Study Guide For Lab Practicum-1.pdf

Study Guide for Lab Practicum: Lab 1: Introduction to general anatomy 1. Know the appropriate anatomical names for body regions/parts: Unit 1 Exercises 1-1 to 1-4

Exercise 1-1 Anatomic Position: Specimen is presented facing forward, toes pointing forward, the feet shoulderwidth apart and the palms facing forward. Anatomic position is from standing. -Important because it creates a standard point of reference that facilitates communication among scientist and health care professionals.

Exercise 1-2: Directional Terms: Anterior/Ventral: referring to the front of the body Posterior/Dorsal: Referring to the back of the body

Superior/Cranal: Referring to the top of the body (towards the head) Inferior/Caudal: Referring to the lower portion of the body, towards the feet Medial: towards the midline of the body Lateral: away from the midline of the body Proximal: towards an attachment point on the body Distal: away from an attachment point on the body ***We always use proximal and distal to refer to the limbs (arms and legs) Superficial: Towards the surface of the body Deep: away from the surface of the body Exercise 1-3: Regional Terms Regional terms are adjectives, not nouns. Therefore, if you refer to a specific region, such as the Thoracic region, you must ensure the word region is included afterwards. You cannot just refer to it as the thoracic. Regions we need to know: 1. Cephalic Region 2. Frontal Region 3. Orbital Region 4. Nasal Region 5. Buccal Region 6. Otic Region 7. Oral Region 8. Occipital Region 9. Nuchal Region 10. Mental Region 11. Cervical Region 12. Acromial Region 13. Scapular Region 14. Sternal Region 15. Thoracic Region 16. Mammary Region 17. Axillary Region 18. Brachial Region 19. Antecubital Region: back of elbow 20. Vertebral Region 21. Abdominal Region 22. Umbilical Region

23. Antebrachial Region 24. Carpal Region 25. Palmar Region 26. Digital Region 27. Pelvic Region 28. Lumbar Region 29. Gluteal Region 30. Inguinal Region 31. Pubic Region 32. Femoral Region 33. Patellar Region 34. Popliteal Region 35. Crural Region 36. Sural Region 37. Tarsal Region 38. Calcaneal Region 39. Plantar Region

Exercise 1-4: Body Cavities and Membranes The body is divided into several fluid filled cavities, each of which contain specific organs. There are two major body cavities, the Dorsal and Ventral cavities. Both of these cavities are further subdivided. 1. Dorsal (posterior) Cavity: Found on the posterior or dorsal side of the body and contains two smaller cavities: the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Smaller Cavities: a. Cranial Cavity: the area encased by the skull. Structures contained= Brain and special sense organs (eyes and hearing) b. Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity: the area encases by the vertebrae Structures contained= Spinal Cord 2. Ventral (anterior) Cavity: Largely on the anterior, or ventral side of the body and has two main divisions: the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic cavity. Within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are smaller subcavities formed by thin sheets of serous membrane. Main Divisions: Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity a. Thoracic Cavity : Encompasses the area encased by the ribs. Smaller Subcavities of thoracic cavity: The Pleural Cavity and the Mediastinum i. Pleural Cavities: Each pleural cavity surrounds one of the lungs. The pleural cavities are located between two serous membranes called the Pleural Membranes.

-Parietal Pleura: attached to the body wall, while the -Visceral Pleura: is attached and covered the surface of the lung. ii. Mediastinum: the area between the plural cavities, that contains the great vessels, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchii, and other structures. It also has a set of serous membranes that form the pericardial cavity: iia. Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the heart. Pericardial cavity is found between two serous membranes called the pericardial membranes: -Parietal Pericardium: attached to the surrounding structures of the chest wall -Visceral Pericardium: attached to the heart muscle. b. Abdominopelvic Cavity: encompasses the area inferior to the diaphragm and extends into the bony pelvis. It also has two serous membranes that make up the peritoneal membranes: -partietal peritoneum: attached to the body wall of the abdomen -visceral peritoneum: attached to the surface of all the organs found in the cavity Smaller subcavities of the abdominopelvic cavity: the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity i. Peritoneal Cavity: Between the two layers of the parietal and visceral peritoneum serous membranes is the peritoneal cavity. Some organs are found posterior to the peritoneal cavity and are called retroperitoneal. ii. Abdominal Cavity: The area that is superior to the bony pelvis, houses many organs of the lymphatic, digestive, and urinary systems. iii. Pelvic Cavity: housed within the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity contains certain organs of the reproductive system as well as the digestive and urinary systems. 2. Know in which abdominal quadrant the main organs are found Quadrant Right Upper

Right Lower Left Upper

Left Lower

Structure -Liver -Gallbladder -Kidney -Continuation of Ascending Colon -Transverse Colon -Small intestine -Appendix -Start of ascending Colon -Small intestine -Spleen -Kidney -Pancreas -Descending Colon -Transverse colon -Small intestine -End of descending colon -Small intestine

Lab 2: Histology- you will not be asked to distinguish between different tissue types (muscle, connective, neural and epithelium) but within one type of tissue you should know how to identify the subtypes. Background information: All four tissue types have two main components: 1. Cells, which are unique for each tissue type 2. Extracellular Matrix, which is produced largely by the tissues cells. The extracellular matrix consists of two components: ground substance and protein fibers. a. Ground Substance: a gelatinous substance that contains water, ions, nutrients, large polysaccharides, and glycoproteins. It enables the tissue to resist compression. b. Protein Fibers: found within the ground substance and give the tissue dispensability and tension resistance. 1. Know how to distinguish between the three muscle types under the microscope: The three muscle types are Skeletal, Cardiac, or Smooth. Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells called myocytes or muscle fibers, and a small amount of Extra Cellular Matrix called the endomysium. Muscle tissue is easy to discern from other tissues because the mycocytes aren’t shaped like the cells we are accustomed to seeing. Muscle tissue is important in producing voluntary and involuntary movements of all parts of the body.

a. Skeletal defining features: attach to the skeleton to move the body and the eye. They make up the muscles involved in voluntary movement. -The myocytes are long, tubular, and striated (striped) in appearance. The striations result due to the arrangement of proteins within the muscle fiber called myofilaments, which are contractile proteins. -Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of cells called myoblasts and for this reason have multiple nuclei (multinucleated). Nuclei are pressed to the periphery of cells.

b. Cardiac: -The myocytes of cardiac muscle tissue, located in the heart, are short, fat, striated, and tend to be branching. (striations are less apparent than skeletal muscle) -Adjacent myocytes are inked by specialized junctions called intercalated disks that contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Helps to synchronize heart contractions and contracts to squeeze blood in the heart chambers. -Cardiac myocytes typically have only one nucleus, but some may have two or more.

c. Smooth: -the myocytes of smooth muscle tissue are flat with one nucleus in the center of the spindle. -the arrangement of myofilaments within smooth muscle fibers differs from that of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, and as a result, these cells lack noticeable striations (hence the name smooth muscle fibers). -Lines hollow organs and are found in the walls of viscera and blood vessels, intrinsic eye muscles, arrector pili (found throughout the body). Controls the involuntary actions in our body, such as moving fluid through organs, controls pupil size and the hair follicle.

Smooth Muscle Cells that are teased

Smooth muscle cells in the tissue (transverse and frontal section)

2. Know how to distinguish between simple columnar, simple cuboidal, simple squamous, stratified squamous, and stratified cuboidal under the microscope. THESE ARE ALL EPITHELIAL TISSUES. Background info: Epithelial tissues are our covering and lining tissues that cover body surfaces, line passageways and body cavities, and form glands. -Contain epithelial cells and their ECM is limited mostly to the space underneath the cells in a layer called the basal lamina. -All epithelial tissue is avascular, they have no blood vessels to supply them directly and rely on oxygen and nutrients diffusing up from deeper tissues. For this reasons, epithelial tissues can only be a certain number of cell layers in thickness. If they are too thick, the oxygen and nutrients will not be able to diffuse up to the more superficial cells.

a. Simple Squamous Epithelia: -have only one layer of cells with a flattened nuclei (often look like fried eggs). - Ex from lab: Kidney (glomerulus) -In cross section, it appears as a thin line of cells with a prominent bump, which is the nucleus. -Found in the alveoli, endothelium, and mesothelium. -Allows for rapid diffusion and filtration.

Also see below picture around the glomerulus b. Simple Cuboidal: -Single layer of square cells, they are about as wide as they are tall. -Nuclei appear round and is centrally located in the cell -Ex from lab = Kidney (tubule) -it lines the small glands (thyroid gland), certain respiratory passages, and kidney tubules

-Allows for secretion and absorption

c. Simple Columnar -Single layer of tall cells with an oval nuclei, nuclei are found at the basal margin of the tissue. -they are taller than they are wide -Ex in lab= Gall bladder -Often have specialized cellular adaptations (cilia, microvilli, mucus plugs) that help with movement at the apical border. -They line the stomach, intestines, lower respiratory tract, oviduct, gall bladder and the genitourinary tract. -Specialized for secretion and absorption

d. Stratified Squamous Epithelia: -Example in class= Esophagus -Consists of many layers of flattened cells. -Multiple layers of cells with a dense concentration of nuclei at base, cell and nuclei flatten or disappear as they near the surface. -Found in the skin, lines the mouth and the esophagus There are two different typesi. Stratified Squamous Keratnized Epithelia: -contains keratinocytes that produce keratin. The more superficial cells are dead and contain keratin (too far away from the blood supply) -Well-structured to resist mechanical stresses and are found on the outer layer of skin to protect the deeper tissues (protect against abrasion) ii. Stratified squamous nonkeratnized epithelium: -Contains no keratin and is located in places subject to lesser degrees of mechanical stress, such as the oral cacity, the pharynx, the anus and the vagina. -Not as thick, and superficial cells are alive and look much different than keratinized cells.

e. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia and Stratified columnar Epithelia: Both of these types of epithelium are rare in the human body. Found lining the ducts of certain glands. Stratified Columnar: (did not have sample in class). -two or more layers of columnar cells (often ciliated- makes the apical border look fuzzy) -Lines the trachea, and male reproductive ducts -Transports mucus or other secretions across the cell surface Stratified Cuboidal: Ex in class: Thin skin (sweat gland duct) -Two layers or more of cuboidal cells. -Found in the duct of sweat glands, modifies the sweat via secretion and absorption Note: the sweat gland has simple cuboidal epithelium

3. Know how to distinguish between spongy bone, adipose, blood, areolar connective tissue, and dense connective tissue under the microscope. Know how to distinguish hyaline cartilage from elastic cartilage under the microscope: THESE ARE ALL TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE: large amount of ECM, few cells. a. Bone: There two kinds of bones, Compact and Spongy Bone. Also called osseous tissue. i. Spongy or cancellous bone: -disorganized array of bony spicules (incomplete lamellae may be apparent). - Surrounded by myeloid tissue (blood cells) - Found in the marrow cavity and epiphysis of long bones. -Supports and protects blood forming tissue.

ii. Compact Bone: -consists of bone cells called osteocytes encased in an ECM that contains collagen fibers and calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. -The ECM is arranged in concentric layers called lamellae, where the osteocytes are sandwiched in between them. -The lamellae make the bone the hardest tissue in the body and most resistant to mechanical stresses. -Lamellae of the osteons resemble rings of an onion that surround the large central canal. -The lamellae are punctuated with lacunae that hold the osteocytes. The lacunae appear as small black dots. Found in the skeletal system and functions for support and protection.

b. Adipose: (loose connective tissue) -A part of connective tissue proper. -Fat has a much different appearance than other connective tissue proper types. It consists of mostly cells, with very little ECM, and the huge cells are called adipocytes. -Each adipocyte contains a large lipid droplet that occupies most of the cytoplasm. (fat is lost when slide is fixed) -The nucleus and other organelles are barely visible, because they are pushed to the periphery of the cell against the plasma membrane. -Adipose tissue is distributed around the body under the skin (subcutaneous) and around organs. (breast, abdomen, thighs, hips) -Cushions, insulates, energy reserve

c. Areolar Connective Tissue: (loose connective tissue) -A part of connective tissue proper (also known as loose connective tissue) - The primary element is ground substance, which gives it the “loose” appearance on the slide. -All three types of protein fibers are scattered in loose CT ground substance. Widely spaced elastin (dark thin lines) and collagen fibers (wider, pink bands) with few cells (appear as dark spots) -It is found in the basement membrane and in the walls of hollow organs. - Found in the superficial fascia below the skin, mesenteries -Cushions, shock absorption, binds and wraps tissues together.

d. Dense Connective Tissue: two types are regular and irregular i. Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue -Also part of connective tissue proper. Found in tendons and ligaments. - The difference between loose and dense connective tissue proper is obvious. -Dense regular collagenous CT consists primary of collagen or elastic fibers arranged in parallel bundles (broad pink wavy bands) with little ground substance and few cells. -The nuclei (dark purple tapered sports) of fibroblast cells appear between the bands -It is very strong, and makes up structures that need tensile strength in a single plane, such as tendons and ligaments. Connects between muscle to bone or bone to bone.

ii. Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue: -Consists of bundles of collagen fibers, however, they are arranged in an irregular, haphazard fashion without a consistent pattern. -It is also quite strong and is located in places that require tensile strength in multiple planes, sch as the dermis and joint and organ capsules.

e. Blood: -The only connective tissue that doesn’t actually connect anything physically. -Consists of cells called erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets, and an ECM called plasma.

f. Hyaline Cartilage vs. Elastic Cartilage: a. Hyaline Cartilage: -Chondrocytes are found in clear wells (lacunae) -The chondrocytes usually appear in pairs, creating the appearance of a cloven-hoof print. -Lacunae are surrounded by a large amount of pinkish, grainy matrix -ECM has very few fibers so it is transparent -Found on articular surfaces, the larynx, trachea and nose (must be strong but pliable) -Important for cushioning and shock absorption (resists compression)

b. Elastic Cartilage: -Chondrocytes in lacunae and ECM have plentiful distinctive dark staining of the elastin fibers. -Found in the pinnae -Flexible support (resilient to twisting and stretching)

Lab 3: Bones Know how to distinguish compact bone from cancellous bone under the microscope. Be able to identify the components of the osteon under the microscope. Identify an osteoclast and osteocyte. Compact Bone:

Cancellous Bone:

Marrow cavity (cancellous bone) 400X

Lacuna

Bony spicule

Be able to identify the components of the Osteon under the microscope: Osteons contain several features, including the following- (see above and below picture) a. The Lamellae: concentric rings of matrix that surround the central canal. Give compact bone a great deal of strength. (much like a trees rings) b. The Central (Haversian) Canal: located in the middle of the osteon. Each canal is lined with the endosteum (blood vessels and nerves lined with connective tissue). Inner layer of endosteum has an inner layer of osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which degrade bone. c. Lacunae: Small wells that dot the lamellae. The osteocytes are found inside the lacunae. d. Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals: lie perpendicular to the osteon and carry blood vessels into the bone from the periosteum. Also lined by endosteum.

Identify an osteoclast and an osteocyte

Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that destroy boney matrix (often see in the bone marrow cavity around the cancellous bone). Osteocytes sit in the lacunae.

Epiphyseal plate

Marrow Cavity

Spongy bone

Be able to identify hyaline cartilage at the articular surface and epiphyseal (growth) plate under the microscope.

Identify the gross features of long bone (Unit 7 exercise 7-4). What we need to know: -Cancellous Bone (Red bone marrow) -Epiphysis -Compact Bone -Epiphyseal Line -Diaphysis -Medullary Cavity

Identify the facial and cranial bones on an intact skull. Bones that we need to know: Cranial Bones Facial Bones Occipital Sphenoid Mandible Nasal Maxilla Parietal Ethmoid Vomer Zygomatic Frontal Temporal Lacrimal Inferior nasal conchae/turbinates

Identify the 4 main fontanels on the fetal skull: The four main fontanels are the: -Anterior -Mastoid -Occipital (posterior) -Sphenoid

Identify the following landmarks on the skull: foramen magnum, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, and occipital condyles Bones we need to know: Palatine Bone Foramen Magnum External Auditory Meatus

Mastoid Process Occipital Condyles

Identify and name the bones rib cage. Identify the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae. Distinguish between vertebral, transverse and the intervertebral foramen. Distinguish C1 and C2 vertebrae. Identify the sacrum.

Bones we need to know: -Manubrium True (vertebrosternal) -Body False Ribs (Vertobrochondral and Floating or vertebral ribs) -Xiphoid Process

Identify the transverse and spinous process of the vertebrae:

Distinguish between vertebral, transverse and the intervertebral foramen.

Distinguish C1 and C2 vertebrae: C1 is the atlas while C2 is the axis. -The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae (C1) that articulates with the occipital bone. Easy to identify because it has a large vertebral foramen, no body, and no spinous process. - The axis sits on top of the atlas and is important for rotation of the head as it forms the atlanto-axial joint. Easily identified by the dens which fits inside the atlas. Atlas: C1

Atlas: C2

Identify the sacrum.

Identify and name the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles. You will not have to know how to distinguish individual carpal or isolated metacarpal or metatarsal bones; but should be able to identify these bones on an intact hand or foot and know the numbering system used to distinguish them. You should be able to name the calcaneus and talus bone, but none of the other tarsal bones. The Pectoral Girdle: -Made up of two bones that frame the shoulder, the scapula and the clavicle. -The scapula has a posterior ridge called the spine and a lateral depression called the glenoid cavity which forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus. -Superiorly the scapula has two projections, the anterior coracoid process and the posterior acromion, which forms a joint with the clavicle called the acriomioclavicular (AC) joint.

Bones we need to know for the pectoral girdle: -Clavicle -Spine -Acromion process -Coracoid process -Glenoid cavity

Bones of the upper Limb: Consists of the arm, the forearm, the wrist and the hand.

Bones we need to know for the upper limb: -Humerus (the head, condyles ((capitulum, trochlea)), Epidcondyles, greater tubercle, Coranoid Fossa, Olecranon fossa) -Ulna (the styloid process, olecranon process, trochlear notch) -Radius (styloid process) Bones we need to know for the hand: -Metacarpal (1-5) -Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) Humerus/radius/ulna: -At the distal end there are two condyles, the medial trochlea and the lateral capitulum. Proximal to these condyles are indentations in the humerus where the bones of the forearm articulate- the anterior coronoid fossa and the posterior olecranon fossa. -The trochlear notch fits around the trochlea of the humerus to form the elbow joint. The Olecranon process is the actual “elbow bone” which you can feel on your posterior arm. The ulna articulates with the trochlear notch, which is why it is easy to tell the ulna apart from the radius. The pelvic girdle The pelvic girdle connects the lower limbs to the trunk, supports the pelvic organs, and transmits the weight of the trunk to the legs. Structures of the pelvic girdle: -Two coxal bones (made up by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and the pubis) -Ilium, ischium and pubis all fuse together to form a deep socket called the acetabulum., which forms the hip joint with the femur. -Where the ischium and pubis meet is a large hole called the obturator foramen.

Bones we need to know for the pelvic girdle: -Coxal Bones (Ilium, Ischium,pubic) -Ilium (Iliac crest, Alae or wing, Anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, the greater sciatic notch) -Ischium (ischial tuberosity, ischial spine) -Pubis (pubic symphysis) -Acetabulum -Obturator foramen -Pelvic Brim

Lower limb: -consists of the thigh, patella, the leg, ankle and foot.

Bones we need to know for the lower limb: -Femur (head, greater trochanter, condyles, epicondyles) -Patella -Tibia (Tibia Crest, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus) -Fibula (Lateral and medial Malleoulus)

Bones we need to know for the foot: -Tarsal (Talus and calcaneus) -Metatarsal (1-5) -Phalanges

Know the following specific bony landmarks: glenoid cavity, acromion process, coracoid process, olecranon process, trochlear notch, epicondyle of the humerus, styloid process of the radius and ulna, acetabulum, pubic symphysis, anterior superior iliac spine, ischial spine, posterior superior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, obturator foramen, ilium, ischium, pubis, greater trochanter, epicondyles of the femur, tibial tuberosity, tibial crest and the lateral and medial malleoli. -See above, all are included in bones we need to know.

Lab 4: Articulations and Muscles Identify the muscles listed in the tables in your handout. Muscles of the Upper Extremity: identify the following muscles and state their primary function Muscle or Muscle Group

Primary Action

Flex the arm 1. Biceps brachii Superficial muscle

Flex the arm 2. Brachioradialis Superficial muscle

3. Forearm extensor muscle group (found posteriorly)

Extend the wrist and arm Superficial muscle

4. Forearm flexor muscle group (found anteriorly)

Flex the wrist and arm Superficial muscle

Picture

Extend the arm 5. Triceps Superficial muscle

Muscles of the Head: identify the following muscles and state their primary function Picture Muscle or Muscle Group Primary Action

Compresses the Cheeks 1. Buccinator

2. Frontalis (occipitalfrontalis)

It is a deep muscle, not found on the surface. Found underneath the masseter

Wrinkles the forehead Superficial Muscle

Elevates and retracts the jaw 3. Masseter

Superficial, Covers the buccinator muscle.

4. Orbicularis oculi

Closes and opens the eye Superficial Muscle

Closes the mouth 5. Orbicularis oris Superficial Muscle

Elevates the Jaw 6. Temporalis Superficial Muscle

Elevates the corners 7. Zygomaticus major and of the mouth (smiling) minor Deep Muscle

Muscles of the Torso: identify the following muscles and state their primary function

Muscle or Muscle Group

1. Deltoid

2. External & Internal obliques

Primary Action

Abduction of arm and flexion and extension of the shoulder

Lateral flexion (side to side) of the spine +Compression of the abdomen

3. Erector spinae group Extends the vertebral column

Picture

4. Latissimus dorsi

Extension and Adduction of the arm

5. Pectoralis major

Flexion of the shoulder and adduction of the arm

6. Rectus abdominus

Flex the spine Deep (six pack abs)

7. Splenius capitis

Extends the neck when both sides flex Laterally flexes the neck when one flexes Posterior Neck

8. Sternocleidomastoid

9. Transverse abdominis

10. Trapezius

Flexion of the neck and rotation of the neck

Compression of the abdomen The deepest of the abdomen muscles, found underneath the rectus abdominis

Elevates and depresses the shoulder and extends the neck

Muscles of the Lower Extremity and Pelvis: identify the following muscles and state their primary function. Muscle or Muscle Group Primary Action Picture

1. Adductors group

Adduct the leg

Flexes the knee (part of the hamstring muscles) 2. Biceps femoris

3. Gastrocnemius & calcaneal tendon

Biceps femoris is lateral to Semitendinosus

Plantar Flexion (part of the calves) of the ankle Gastroc is superficial, covers the soleus.

Extends the digits (found in the shin) 4. Extensor digitorum longus

Deep muscle to tibialis anterior Found laterally

Everts the foot 5. Fibular (Peroneal ) muscle group

Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis Fibularis Tertius (all found laterally)

Extends the Hip most superficial 6. Gluteus maximus This is where IM injections are given

7. Gluteus medius

8. Gracilis

Abducts the hip, Deeper than the glut maximus

Adducts the hip Found medially, Where the question mark is.

9. Iliopsoas (Iliacus + psoas)

10. Rectus femoris

11. Sartorius

Flexes the hip

Extend the knee

Laterally Rotates See above the hip

12. Semimembranosus

Flexes the knee, part of the hamstring group The most medial of the muscles

Also flexes the knee and is part of the hamstring group 13. Semitendinosus

Found medial to the semimembranosus and biceps femoris.

Plantar Flexion of the ankle 14. Soleus Found underneath the gastroc

See above

Band supports the knee 15. Tensor fasciae latae & iliotibial band

16. Tibialis anterior

TFL causes medial rotation of the hip and tenses the IT band.

Dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot (tendon crosses over to the medial side)

Extends the knee (quads) 17.Vastus intermedius

Found underneath Rectus femoris. Deeper

18. Vastus lateralis

Extends the knee (quads) Most lateral

19. Vastus medialis

Extends the knee (quads)

See Above

Most medial

List the muscles included in the following groups: rotator cuff muscles, hamstrings, and quadriceps Rotator Cuff Muscles: -Teres Minor -Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus Hamstrings: - Semitendinosus -Semimembranosus -Biceps femoris Quadriceps: -Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis -Vastus intermedius -Vastus medialis

Identify the joints listed in your handout by their proper names. In addition state the type of motion each joint can perform. The whole skeleton in figures 8.2 (page 157-158) of your lab manual can be used to label the joints (optional). Joint Motions Picture

Temporomandibular (TMJ)

Depresses/Elevates, protraction/retractio n of the jaw

Atlanto-occipital

Atlas allows flexion/extension of the neck.

Atlantoaxial

Rotation around the dens of the neck

Sacroiliac

No movement in adults (unless contortionist) but slight movement in children

None, except perhaps in childbirth. Pubic symphysis Occurs between the two pubic bones

Glenohumeral

Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Rotation Circumduction of the shoulder Occurs between the shallow glenoid fossa and the humeral head.

Humeroulnar

Flexion/Extension of the elbow

Radioulnar

Radio-carpal

Rotation (Pronation and Supination) of forearm

Flex/extend Adduct/abduct Circumduction the wrist Wrist Joint (Ulna does not participate)

Sliding past each other Intercarpal Found between your carpal bones

Carpometocarpal

Metacarpophalangeal

Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)

Flex/Extend See Above Abduct/adduct the palm Opposition of the thumb and fingers Flexion/Extension See above Abduct/adduct of the fingers This is your knuckle joint Flexion/Extension of See above the fingers

Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Rotation Coxal The hip joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum

Femoropatellar

More for protection of the knee but has gliding movements. Patellogemoral is the same as femoropatellar.

Tibiofemoral

Flexion/Extension of See above the knee Knee joint

Tibiotarsal

Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion of the ankle Occurs between the tibia and tarsal bones

Intertarsal

Gliding movements between the bones.

Tarsometatarsal

Gliding between the bones

Metatarsophalangeal

Flexion/Extension, See above adduction/abduction of the toes

Identify the major ligaments and menisci of the tibiofemoral joint. Knee Joint: In order to know what is medial and lateral on the knee joint, look in the back and find the fibula.

Lateral Collateral Ligament

Stabilize the knee

Medial Collateral Ligament

Medial and lateral menisci

Reduce friction

Quadriceps tendon Patellar Ligament

Quadriceps tendon causes flexion of the knee

This is the same structure because where it connects above the knee is a tendon as it connects muscle to bone, but below the knee it connects bone to bone, so it is a ligament

Patellar Ligament keeps the knee in the proper position and helps with extension of the knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Prevents the fibula from moving anteriorly to the femur

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Prevents the fibula from moving posteriorly to the femur

See above

Identify the muscles of the rotator cuff. -Teres Minor -Supraspinatous -Infraspinatous -Subscapularis

Tere’s major is not a part of the rotator cuff muscles, and subscapularis would be found on the anterior view, this is a posterior view.

Lab 5 Brain 1. Distinguish between the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. Identify the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli. The meninges are important for protection of the brain and spinal cord. Dura Mater: the outer most meninx which has two layers: -The first layer is fused with the cranial periosteum of the cranial bones (not pictured, it just looks like the first layer except it will probably be still connected to the cranium. -The second layer is a tough fibrous layer that covers the actual brain. This layer is continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord.

Second layer of dura mater

Arachnoid Mater -Convolutions or raised surfaces of the brain are called gyri. The shallow depressions or squiggles in-between are the sulci. -The arachnoid matter forms a loose connective tissue covering over the brain or over the gyri. -It is the clear spider web like forms that cover the brain

It is the second, clear layer pictured here.

(where the blue arrows are)

Pia mater -There is a space just below the arachnoid mater called the subarachnoid space that has a fine network of fibers that connects it to the pia mater. The pia mater is in the innermost layer of the meninges, and is adhered so tightly to the brain that it follows every surface of the brain, even the sulci, and to remove it would cause damage to the brain.

The shiny layer below is the pia mater.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpJjtYHtbsY

Identify the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli. The two layers of the dura mater are fused together except where the deep meningeal layer forms several thick folds, called the dural septa, which partition the cranial cavity. The dural septa includes the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and the tentorium cerebelli. Falx Cerebri: Separates the two cerebral hemipsheres via the longitudinal fissure

Falx cerebelli: Found between the cerebellar hemispheres

Tentorium Cerebelli: The transverse sheet between the cerebrum and the cerebellum in the transverse fissure . (seperates the occipital lobe from the top of the cerebellum) See above. 2. Identify the longitudinal and transverse fissures. Longitudinal Fissure

Transverse fissure:

Identify the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex. The five lobes are the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula. The insula is found underneath the frontal and temporal lobes.

Distinguish between the main brain regions: cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata. Identify the regions considered to be part of the brainstem. Cerebrum:

diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

Identify the following landmarks on the external surface of the brain: optic chiasm, olfactory bulbs, pineal body, mammillary body, corpora quadrigemina, vermis and pyramids. Optic Chiasm: Find on the dorsal side

Olfactory bulbs: Much larger in the sheep brain than humans

pineal body/pineal gland, not to be confused with the pituitary gland. You must peel back the cerebellum in order to see it. Found just above the corpora quadrigemina

mammillary body: found just below the optic chiasm

corpora quadrigemina: You must pull back the cerebellum in order to the see the corpora quadrigemina. If you do not pull it back you will confuse it with the pons. It is made of both the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi. Found just beneath the pineal gland.

vermis: The two lobes of the cerebellum are connected by a ridge called the vermis.

pyramids of the medulla oblongata:

3. Be able to identify key structures on the sagittal section of a human: lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, corpus callosum, septum pallucidum, arbor vitae, pineal gland (epithalamus), hypothalamus, and thalamus. lateral ventricles (found underneath the septum pallucidum), third ventricle, fourth ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, corpus callosum

Septum Pallucidum

arbor vitae

pineal gland (epithalamus), hypothalamus, thalamus

Lab 6 Cranial and Spinal Nerves, Spinal Cord and Reflexes.

1. Identify the cranial nerves on the plastic brain model. Know the proper name and number of the cranial nerves. https://www.thinglink.com/scene/514261198363951106

1. CN I 2. CN II 3. CN III 4. CN IV 5. CN V 6. CN VI 7. CN VII 8. CN VIII 9. CN IX 10. CN X 11. CN XI 12. CN XII

Olfactory Nerve Optic Nerve Oculomotor Nerve Trochlear Nerve Trigeminal Nerve Abducens Nerve Facial Nerve Vestibulocochlear Nerve Glossopharyngeal Nerve Vagus Nerve Accessory Nerve Hypoglossal Nerve

Identify the spinal nerve, spinal nerve root (dorsal root/ventral root), cauda equina and conus medullaris of the spinal cord. On a cross section of the spinal cord (slide), be able to identify: anterior median fissures, commissure, central canal, anterior column, posterior column, lateral column, lateral horn, dorsal (posterior) horn, and ventral (anterior) horn. Spinal Nerve: the portion of the nerve after the dorsal and ventral roots Dorsal/Ventral Root

Spinal Nerves specifically

cauda equina

conus medullaris : The cone like shape or point that the spinal cord makes as it comes to an end just before the cauda equine, where the circle is below

You will need to know the functions of the 12 cranial nerves, both the specific function and the functional category (sensory, motor, both).

Acronym Some (Sensory) Say (Sensory) Marry (Motor)

Nerve CN I: Olfactory CN II: Optic CN III: Oculomotor

Money (Motor) But (Both)

CN IV: Trochlear CN V: Trigeminal

My (Motor)

CNVI: Abducens

Brother (Both)

CNVII: Facial

Says (Sensory)

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear

Function -Provides sense of smell -Provides sense of vision -Move the eyeball -Opens the eyelids -Constricts the pupil -Changes the shape of the lens for near vision (Accommodation) -Move the eyeball -Provide senses to the face -Move the muscles for chewing (mastication) -Movement of the extraocular muscle -Movement of the eye -Eyelid elevation -Movement of the muscles for facial expression -Movement to the glands that produce tears (lacrimal glands), mucus and saliva -Taste to anterior 2/3rd’s of tongue -Sensory information to part of the face and mouth -Sense of hearing and equilibream

Big (Both)

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

Brains (Both)

CN X: Vagus

Matter (Motor)

CN XI: Acessory

Most (Motor)

CN XII: Hypoglossal

-Movement to the muscles of the pharynx (throat) for swallowing -Sensory fibers to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue for taste *Only cranial nerve that wanders outside of the head and neck. -Sensory fibers to the skin of the head and the pharynx -Movement to muscles for speech and swallowing -Movement to salivary glands -Contributes to the parasympathetic nervous system when it wanders *Only nerve that has a cranial component from the brainstem and a spinal component from the spinal cord. -Movement to the head and neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid) -Movement of muscles that move the tongue. (does not provide any sensation to the tongue).

You will not be asked to perform any of the reflex tests.

Lab 7 Eye and Ear. You will be tested using the plastic models for the eye and ear and also actual cow eye specimens Identify the anatomical features of the eye and ear including: pinna: The whole structure of the outer ear. Do not need to know the smaller structures within

external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus

tympanic membrane

It is connected to the ossicles in our plastic model: it is only the clear membrane shown below

ear ossicles (Malleus, incus, stapes) malleus,

incus

stapes: hard to see on an ear model and probably will not be tested

auditory tube: Maintains or equalizes the pressure.

cochlea

vestibule

semicircular canals

cornea: The cornea is the round tent like object on the front of the eye that is not included in the plastic model in the lab.

sclera: All of the white portion of your eyeball (see above for cow eye)

iris: White portion: smooth muscle and is also pigmented

ciliary body: only the black portion: Smooth muscle

In the cow eye it will be found around the iris, it is just the lateral portion that usually connects to the lens to change its shape

lens: Not pictured on the plastic model, but will probably be represented by the cow eye.

retina: Represented by the brown layer just below the sclera on the human eye model.

optic disc: Hard to see on cow eye

optic nerve.

Identify the 6 external eye muscles on the plastic models and know which cranial nerves they are innervated by. Superior rectus: Oculomotor nerve CN III

Lateral Rectus:Abducens CN VI

Medial Rectus muscle is going to be very similar to the rectus, it is also going to be on the side but it will be closer to the nose: Oculomotor nerve CN III Inferior Rectus: Oculomotor nerve CN III

Superior Oblique Muscle: Trochlear Nerve CN IV

Inferior Oblique: Oculomotor nerve CN III

Trochlear Nerve CN IV Abducens Nerve CN VI Oculomotor Nerve CN III

Superior Oblique Lateral Rectus Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Medial Rectus Inferior Oblique

Distinguish between the anterior and posterior chambers and the anterior and posterior cavities. Posterior Cavity is everything behind the ciliary body and the lens: contains the vitreous humor

Anterior cavity is hard to see on the plastic models because everything from lens onward is missing, however, it is everything past the lens. See above for cow eye. Anterior cavity contains the aqueous humor.

Anterior and posterior chambers: The anterior and posterior chambers are both found within the anterior cavity above and below the lens. (the chambers are the smallers structures within the larger cavities) The anterior chamber is anything in front of the iris The posterior chamber is anything behind the iris but still in front of the lens

You will not be asked to perform any of the auditory or visual tests.