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OLADOKUN SULAIMAN
SUSTAINABLE MAINTENACE OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL
ABSTRACT
Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation where port are and ship are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, and recent time has proved that the are is continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through increasing shipping activities and this has lead to design and production of sophisticated state of art safety oriented marine vehicle in term of size, speed and structure, albeit, the rate at of growth of ship is out of phase with the condition of navigation channel, the channel due to environmental pressure is subjects misplacement of allowance required to keep the channel save to receive larger target vessel . Chanel operators rarely have a simplified system to monitor and exercise balance for safe reception and navigation of large ship in inland water which are always considered as restricted water , due to exposure to accident that could to environmental catastrophe . this project seek to apply various model to Port Tajun Pelapas (PTP), wish thrust to deduce simplified model that will provide insight for port operator for on sustainable way to maintain the channel .
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENTS
TITLE
i
ABSTRACT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
CHAPTER 2
PAGE
viii
1
Background 1.1.1 Shipping trend
2
1.1.2 The case
3
1.2
Objective of Study
2
1.3
Scope of Study
1.4
Chapters navigation
1.5
Expected outcome
2
1.6
Planning / execution
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.1
Overview
12
2.2
Navigation requirement
14
2.3
Present treat
16
iii 2.4
2.5
CHAPTER 3
18
2.4.1
19
Potential impacts
Channel Dimensioning
20
2.5.1
Vessel Requirement
21
2.5.2
Channel Requirement
26
2.6
Channel Maintenance
36
2.7
Dredgers vessels
41
2.8
Dredged materials
44
2.9
Sustainability
45
2.9.1
Legal Framework
51
2.5.2
Concept of uncertainty
52
2.5.2
Concept of risk assessment
54
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
58
3.1
Overview
58
3.2
Application- maintaining the channel
61
3.3
Case Background
63
3.4
Previous Dredging work
65
3.5
Method
69
3.5.1 Method – Navigation Requirement
72
3.5.2 Method – Maintenance Dredging
73
Method Analysis
73
3.6
CHAPTER 4
Pollution sources and impacts in port
The case – Channel Maintenance application
81
4.1
Pressure- Demand
81
4.2
State- Channel dimensioning
83
4.2.1 Vessel Requiring
83
4.2.2
Water Level and Depth of the water
84
4.23
Standards for Depth Calculation
86
4.24
Preliminary design guideline
88
4.3
State – Channel Depth Allowance
89
iv
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.3.1
Target Vessels Static Draft
89
4.3.2
Squat
90
4.3.3
Depth allowance for exposure
92
4.3.4
Fresh Water Adjustment
92
4.3.5
Bottom Material Allowance
92
4.3.6
Manoeuvring Margin
93
4.3.7
Over depth allowance
93
4.3.8
Depth Transition
93
4.3.9
Channel Bottom
92
4.3.10 Night tie transition and fog effects
94
4.3.11 Vessel speed
95
4.3.12
Shallow water effects
95
4.3.14
Dredging Tolerance
95
4.3.15
Dredging Tolerance
95
Other allowance
98
4.4.1 Side slope
98
4.4.2 Bends
99
4.4.3 Width
100
4.4.4
101
Bridge Clearance
Channel Maintenance
101
4.5.1
101
PTP Current Channel data’s
4.5.2 Total Depth Calculation
102
Channel Maintenance
104
4.6.1 Hydrographical
work
104
4.6.2
Output capacity estimation
106
4.6.3
Volume calculation
108
4.7
Dredger selection
104
4.8
Costing
104
4.9
Optimization
118
4.10
EIA and Dredge disposal
118
4.10.1 Impact levels
119
4.10.2
EIA data standards
120
4.10.3
PTP EIA
121
v CHAPTER 5
SUSTAINABILITY
122
5.1
Overview
122
5.2
Demand and need for Dredging
123
5.3
Environmental sustainability
123
5.4
Economics sustainability
124
5.5
Ecological sustainability
125
5.6
Navigation sustainability
128
5.7
Environmental Impact
133
5.8
Dredge Contaminants
134
5.9
Nature of Organic Pollutants
135
5.10
Risk of Pollution
136
5.11
Regulation and poly regime
138
5.12
Environmental Mitigation and Remediation
139
5.13
Mitigation through Dredging Technology
142
5.14
Sustainable risk assessment
138
5.14.1 Hazard and Risk
145
5.14.2 Risk Benefit Cost Analysis
146
Concept of uncertainty
150
5.15
90
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Discussion
155
7.1
Economic of large scale- Vessel and Channel
155
7.2
Channel Maintenance
156
7.3
Concept of sustainability
157
7.4
Recommendation
163
Conclusion
167
8.1
170
Way forward
vi
List of Figure
Figure 1.1
Project Flowchart
93
1.2
Project Timeline
94
2.1
Benefit of sea to mankind
15
2.2
Growing size of vessels
13
2.3
Straight of Malacca Channel
16
2.4 2.5 2.6
Risk in the straight of Malacca Global sediment loading Causes of coastal environmental degradation
17 18 20
2.7
Vessel Description
21
2.8
Vessel block coefficient l
23
2.9 2.10 2.11
Channel Cross section Effect of wave on ship motion vessel motion in wave
27 28 29
2.12
Channel definition
32
2.13
Shoaling
37
2.14 2.15 2.16
Hydrography measurement Hydraulic cutter edger dredger Hopper dredger
38 42 43
2.17
air lift pump
23
2.18 2.19
Importance of ocean Coastline under treat
45 48
3.1
PTP
64
vii 3.2
PTP channel initial work
58
3.3
Method at a glance
71
3.4
Components of method stages
72
3.5 3.6
Navigation parameter Navigation depth parameter
72 73
3.7
Maintenance dredging method
74
3.8
Sustainability method
23
3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12
Economics evaluation method Frame work for cost risk benefit assessment Squat calculation example Maintenance operations
74 75 76 80
4.1 4.2 4.3 5.4 4.5
Demand Fairway analysis Hourly cost of ship Estimated time saving due to deepening Trends in ship calling port
81 82 82 83 84
4.6
Vessel /Channel depth allowance
85
4.7
Squat
90
4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.18 4.14 4.17 4.19 4.20 4.21
Squat calculation Seabed sediment site characteristics Dredgers working at PTP Pre dredge survey Post dredge survey Bathymetry Volume calculation Dredger vessel types Dredgers vessel particulars quantity calculation payment allowance Dredge disposal
91 98 104 105 105 106 109 114 114 115 116 118
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6
Ecology PTP existing vegetation Ecology chart datum Bio diversification Risk
126 127 129 145 147
5.7
framework for risk assessment
147
4.8
PTP existing drainage
153
viii
List of tables
Table 2.1
Safety Clearance
31
3.1
Baseline data
77
4.1
Japanese standard
86
4.2
Depth availability
87
4.3
Squat calculation
91
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4. 9
Additional depth for exposure Additional depth for bottom material Additional depth for T/D Additional width for bottom material Side slope Radius
92 94 94 94 98 102
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4. 9 4. 9 4.10
Transition Environmental criteria Channel depth calculation Output calculation Dredger selection cost EIA
100 102 102 107 113 117 120
5.1 5.1
Dredge disposal Risk matrix
31 31
SUSTAINABLE MAINTENACE OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL
ABSTRACT
Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation where port are and ship are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, and recent time has proved that the are is continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through increasing shipping activities and this has lead to design and production of sophisticated state of art safety oriented marine vehicle in term of size, speed and structure, albeit, the rate at of growth of ship is out of phase with the condition of navigation channel, the channel due to environmental pressure is subjects misplacement of allowance required to keep the channel save to receive larger target vessel . Chanel operators rarely have a simplified system to monitor and exercise balance for safe reception and navigation of large ship in inland water which are always considered as restricted water , due to exposure to accident that could to environmental catastrophe . this project seek to apply various model to Port Tajun Pelapas (PTP), wish thrust to deduce simplified model that will provide insight for port operator for on sustainable way to maintain the channel .
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENTS
TITLE
i
ABSTRACT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
CHAPTER 2
PAGE
viii
1
Background 1.1.1 Shipping trend
2
1.1.2 The case
3
1.2
Objective of Study
2
1.3
Scope of Study
1.4
Chapters navigation
1.5
Expected outcome
2
1.6
Planning / execution
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.1
Overview
12
2.2
Navigation requirement
14
2.3
Present treat
16
iii 2.4
2.5
CHAPTER 3
18
2.4.1
19
Potential impacts
Channel Dimensioning
20
2.5.1
Vessel Requirement
21
2.5.2
Channel Requirement
26
2.6
Channel Maintenance
36
2.7
Dredgers vessels
41
2.8
Dredged materials
44
2.9
Sustainability
45
2.9.1
Legal Framework
51
2.5.2
Concept of uncertainty
52
2.5.2
Concept of risk assessment
54
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
58
3.1
Overview
58
3.2
Application- maintaining the channel
61
3.3
Case Background
63
3.4
Previous Dredging work
65
3.5
Method
69
3.5.1 Method – Navigation Requirement
72
3.5.2 Method – Maintenance Dredging
73
Method Analysis
73
3.6
CHAPTER 4
Pollution sources and impacts in port
The case – Channel Maintenance application
81
4.1
Pressure- Demand
81
4.2
State- Channel dimensioning
83
4.2.1 Vessel Requiring
83
4.2.2
Water Level and Depth of the water
84
4.23
Standards for Depth Calculation
86
4.24
Preliminary design guideline
88
4.3
State – Channel Depth Allowance
89
iv
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.3.1
Target Vessels Static Draft
89
4.3.2
Squat
90
4.3.3
Depth allowance for exposure
92
4.3.4
Fresh Water Adjustment
92
4.3.5
Bottom Material Allowance
92
4.3.6
Manoeuvring Margin
93
4.3.7
Over depth allowance
93
4.3.8
Depth Transition
93
4.3.9
Channel Bottom
92
4.3.10 Night tie transition and fog effects
94
4.3.11 Vessel speed
95
4.3.12
Shallow water effects
95
4.3.14
Dredging Tolerance
95
4.3.15
Dredging Tolerance
95
Other allowance
98
4.4.1 Side slope
98
4.4.2 Bends
99
4.4.3 Width
100
4.4.4
101
Bridge Clearance
Channel Maintenance
101
4.5.1
101
PTP Current Channel data’s
4.5.2 Total Depth Calculation
102
Channel Maintenance
104
4.6.1 Hydrographical
work
104
4.6.2
Output capacity estimation
106
4.6.3
Volume calculation
108
4.7
Dredger selection
104
4.8
Costing
104
4.9
Optimization
118
4.10
EIA and Dredge disposal
118
4.10.1 Impact levels
119
4.10.2
EIA data standards
120
4.10.3
PTP EIA
121
v CHAPTER 5
SUSTAINABILITY
122
5.1
Overview
122
5.2
Demand and need for Dredging
123
5.3
Environmental sustainability
123
5.4
Economics sustainability
124
5.5
Ecological sustainability
125
5.6
Navigation sustainability
128
5.7
Environmental Impact
133
5.8
Dredge Contaminants
134
5.9
Nature of Organic Pollutants
135
5.10
Risk of Pollution
136
5.11
Regulation and poly regime
138
5.12
Environmental Mitigation and Remediation
139
5.13
Mitigation through Dredging Technology
142
5.14
Sustainable risk assessment
138
5.14.1 Hazard and Risk
145
5.14.2 Risk Benefit Cost Analysis
146
Concept of uncertainty
150
5.15
90
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Discussion
155
7.1
Economic of large scale- Vessel and Channel
155
7.2
Channel Maintenance
156
7.3
Concept of sustainability
157
7.4
Recommendation
163
Conclusion
167
8.1
170
Way forward
vi
List of Figure
Figure 1.1
Project Flowchart
93
1.2
Project Timeline
94
2.1
Benefit of sea to mankind
15
2.2
Growing size of vessels
13
2.3
Straight of Malacca Channel
16
2.4 2.5 2.6
Risk in the straight of Malacca Global sediment loading Causes of coastal environmental degradation
17 18 20
2.7
Vessel Description
21
2.8
Vessel block coefficient l
23
2.9 2.10 2.11
Channel Cross section Effect of wave on ship motion vessel motion in wave
27 28 29
2.12
Channel definition
32
2.13
Shoaling
37
2.14 2.15 2.16
Hydrography measurement Hydraulic cutter edger dredger Hopper dredger
38 42 43
2.17
air lift pump
23
2.18 2.19
Importance of ocean Coastline under treat
45 48
3.1
PTP
64
vii 3.2
PTP channel initial work
58
3.3
Method at a glance
71
3.4
Components of method stages
72
3.5 3.6
Navigation parameter Navigation depth parameter
72 73
3.7
Maintenance dredging method
74
3.8
Sustainability method
23
3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12
Economics evaluation method Frame work for cost risk benefit assessment Squat calculation example Maintenance operations
74 75 76 80
4.1 4.2 4.3 5.4 4.5
Demand Fairway analysis Hourly cost of ship Estimated time saving due to deepening Trends in ship calling port
81 82 82 83 84
4.6
Vessel /Channel depth allowance
85
4.7
Squat
90
4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.18 4.14 4.17 4.19 4.20 4.21
Squat calculation Seabed sediment site characteristics Dredgers working at PTP Pre dredge survey Post dredge survey Bathymetry Volume calculation Dredger vessel types Dredgers vessel particulars quantity calculation payment allowance Dredge disposal
91 98 104 105 105 106 109 114 114 115 116 118
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6
Ecology PTP existing vegetation Ecology chart datum Bio diversification Risk
126 127 129 145 147
5.7
framework for risk assessment
147
4.8
PTP existing drainage
153
viii
List of tables
Table 2.1
Safety Clearance
31
3.1
Baseline data
77
4.1
Japanese standard
86
4.2
Depth availability
87
4.3
Squat calculation
91
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4. 9
Additional depth for exposure Additional depth for bottom material Additional depth for T/D Additional width for bottom material Side slope Radius
92 94 94 94 98 102
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4. 9 4. 9 4.10
Transition Environmental criteria Channel depth calculation Output calculation Dredger selection cost EIA
100 102 102 107 113 117 120
5.1 5.1
Dredge disposal Risk matrix
31 31
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