐于助人[樂於--] f.e. be happy/willing to help 喜欢帮助别人

láodao* 唠叨[嘮-] v. 〈coll.〉 ① chatter; be garrulous ②nag | Bùyào zhěngtiān ∼. Don't be nagging all the time. luōsuo* 罗/啰嗦[羅-] s.v. ①long-winded; wordy | Nǐ de wénzhāng tài ∼ le. Your essay is too long-winded. sānbā 三八 s.v. 〈TW〉 stupid chángshéfù 长舌妇[長-婦] n. 〈coll.〉 gossip monger; garrulous woman M:²wèi zh ís hu ǎng 直爽 s.v. candid; forthright | Nǐ zhēn ∼. You're really forthright. lāta * 邋/ 拉遢 s.v. 〈coll.〉 slovenly; sloppy | Wǒ liǎojiě tā, tā hěn ∼. I know him well. He's very sloppy. su íbi àn 随 便 [ 隨 -] s.v./v.o. ①casual; random | Wǒ chuān yīfu hěn ∼. I'm not fussy about clothes. ②careless ③wanton; willful ④as one pleases | Dàjiā qǐng ∼ zuò ba. Please seat yourselves anywhere.

cōngmi ng* 聪明[聰-] s.v. intelligent; bright; clever ji ān 奸 s.v. ①evil; treacherous ②〈coll.〉 self-seeking and wily bènz hu ō 笨拙 s.v. clumsy; awkward 18

sh ǎ 傻 s.v. ①stupid; muddleheaded | Wǒ zhēn ∼. I'm so stupid. ②stunned | Tā tīngdào zhè xiāoxi ²shí, zhěnggè rén dōu ∼ le. He was utterly stunned when he heard the news. yúch ǔn* 愚蠢 s.v. stupid; foolish; silly fá nrén 烦人[ 煩-] v.o. annoy ◆s.v. annoying; vexing; troubling | Duō ∼ ya! How vexing/annoying!

Traveling Traveler yóukè* 游客 n. tourist; sightseer lǚyóumí 旅游迷 n. travel buff; perpetual traveler 19

mí 迷 enchant; become enchanted with mírén 迷人 v. charming; enchanting fan; enthusiast qiúmí 球迷 n. ball game fan dǎoyóu 导游 v. n. tourist guide lǚxíngshè 旅行社 n. travel service/agency | Zhè jiā ∼ chūshòu liánjià jīpiào. This travel agency sells air tickets at a low price. dǎoyóushū 导游书 n. guide book dìtú 地图 n. map

Sightseeing lǚxíng 旅行 v. travel; journey; tour | Wǒ de shūshu zhèngzài Àodàlìyà ∼. My uncle is touring Australia. lǚyóu* 旅游 v./n. tour; tourism liūda 溜达 v. 〈coll.〉stroll; saunter; take a walk guàng 逛 v. stroll; ramble; roam | Nǐ cháng qù ∼ shāngdiàn ma? Do you often go (window) shopping? guānguāng 观光 v.o. go sightseeing; visit; tour cānguān 参观 v. visit; tour | Xuéshengmen qù bówùguǎn ∼. The students went to visit the museum. yóulǎn 游览 n./v. go sight-seeing; tour; visit

xīnshǎng 欣 赏 v. appreciate; enjoy; admire | Wǒ ∼ tā de ¹jīzhì. I admire him for his quickwittedness. Scenery jǐngdiǎn 景点 n. scenic spots fēngjǐng 风景 n. scenery; landscape měijǐng 美景 n. beautiful scenery jǐngsè 景色 n. view; scene; landscape

míngshènggǔjì 名胜古迹 f.e. places of historic interest and scenic beauty : Chángchéng 长城 Great Wall Gùgōng 故宫 the Imperial Palac (Zǐjìnchéng 紫禁城 p.w. Forbidden City) Tiāntán 天坛 Temple of Heaven Yíhéyuán 颐和园 Summer Palace Yuánmíngyuán 圆明园 imperial garden and palace burnt by British/French troops in 1860 Yōnghégōng 雍和宫 the Lama temple gōngyuán 公园 p.w. ①park ②garden tǎ 塔 n. ①pagoda ②stupa ③tower gé 阁 pavilion sìmiào 寺庙 p.w. temple M:⁴zuò gōngtíng 宫廷 palace 20

Holidays Huángjīn zhōu 黄金周 – the golden week huángjīn 黄金 n. gold huángjīn shídài 黄金时代 n. golden age/era huángjīn shíjiān 黄金时间 n. prime time; | Zhège jiémù jiāng zài ∼ bōchū. This program will be broadcast at prime time. rénshānrénhǎi 人山人海 oceans of people Guóqìngjié 国庆节 n. National Day Wǔ-Yī 五一 n. May Day Means of transportation zuò fēijī 坐飞机 v.o. take a plane zuòchuán 坐船 v.o. take or go by a boat/ship zuòchē 坐车 v.o. sit in or take a vehicle ◆adv. by bus/train | Wǒ měi tiān ∼ qù shàngbān. I go to work by bus everyday. huǒchē 火车 n. train M:ge/¹liè wòpù 卧铺 n. sleeping berth; | Wǒmen ²zuò ∼ ba! Let's take the sleeper. zuòwèi 坐位 p.w. seat; place ruǎn 软 soft; weak yìng 硬 hard; stiff ruǎnzuò 软座[軟-] n. soft seat/berth ruǎnwò 软卧[軟臥] n. soft sleeper yìngzuò 硬座 n. hard seats yìngwò 硬卧 n. hard sleeper Types of trains mànchē 慢车 n. slow/local train/bus kuàichē 快车 n. express train tèkuài 特快 n. express; especially fast dòngchē 动车 n. super express cíxuánfú 磁悬浮 n. Maglev Photos pāizhào 拍照 v.o. take (a picture) | Wǒmen zài zhèr pāi ¹zhāng zhào ba. Let's take a picture here. héyǐng 合影 n. group photo/picture tōupāi 偷拍 v. take pictures of a person without his knowing lùxiàng 录像 v.o. videorecord; videotape shàngxiàng 上相 s.v. photogenic

lùxiàngjī 录像机 n. video recorder M:¹jià/¹tái xiàngjī 相机 n. Camera shùmǎ* 数码[數碼] n. ①numerals; figures shùmǎ xiàngjī 数码相机 digital camera 21

At work zhuānyè 专业 n. specialty, major (in university) adj. professional | zhe ge xi you san ge zhuanye. |

zhuānjiā 专家 n. expert; specialist zunzhong zhuanjia de yijian

… jiā 。。。家 fānyìjiā 翻译家 traslator sīxiǎngjiā 思想家 thinker zhéxuéjiā 哲学家 philosopher huàjiā 画家 painter yìshùjiā 艺术家 artist zuòjiā 作家 writer; author jiànshǎngjiā 鉴赏家 connoisseur

yōuxiù 优秀 adj. outstanding; excellent youxiu zuopin youxiu ertong youxiu renwu youxiu de nuren

IQ

zhìshāng 智商 intelligence quotient (IQ)

EQ

qíngshāng 情商 Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ)

héqún 合群 get on well with others | Tā bù ∼. | He's not gregarious.

rényuán 人缘 n. relations with other people | Lǎo Wáng de ∼ hǎo jí le. | Old Wang gets along well with people.

dàshìhuàxiǎo 大事化小 turn big problems into small problems xiǎoshìhuàliǎo 小事化了 turn small problems into no problems

fùzé 负责 v. be responsible for; be in charge of 22

| Nà bù gāi wǒ ∼. | Ishould not be held responsible for that.

fù zérèn 负责任 be responsible for; be in charge of

nénggàn 能干 able; capable; competent | Tā niánqīng, yòu ∼. | He's young and capable.

wōnang 窝囊 good-for-nothing | Tā lǎoshí, dànshì ∼. | He is honest, but good-for-nothing.

pòlì 魄力 n. boldness; audacity; daring resolution nuòruò 懦弱 s.v. cowardly; weak

nǔlì 努力 v.o./s.v. make great effort; try hard | Tā hěn ∼de zuòshì. | He works extremely hard.

rènzhēn 认真 take for real | Wǒ zhǐ shì suíbiàn shuōshuo, bié ∼. | I'm just kidding. Don't take it seriously. yǒu zǔzhī de 有组织地 adv. in an organized way; systmatically

yī shì yī, èr shì èr 一是一,二是二 v.p. carefully shǒushí 守时 punctual | Shùxué lǎoshī shàngkè zǒngshì hěn ∼. | The math teacher always shows up on time.

tóurù 投入 v. throw/put into | Tā zài zhè běn shū shàng ∼ le sān nián de láodòng. | He put in three years writing this book.

dàyi 大意 careless | Zhèi shìr nǐ kě bùnéng ∼. | You have to be very careful about this matter.

mǎdàhā 马大哈 n. Scatterbrain | Tā lián zǒulù dōu huì shuāijiāo, zhēnshi yī ge ∼. | He's very careless and would fall while walking.

diūsānlàsì 丢三落四 f.e. forgetful

huàn nǎojīn 换脑筋 view from a different perspective 23

Mingzhe sui shi er bian Zhizhe sui shi er zhi sānsī ér hòuxíng 三思而后行 look before you leap

jǔyīfǎnsān 举一反三 draw inferences from one instance

Ajectives duō 多 many; much | Gěi wǒ yī zhāng zhǐ, ∼ dà dōu xíng | Give me a piece of paper; any size will do.

shǎo 少 few; little | Nǐ zhǐ gěile wǒ hěn ∼ yīdiǎnr | You just gave a little bit to me. | duo chuan | | shao chi | | duo shui | | shao xuexi | | duo lianxi |

| chi de zei duo | | wan de zui shao | | kaolu de bu guo duo | | gongzuo de tai shao | 24

| wei bieren fuchu geng duo |

| hen duo fangmian | | hao duo yinsu | | jianzhi guo duo | | mei ge ren de zhiji bu neng duo, zhi neng you liang san ge zhenzheng liaojie ni de ren | | Ta shuo le man duo de liyou, wo lian yige liyou dou bu xiangxin | | shaoshu ren yuanyi zunshou guize |

cháng 长 ① long ②lasting duǎn 短 short; brief | Dàjiā kāi ge ∼ huì | Let's have a brief meeting

| ni zhe shiqing tuo de tai chang le | | yi ge xingqi zai Hainan Dao shizai shi tai duan le | | ni kan, zhe jian chenshan de xiuzi gou chang ma? | | zhe jian shiqing xuyao yi ge changqi de guocheng cai neng jian jieguo |

gāo 高 tall; high dī 低 low ǎi 矮 ① short (of stature) ②low | tā ∼ wǒ yī jí | He's a class below me

| hen nan xiangxiang ta de shuiping duo gao | | wo zicong kaishi zuo zhe fan gongzuo juede wo de zhishang yue lai yue di le | | ni kan tamen, yi ge you gao you shou, yi ge you ai you pang, pei de zhen hao | | nengyuan xiaohao di |

kuān 宽 wide; broad zhǎi 窄 narrow 25

| ta de yanjie bao kuan | | ta de xiangfa tai zhai le |

dà 大 s.v. big; great; high; tall; vast ② old | tā duō ∼? | How old is he?

xiǎo 小 small; little; petty; minor ②young | xié ∼le yīhào | These shoes are one size too small

| zhe shi yi ge hen da de wenti | | houguo dique hen da | | yi ge xiao guojia meifa gen yi ge da guo jia bi | | mei xiang dao zhang da le zhi hou shenghuo yali name da | | hen da chengdu shang ta de hao xinqing shi yinwei zhe ji tian yangguang hen hao | | ju da mianji |

zhòng 重 ① heavy ②important qīng 轻 light | Wǒ de xíngli hěn ∼ | My luggage is very light

| ta chengdan de fudan feichang zhong | | ta qingqing de qiao men |

hòu 厚 s.v. thick báo 薄 thin | Bǎ zhèi kuài ròu qiē ∼ yīdiǎnr | Cut the meat a little thinner. | Shangdi dui ni bu bao / hen hou | | ta dui zhe ge huati you nonghou de xingqu |

shēn 深 deep | Zhè dòng hěn ∼ | This hole is very deep. qiǎn 浅 shallow; superficial | Zhèlǐ de hǎishuǐ hěn ∼ | The sea water is shallow here.

26

| wo de zhishi hen qian | | ta dui wo liaojie de hen shen |

shēnkè 深刻

s.v. deep; profound | Tā de jiǎngyǎn gěi wǒ liúxiàle ∼ de yìnxiàng | His speech has left a deep impression on me. xiāohào 消耗 v. consume; use up; deplete | Zhè jiàn shì ∼le hěn duō jīnglì | I've put in a lot of work on this matter.

yǎnjiè 眼界 n. field of vision/view; outlook | Zhè ràng wǒ dàkāi ∼ | This has really opened my eyes

Conjunctions in Chinese 并列 bìngliè juxtaposition 承接 chéngjiē continuance 转折 zhuǎnzhé transition 因果 yīn-guǒ cause and effect 选择 xuǎnzé selection 假设 jiǎshè presumption 比较 bǐjiào comparison 让步 ràngbù concession 并列 bìngliè： 和 hé、跟 gēn 、与 yǔ、同、及、而、况、况且、何况、乃至。 承接 chéngjiē：　则、乃、就 jiù、而、于是 yúshì 、至于、说到 shu ōdào 、此外、 像、如 rú、一般、比方 bǐfan g 转折 zhuǎnzhé：　却、但是 dànsh ì、然而、而、偏偏、只是 zhǐ shì、不过 bùg uò 、 至于、致、不料、岂知 因果 yīn-guǒ：　原来 yu án lá i 、因为 yīnwèi、由于、以便、因此、所以、是故、以致 选择 xuǎnzé：　或（或者）huò （hu òz hě ）、抑、非…即、不是…就是 bùs hì… jiù shì 假设 jiǎshè：　若、如果 rúg uǒ 、若是、假如、假使、倘若、要是 yà os hi 、譬如 比较 bǐjiào：　像、好比、如同、似乎 sìh ū 、等于；不如 bù rú 、不及；与其…不 如、若…则、虽然…可是 su īr án …k ěs hì 让步 ràngbù：　虽然 suī rá n 、固然、尽管、纵然、即使 hé

和◆conj. And

gēn 跟◆conj. And | Wǒ ∼ ²tā shì qīnqi. She and I are related. yǔ

与◆conj. and; together with

父亲与母亲

jiù 就◆conj. even if 27

yī …ji ù… 一…就…

as soon as。如:他下课后就到图书馆去了

yús hì 于是 thereupon; hence; consequently; as a result shu ōdào 说到 speak of; mention; refer to; as to rú 如 conj. if; supposing b ǐ fan g 比方| dǎ ge ∼, ... for instance, ... dàn shì 但是 conj. but; however; yet; still | Hǎo shì hǎo, ∼ tài guì le. It's good alright, but it's too expensive. zhǐ shì 只是◆conj. however; but then | Wǒ yě xiǎng qù, ∼ méi shíjiān. I'd also like to go, but I don't have time. bùguò 不过 conj. but; however; only yuánlái 原来 n. ①originally; formerly ②as a matter of fact | ∼ shì nǐ ya! So it's you!

yīnwèi 因为 conj. because; for; on account of | Tā méi huíjiā shì ∼ nǐ. He did not go home because of you.

huòzhě 或者 ◆conj. or; either...or... 不是…就是 bùshì…jiùshì

if not A, then B; either A or B | ∼ nǐ cuò, jiùshi

tā cuò. Either you or he is wrong.

rúguǒ 如果 conj. If yàoshi 要是 conj. if; suppose; in case- | ∼ xiàyǔ wǒmen jiù bù qù yóuyǒng le. If it rains, we won't go swimming.

sìhū 似乎 adv. it seems; as if; seemingly | Tā ∼ bù zhīdao zhè ²jiàn ²shì. He doesn't seem to know about this.

bùrú 不如 v. be unequal/inferior to | Xīn de ¹shèjì ∼ jiù de. The new design isn't as good as the old one. ◆conj. it would be better to | ∼ wǒmen yīqǐ zǒu. It would be better if we go together.

suīrán 虽然 conj. though; although ◆cons. ∼ A kěshi B although A (nevertheless) B

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Modal Verbs yuànyi* 愿意 aux. ①be willing ②wish; want | Nǐ ∼ jiù lái ba. You may come if you wish. 他们愿意派你去 kěnéng 可能 aux. probably; maybe| Wo ∼ gǎnmào le. I may have a cold. ◆n. ①possibility ②〈lg.〉 contingency [possible;probable] 真正不表示态度的文艺,事实上是不可能的 [probably;maybe;perhap] 他可能不知你来 [can;will] 那可能是真的 [possibility;probability] 不相信有发生惨剧的可能 huì* 会 ① can; be able to | Wǒ huì yòng kuàizi. I can use chopsticks. ②be good at; be skillful in ③be likely/sure to | Tā ∼ lái de. He will come. néng 能 aux. can; be able to; be capable of | Zhèi ³liàng chē ∼ mài duōshao ²qián? How much can I sell this car for? nénggòu 能够 aux. can; be able to; be capable of | Zhè ⁴zuò fángzi ∼ zhù sì ge rén. This house can accomodate four people. 这个问题他能够解决 今天下午的会议我们都能够参加 yīngdāng 应当 aux. should; ought to 你应当照料你自己 yīnggāi* 应该 aux. should; ought to; must | Wǒmen ∼ jìnkuài bàojǐng. We should call the police as soon as possible. 不应该试图逃避责任 这是应该的！ yīng* 应 [ 應 ] aux. should; ought to | Zhège wèntí ∼ shòudào zhòngshì. The problem should receive our attention. kěyǐ* 可以 aux. can; may ◆s.v. ①passable; pretty good; not bad | Tā nà zhāng zuǐ zhēn ∼! What a sharp tongue she has! 现在你可以走了 敢 ²gǎn aux. dare; have courage to | Shàngkè nǐ ∼ wèn wèntí ma? Do you dare to ask questions in class? děi 得 aux. must〈coll.〉 ① need | Wǒ ∼ zǒu le. I must go. ②should be [will be sure to] 如:要不快走,我们就得迟到了 [need] 如:这个工程得三个月才能完成 bìxū 必须

aux. must; have to | Nǐ ∼ yònggōng. You have to study hard.

bùbì* 不必 aux. need not; not have to| Nǐ kànguole jiù ∼ lái le. If you've already seen it, you don't have to come. bìděi 必得

aux. must; have to 必得如此 29

yěxǔ* 也许 aux. perhaps; probably; maybe | Tā ∼ huì ¹zǎo lái. He may come early. 他也许就要来了 也许马上就可以到这里 kǒngpà 恐怕 aux. ①I'm afraid; I fear | ∼ tài wǎn le. I'm afraid it's too late. ②perhaps; probably; maybe 我恐怕迟到了 天气那么热,恐怕就要下雨了 xūyào 需要 aux./n. need; want; require; demand | Wǒmen ∼ nǐ de bāngzhù. We need your help. 儿童们需要牛奶 经济上的需要 从战争的需要出发 xūyào 须要

aux. must; have to

yào 要

aux. ①shall; will; be about to ◆b.f. ①must; should; need to

为学 彭端淑（约 1699 一约 1779 年） 天下事有难易乎？为之，则难者亦易矣；不为，则易者亦难矣。 30

人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。

Tian xia shi you nan yi hu? Wei zhi, ze nanzhe yi yi yi, bu wei, ze yizhe yi nan yi. Ren zhi weixue you nan yi hu? Xue zhi, ze nanzhe yi yi yi, bu xue, ze yizhe yi nan yi. 　天下的事有困难和容易的区别吗？只要去做，困难的事也变容易了；如果不做，容易的 事也变困难了。人们求学有困难和容易的区别吗？只要去学，困难的事也变容易了；如果 不学，容易的事也变困难了。

Tianxia de shi you kunnan he rongyi de qubie ma? Zhiyao qu zuo, kunnan de shi ye bian rongyi le, ruguo bu zuo, rongyi de shi ye bian kunnan le. Renmen qiuxue you kunnan he rongyi de qubie ma? Zhiyao qu xue, kunnan de shi ye bian rongyi le, ruguo bu xue, rongyi de shi ye bian kunnan le. tiānxià 天下 world; everywhere under heaven wéi 为 v. do; accomplish kùnnan 困难 n. difficulty; problem róngyì 容易 easy | Zhè ∼ yǐnqǐ wùhuì. This is likely to cause misunderstanding.

qūbié 区别 v. distinguish; differentiate ◆n. distinction; difference; differentiation |Tāmen zhījiān méiyǒu ∼. There's no difference between them.

qiúxué 求学 v.o. study; attend school | Tā zài guówài ∼. He's studying abroad.

四川的边境有两个和尚，其中一个贫穷，一个富有。穷和尚告诉富和尚：“我要去南海， 怎么样？”富和尚说：“你凭着什么去？”穷和尚说：“我有一个水瓶子和一个饭碗就足 够了。”富和尚说：“我几年来一直想坐船去南海，还没去成呢。你凭着什么去？”到了 第二年，穷和尚从南海回来,把事情告诉了富和尚，富和尚感到惭愧了。

Sichuan de bianjing you liang ge heshang, qizhong yi ge pinqiong, yi ge fuyou. Qiong heshang gaosu fu heshang : “wo yao qu Nanhai, zenme yang?” fu heshang shuo : “ni pingzhe shenme qu ?” Qiong heshang shuo : “wo you yi ge shuipingzi he yi ge fanwan jiu zugou le.” Fu heshang shuo : „wo ji nian lai yizhi xiang zuo chuan qu Nanhai, hai mei qu cheng ne. Ni pingzhe shenme qu ?” Dao le di er nian, qiong heshang cong Nanhai huilai, ba shiqing gaosu le fu heshang, fu heshang gan dao cankui le. biānjìng 边境 n. border; frontier héshang 和尚 n. Buddhist monk qízhōng 其中 in / among (it/them/which/etc.) | Zhè ∼ yǒu hěn duō mìmì. There's a lot of secret in it. pínqióng 贫穷 poor; needy | Zhèngfǔ shèfǎ bāngzhù ∼ dìqū tuōpín. The government tries to help poor areas out of poverty. fùyǒu 富有 be rich / wealthy Nán Hǎi 南海 South China Sea píngzhe 凭着 v. rely / depend on shuǐpíngzi 水瓶子 n. water bottle fànwǎn 饭碗 n. rice bowl 31

zúgòu 足够 adv. sufficiently; enough; fully; amply | Zhèxiē cài ∼ shí ge rén chī. hese dishes are enough for ten people. zuòchuán 坐船 v.o. take or go by a boat cánkuì 惭愧 ashamed | Wò gǎndào hěn ∼. I am ashamed.

四川离南海不知道有几千里远。有钱的和尚不能到，没有钱的和尚却可以到达。人们 要树立志向，难道还不如穷和尚吗？所以聪明和才能，既可以依靠，又不可以依靠；自己 靠着聪明与敏捷而不努力学习的人，就会失败。

Sichuan li Nanhai bu zhidao you ji qian liyuan. Youqian de heshang bu neng dao, meiyou qian de heshang que keyi daoda. Renmen yao shuli zhixiang, nandao buru qiong heshang ma? Suoyi congming he caineng, ji keyi yikao, you bu keyi yikao, ziji kaozhe congming yu minjie er bu nuli xuexi de ren, jiu hui shibai. què 却 adv. but; yet shùlì 树立 v. set up; establish | Tā géi wómen ∼le yī ge xuéxí de bǎngyàng. He set up a learning model for us. zhìxiang 志向 n. aspiration; ideal; ambition nándào 难道 v.p. Is it possible that...?; | ∼ zhè shì bànbudào de ma? You mean this can't be done? bùrú 不如 v. be unequal / inferior to | Xīn de shèjì ∼ jiù de. The new design isn't as good as the old one. cáinéng 才能 n. ability; talent yīkào 依靠 v. rely / depend on | Yào ∼ zìjǐ. Rely on yourself. Jì …A... yòu ... B... both A and B mǐnjié 敏捷 quick; nimble; agile | Tā qīshí suì le, dòngzuò hái hěn ∼. He's seventy but is still nimble.

shībài 失败 n./v.fail | Shíyàn ∼ le. The experiment failed.

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