Straight Talk Foundation Annual Report, 2007

Communication for social change

STRAIGHT TALK FOUNDATION is a Ugandan NGO seeking to create safer and happier lives for adolescents, mostly through

• JOURNALISM FOR SOCIAL

CHANGE – radio shows and newspapers for young people – but also through face-to-face talk. In its mass media work, STF practices

JOURNALISM JOURNALISM.

NARRATIVE

Respecting the primacy of mother tongue

languages, STF broadcasts radio shows for adolescents in thirteen languages and for parents in eight. Its

FACE-TO-FACE

work reaches out to adolescents, parents,

teachers, health workers and leaders. Nationwide STF has over 1000 clubs. It has two youth centres in northern Uganda. STF has 100 staff and volunteers and resources of about $2 million a year primarily from European donors, Danida, Dfid, DCI and Sida, and USAID.

IMPACT: IMPACT: boys who have been exposed to STF materials are only 40% as likely to have started sex as boys who have not been exposed.

girls who are exposed to STF materials are more self-confident than girls who are not exposed.

THERE IS A NEW SEXUAL GENERATION EVERY FIVE YEARS. Since its beginning as a newspaper,

Straight Talk, in 1993, STF has worked with almost three sexual generations. Many of the teachers of today were students reading Straight Talk in the early 1990s. STF follows a sexual health promotion rather than a disease prevention model. But much of its focus is HIV.

Adolescents: increasing the age of first sex 2 Message from the Director 3

NEWSPAPERS AND PRINT Distribution ST/YT at a glance in 2007 ST Sudan in 2007/Other Papers Environment and Livelihood newspapers

4 7 8-9 10

11

RADIO

13

Interviews in the field Tone and narrative: key to radio

15 17

STF MODEL (Centrespread) RADIO (continued) Radio topics in 2007 Radio consultancies/partnerships in 2007 Creating radio conversations with adults

18-19 20 21 22 22

OUTREACH AND TRAINING

23

Primary schools Secondary schools Clubs Advocacy meetings and health fairs Community dialogues Scholarships

23 24 25 25 26 26

CONDOM EDUCATION

27

STF-STAKEHOLDER SYNERGY

28

NORTHERN YOUTH CENTRES Gulu Youth Centre Kitgum Youth Centre

29 29 31

MONITORING & EVALUATION

33

Pre-testing

34

FINANCE AND ADMIN

35

Abbreviations ABC

Abstain, Be faithful, Condom use

ABY

Abstinence/Faithfulness for Youth

ARVs

Anti-Retrovirals

ASRH

Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health

CBO

Community-based Organization

CGS

Cross-generational sex

DDHS

District Director of Health Services

DEO

District Education Office

DIS

District Inspector of Schools

FGD

Focus group discussion

GBV

Gender-based violence

IDI

In-depth Interview

IDP

Internally Displaced Person

LRA

Lord’s Resistance Army

OVC

Orphans and vulnerable children

PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission

IMPACT: girls who are exposed to STF materials are three times more likely to abstain if they have a boyfriend than girls who are not exposed.

4Rs

Runyankole/Rukiga/Rutoro/Runyoro

SRH

Sexual and Reproductive Health

STD

Sexually Transmitted Disease

UDHS

Uganda Demographic and Health Survey

VCT

Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV

WFP

World Food Programme STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I1I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

IMPACT: girls and boys who are exposed to STF materials are more likely to talk to their parents about body changes and growing up than those who are not exposed.

Table of contents

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Adolescents: increasing the age of first sex

S

ince 1993 Straight Talk (later STF) has sought to contribute

to a rise in the age of first sex. And indeed the proportion of girls and boys who have sex before the age of 15 has fallen, according to the Demographic and Health Survey (2006). In 1995, 24% of females and 20% of males aged 15-24 had had sex before the age of 15. In 2006 this had declined to 12% for girls and 13% for boys. Sex before the age of 18 has also become less common. In 1995, 74% of females and 64% of males aged 18-24 had had sex before 18. In 2006 the

attend secondary school start sex later: at 18.1 years compared to 16.9

figures were 58% and 42%.

for those who attend only primary. The rise in girls’ age of first sex may

Schooling does not affect boys’

be partly due to increased girls’ enrolment. Fifteen years ago only 12% of

age of first sex. But girls who

girls had exposure to secondary education. Today the figure is 29%.

Boys, aged 10-11, play soccer in Karamoja. Young adolescents are the hardest to reach and create conversations for. Older adolescents are better catered for but may already be sexually active. I2I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

I

n 2007 STF implemented

so. Do we have the

a rich programme for

model for HIV work with

adolescents, teachers and

primary teachers? We

parents, acquired US 501

might. Working at STF

(c)(3) status, and moved

means never taking

into its own building. We

anything for granted.

were a thoroughly grown up NGO, sitting at the table

All year our

with giants like TASO and

“conversation” was

Soul City. It was a good

shaped by the drivers of

feeling.

HIV, such as multiple partners, genital herpes,

But the best feeling came as

gender disparities and

always from our work. A

alcohol, and the drivers

junior reporter captures a

of early sex: curiosity,

testimony and takes just the

force, sexual feelings,

right tone in her script. At

marriage, poverty,

Gulu Youth Centre, a peer

loneliness and others.

educator talks earnestly; adolescents listen. We start a

As ever, our point of departure was the stories of young people. After

new radio show in Lufumbira,

years of retrofitting behaviour change theories to what we do, narrative

and local people say: “There

journalism suddenly seemed to be our model. Inspired by work from

was nothing for us before.” We

Harvard’s Nieman Foundation, we started talking about credibility and

start a new youth centre in

narrative arc. Seeking “true stories” also works for face-to-face work

Kitgum: our counselors meet

and M&E. In fact, only lived experiences keep you real.

youth under a tree. In 2007 we reached 85% of Uganda’s adolescents through mass media People thank us for working

and at least 100,000 face-to-face: our impact was positive. Exposed

tirelessly for youth. I joke: “If we

adolescents have safer behaviours than non-exposed. Please read

are working tirelessly, why are

about Population Council’s research on page 33.

we so tired?” The fact is we work hard: it is our culture. “This

For all the good things that happened 2007, we would like to thank our

place feels prolific,” marveled a

board and donors; colleagues in health, education, the Uganda AIDS

visitor from the US. Looking

Commission and districts; civil society partners; and our beloved

through his eyes, I see editors

adolescents, teachers and parents.

hunched over Straight Talk,

Catharine Watson, Executive Director

designers on Teacher Talk. And he didn’t see the radio, face-toface or research teams. And there is much to work hard for. Are the lives of adolescents improving? Debatable. Do we know the words that will move

Talking to adolescent mothers at Kitgum Youth Centre in May 2007, with KYC manager Janet Akao.

them to safer places? We hope STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I3I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Message from the Director

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Newpapers and print

S

TF has two flagship

Ateso edition of Straight Talk with a cumulative print run of 5.5 million

newspapers for adolescents

copies, slightly less than one newspaper for each of Uganda’s seven

on HIV and growing up safe:

million 10 to 19 year olds. Excluding staff salaries, the cost per paper

Straight Talk and Young Talk.

was just 3US cents. As exposure to the papers is high -- over 90% of

These English newspapers are

secondary students read Straight Talk and over 50% of upper primary

supplemented by versions of

pupils read Young Talk -- they are a highly cost-efficient intervention.

Straight Talk in local languages for out-of-school youth.

However, conceptualising the papers is an enormous task: obvious “messaging” does not work. First, adolescents are an extremely diverse

In 2007, STF produced eight

group. Second, even rural adolescents suffer from HIV “overload” and

issues each of Straight Talk and

are sensitive to being talked down to. Third, there is intense age mixing

Young Talk and one Luo and one

in schools which causes chaos for “age-appropriate” sex education.

Newspaper/print material

Issues

Print run

Copies/2007

Calendar

1

230,000

230,000

Straight Talk

8

190,000-260,000

2,309,800

Straight Talk in Luo and Ateso

2

80,000

160,000

Young Talk

8

250,000-330,000

2,992,930

Farm Talk

3

150,000-160,000

460,000

Tree Talk

1

180,000

180,000

Straight Talk Sudan

2

50,000 x 2

100,000

EHM English, Luganda, 4Rs

3

180,000: 100,000: 172,620

620,200

Teacher Talk

1

300,000

300,000

Money World Eng, Luo, Ateso, 4Rs, Luganda

5

200,000:50,000x2:80,000x2

460,000

Scouts Voice (Kenya)

3

60,000

180,000

Scouts Voice (Uganda)

1

50,000

50,000

10 newspaper titles

38

8,042,930

Journalists for a day: primary pupils in Mayuge in March 2007 work on the early marriage issue of Young Talk. “They said things we did not expect,” says editor Edith Kimuli. Editing Young Talk and Straight Talk in the field with the “audience” maintains freshness and relevance. I4I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Seeking true stories: Jacky Abongowath, 25, STF reporter, interviews a girl in a Kitgum IDP camp. “I discovered late that I could write,” says Jacky. “Maybe I didn’t have the avenue or environment. In my village everyone thinks of becoming a nurse.” In 2007 she conducted outstanding intimate immersion journalism. Boys in West Nile told her how they beat or tied their penises to control sexual feelings. Girls told her of rape. In theory Straight Talk is for 15-

readers of the same age and in the correct class for their age vary

19 year olds in secondary and

greatly in what HIV and sexuality conversation they need. A 15 year old

vocational schools: in reality it is

in S3 (10th grade) may not yet have menstruated, have little sexual

poured over by young people

desire and be closely monitored by two parents who expect her to

aged 13 to 24. Young Talk is for

complete high school. Another 15 year old may have menstruated since

adolescents aged 10-14 in the

age 11, have a serious suitor, and have parents who think school is

three upper primary classes,

delaying her marrying for brideprice.

P5-7. But few pupils reach P5 by age 10: only 3% of letters to

For Girl A, Straight Talk just needs to reinforce the explicit and implicit

Young Talk are from 10 year

messages she is receiving from family and school. But for Girl B, Straight

olds: the average reader is 14-

Talk’s task is harder. If she stays in school and puts off sex as a result of

15.

Straight Talk, it is a quiet miracle. Fortunately, newspapers can be constructed that address the diversity of adolescents. Abstinence-

Primary classes with 13 and 17

focused Young Talk can cover condoms by answering readers’

year olds and secondary classes

questions. It can acknowledge sexuality in primary schools through boys’

with 15 and 22 year olds

stories of wet dreams and girls’ stories of love, gifts and coercion. A

characterise all but the most elite

carefully-crafted Straight Talk can have meaning for 15 year old virgins

schools in Africa and contribute

and sexually-experienced 19 year olds.

to the often disappointing results of school HIV programmes.

So how is an STF paper assembled? The best paper is a delicate mix

A further complication is that

that addresses the three domains of learning: the didactic (logical), the STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I5I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

affective (emotions) and the psychomotor. Didactic might be an article on genital herpes, obstetric fistula, what is the hymen or a normal vaginal discharge. Affective might be a personal account of rape or “the day my mother breathed her last”. Psychomotor could be how to use a condom, maintain penile hygiene, make a cloth sanitary pad, where to go for STD care or how to talk with a health worker. Most behaviour change models lay heavy stress on selecting the problem that needs to be communicated about. But STF has found that the “problem” matters less than how it is handled. Almost every core conversation about HIV and sexuality (e.g. wait, it’s your body, sexual feelings are normal, sex is in the brain, test together first) can be woven in, whatever the topic. The lead theme can equally be a driver of HIV (multiple partners) or early sex (peer pressure), a protective factor (staying in school), a life skill (assertiveness) or something that adolescents struggle with (strong emotions). STF journalists take up to a month to achieve a satisfactory final product. The process has guidelines (field interviews, review of adolescents’ letters, interviews with experts and so on) but is also intuitive, with the journalists and designers “tweaking” until they feel they have the balance right. Over the years STF has learnt the following about writing for young people.

I6I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

Total absorbtion: A girl in western Uganda loses herself in the local language Straight Talk. However, “true stories” do not guarantee authenticity. They can be selected with bias, for example, making it appear that all youth who have had sex deeply regret it. • Do not address all readers as though they are all the same: e.g. all virgins, all sexually active, all en route to university. Supply a variety of material in small articles, boxes and side bars that recognises the diversity of their genders, life prospects and where they are on the continuum of sexual experience. • If the newspaper belittles the feelings of adolescents or does not involve adolescents, then it fails. Failure is quickly discernable; letters decline. • Include readers through: workshops to write the paper with them; quizzes (what is good sex?); have them be “agony aunties” for other readers’ dilemmas; a Q and A section for their love and sex questions; pre-testing in a Straight Talk club; and, above all, building the paper on their true stories. • Tread lightly. After a story of a schoolgirl becoming pregnant, the editor does not need to write: “Readers, this can happen to you if you have sex.” Repeat key concepts, but do not labour points. Outstanding materials for adolescents cannot be read quickly. They have density, richness and can be re-visited. They are comforting, sustaining and “good company” for the reader (see Telling True Stories). They contain cautionary tales, inspiration and new facts. They help adolescents to envision alternative futures and explore with others multiple pathways to safety and a better life.

Almost every month STF sends newspapers to 25,000 schools, health units, CBOs, churches, mosques, prisons and police posts: most are far from the main tarmac roads. STF moved about seven million newspapers by Posta Uganda in 2007. About 10% of each print run was inserted into New Vision for advocacy and the newspaperreading elite:100,000 given out at health fairs; and 400,000

delivered to 200 large NGOs.

“We humbly request your

In 2007 STF received hundreds

papers”, wrote Bwijanga PS. “We

of requests for copies. “Kindly

cannot afford missing what our

send Straight Talk,” wrote Father

neighbours are getting.”

Sorgho of Missionaries of Africa.

Nkawkaw SS requested a

“It will help our pupils to open

“subscription”: “We are so

their minds to the universal

impressed by its content and

world.”

think it has all it takes to expose our students.” All STF papers are free.

“These papers fight AIDS,” wrote Yakima Star Trust Foundation.

DISTRIBUTION LIST 2007

“Youth visit our library and promise to avoid behaviours that expose them to HIV and narcotics. I shall send you their pictures to print if you please.”

Many clinics and CBOs display “Straight Talk available here” signs.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26

CATEGORY

NUMBER ON LIST

PRIMARY SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLS HEALTH CENTERS CBOs PRISONS POLICE CHURCH OF UGANDA CATHOLICS BAPTISTS STRAIGHT TALK CLUBS INDIVIDUALS ISLAMIC (MOSQUES) INTERNATIONALS NGOs YOUNG TALK CLUBS NAADS EARLY CHILDHOOD DEV’T MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT CCTS/CORE PTCs TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS DEOs, DISs, DDHS GULU YOUTH CENTER FARM TALK INSTITUTIONS KITGUM YOUTH CENTER

13,437 3,308 1,624 1,546 56 126 812 128 70 666 336 63 305 462 112 32 74 304 592 462 240 1 180 1

TOTAL

24,858

STF language & images now part of the fabric of schools

Communication for social change can take on a life of its own, as happened in schools across Uganda. Asked by the Ministry of Education to create “talking compounds,” teachers painted thousands of phrases and drawings, almost all from Young Talk, on walls and signs. Teachers appropriated STF’s lexicon because it resonates with lived experience. STF’s challenge is finding new phrases that capture the spirit of 2008-10, while keeping classics such as: “Menstruation is healthy” and “Say NO to bad touches”. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I7I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Distribution

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Straight Talk at a glance in 2007

Straight Talk started in October 1993; for adolescents aged 15-19 in secondary school. Funded by Dfid, Dandida, Sida and Civil Society Fund in 2007.

February:

July:

What is your goal in 2007?

Multiple sexual partners

April:

August:

Would you marry without testing?

Violence in relationships

May:

September:

What makes you feel cool?

Would you have a sugar partner?

June:

October/November:

Sports for HIV prevention

Fistula...what is it?

LOCAL LANGUAGE STRAIGHT TALKS IN 2007 (LUO AND ATESO)

I8I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

Young Talk started in February 1998; for adolescents in primary school in classes P4-7 (age 10-14). Funded by Dandia, Dfid and CSF in 2007.

February:

July:

My goal this year

Stay in school as long as you can

April:

August:

We are too young to marry!

Boys and menstruation

May:

September:

Are you a good leader?

Living happily with a guardian

June:

October/November:

Is your body changing?

You and the media

STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I9I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Young Talk at a glance in 2007

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Straight Talk Sudan in 2007

Other papers Money World, started in 2006, to improve financial literacy for adults across Uganda. Funded by Dfid in 2007. Produced in five languages, with a total print run of 820,000. May: Make saving a habit August: Customers’ rights and responsibilities Scouts Voice, started in 2005, funded by Path-Kenya-USAID. STF produces editions for Ugandan and Kenyan scout troops. March/April: Boys and girls can do the same things

Straight Talk Sudan, started in 2004, for youth in southern Sudan. With funds from the American Refugee Committee, STF produced two issues in

July/Aug: Jamboree edition (on site newspaper production, three in each country) September: Protect yourself from HIV

2007, each with a print run of 50,000. May: Fight gender violence September: Peer pressure To collect testimonies and photos, STF journalists travel to southern Sudan. Unfortunately, the lack of a postal system means students struggle to write in to STF.

Everyday Health Matters, launched 2006, for adults, funded by AFFORD/USAID and developed with Ministry of Health and other partners. In April 2007 STF produced an EHM on using insecticide-treated nets to “save your child” from malaria in English, 4Rs, Luganda.

Girls at a secondary school in Rumbek: Many adolescents and teachers in southern Sudan are Straight Talk fans having read STF papers as refugees in Uganda. Above: Sudanese youth in a refugee camp in Moyo read ST Sudan. I10I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

Teacher Talk, started in 2004 for primary school teachers. Funded by UNITY in 2007. September: Effective teaching and learning

B

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Environment and livelihood newspapers esides its sexual health newspapers, STF also

produces Tree Talk and Farm Talk. Both were launched in 2002 when projects addressing loss of forest cover, poor nutrition and agriculture took note of the work of Young Talk and Straight Talk in HIV. Could dedicated newspapers do the same for treegrowing and farming?

Tr e e Ta l k Now in its sixth year, Tree Talk in 2007 continued to be Uganda’s main mobilising tool for community and school treegrowing. Without a midday meal, pupils

Tree Talk/WFP nursery: (Above) Tree Talk field workers inspect the nursery in Lira. (Insert) fuelwood at a school in Karamoja: expensive and damaging to the environment.

struggle to learn. Purchasing fuel wood to cook the midday

good for poles and firewood.

porridge is beyond the means of

Meanwhile, the benefits from trees grown from seed sent out with Tree

most schools (up to $300/term).

Talk in previous years are becoming apparent. A teacher at Nyamasiizi

Yet the majority have land on

PS, Kabale wrote: “Our woodlot helps the school get building materials,

which they could grow their own

firewood and study places.” Esther Nakhumitsa, 11, a pupil from the

wood supply. Tree Talk aims to

same school wrote: “From Tree Talk we learnt how to collect local seeds

be a catalyst to support all

and make a seedbed and care for it.” In Yumbe district, near Sudan,

schools to become self sufficient

agriculture and environment teacher Abele Majid, who attended a Tree

in wood, thereby improving

Talk workshop at Nyabyeya Forestry College in 2006, has greened Bilijia

nutrition and learning, while

PS with trees grown from Tree Talk seed. “I have taught here for seven

relieving pressure on natural

years. Before I came, the compound was bare and dry,” says Majid.

forest and bush. In Tree Talk’s on-the-ground As in 2005 and 2006, Tree Talk

work in the North and Karamoja,

was funded by the UN World

its six field workers trained 174

Food Programme in 2007. WFP

teachers in treegrowing in Lira/

supports treegrowing because

Dokolo, Apac, Gulu/Amuru, Pader,

for almost two decades it has

Kotido/Abim, Kaboong, Moroto

fed millions of people in

and Nakapiripirit. Importantly,

Northern Uganda and famine-

they also raised and supplied

prone Karamoja. In 2007,

240,462 seedlings of Senna,

almost 20,000 schools and

Neem, Markhamia and Mvule to

institutions received a Tree Talk

180 schools, creating 212 school

on the value of protecting natural

woodlots of an acre each. Tree

forests, along with sachets of

Talk foresters estimate that the

seed for Markhamia lutea, a

average school needs four acres

fastgrowing indigenous tree,

to be wood self-sufficient. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I11I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Ultimately Tree Talk would like all schools to grow their own trees and not rely on seedlings from Tree Talk nurseries. But in the short term, seedling distribution gives quick results and generates hope. Notes Simon Peter Amunau, Tree Talk manager. “In the north, where people have been traumatized for 20 years, you need to show them something that is working. We say: ‘We are giving you these woodlots as a starter but you know that you can do this by yourself.’ By giving seed and teaching people to grow their own trees, there can be

Bilijia PS, Yumbe: Greened by Tree Talk and teacher Majid Abele.

sustainability.”

Fa r m Ta l k Farm Talk aims to support the primary school agricultural syllabus, catalyse the creation of great school gardens as learning labs, and improve school feeding, especially for orphans and vulnerable children. In 2007, with funds from Denmark’s Agricultural Sector Programme Support, STF produced and distributed three issues of Farm Talk to 13,500 primary schools with seeds for cabbages, green peppers, beans, sorghum,

100 schools and provided them with planting materials and technical advice. Many schools say that harvests from their gardens now supplement their feeding programmes and generate small amounts of cash for extra school purchases. “We have achieved a lot from our Farm Talk projects,” wrote teacher J Bizimaana of Mabaale PS, Kamwenge. “Our orphans can now buy books, pens and uniforms from the money from our harvests.” At Orago PS in Tororo district, students sold their harvest from Farm Talk seeds to purchase goats. Urban schools with little land grew cabbages in sacks. Although most people in Uganda rely on subsistence agriculture, farming is seen as low status work. This is an attitude challenge for Farm Talk, which presents farming as part of a prosperous rural future.

upland rice and maize. In on-the-ground work, Farm Talk staff visited

Read Primary School in Kisoro: “From Farm Talk we have grown cabbages and spinach for the pupils and teachers to eat,” wrote teacher Cosma Dusabimana. I12I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

I

n 2007, STF produced

million or $470,000 in 2007. Over 75% of this large sum goes to pay air

different radio shows on 52

time, despite STF enjoying preferential air time rates due to its

topics in 13 languages for youth,

purchasing power. The other major cost, about 10% of the total, is trips

a total of 676 shows. For

upcountry to collect interviews. But is radio really expensive? The answer

parents, it produced shows on

is no, because its reach is so vast: every study shows its penetration.

39 topics in eight languages, about 310 in all.

According to the UDHS 2006, each week among youth aged 15-19, 85% of boys and 75% of girls listen to radio: in contrast, only 14% watch TV

To cover large geographical

and 21% read a newspaper. As a media source of information, it is

areas, almost every radio show

unrivalled. The UDHS found that of women who knew about ARVs, 54%

is broadcast on multiple FM

had heard about them from radio, just 10% from newspapers and 5%

stations. For example, the

from TV. Research by STF and Population Council found the following

English youth show is aired on

listenership to Straight Talk radio shows among its sample of 2100

14 stations, the 4Rs language

unmarried adolescents:

youth show on six, and the Lwo

Ever listened

AUDIENCE

Of whom listen 3-4 x /month

youth show on five. Therefore, in

The key to high

2007 STF broadcast on average

listenership and thereby

Male

60%

66%

67 shows a week, amounting to

cost efficiency is local

Female

50%

63%

over 3400 shows over the year.

languages. In districts

In school

57%

62%

with local language ST

Primary

51%

61%

Radio is now STF’s biggest

radio shows, 76% of 10-

Secondary

82%

69%

department with a journalist for

19 year olds have ever

Out of school

52%

74%

every language, several studio

listened. In districts with

Males 10-14

51%

60%

technicians, and a manager.

only English shows, the

Females 10-14

45%

62%

Excluding salaries, the youth

figure is just 13%. The

Males 15-19

69%

71%

radio shows cost three times

Population Council/FHI

Females 15-19

56%

64%

more than STF’s youth

research in 2006 found

Urban

67%

67%

newspapers, about UGX 800

that STF spent just 10 US

Rural

51%

62%

Through radio, STF reaches the poor, the out-of-school and the rural adolescents: such youth constitute the great majority of young people. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I13I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Radio

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

cents a year per adolescent reached by its shows: with 65% of adolescents who are exposed to ST radio shows listening to about 40 shows a year, the final cost per adolescent reached per show is a fraction of one US cent. Africa is a region of linguistic fragmentation with an estimated 2000 languages. Academics at Uganda’s Makerere University say that Uganda has 36 languages. STF believes that no youth should be excluded from the ASRH conversation that he or she needs because of language, and STF is slowly but surely adding languages to its arsenal. On 28 July 2007 STF launched a new Straight Talk radio show in a language it had not worked in before: Lufumbira, its thirteenth language. Almost identical to Kinyarwanda, across the border

Tuvuge Rwatu journalist Bernard Sabiti interviews a girl in Kisoro. “I was a sceptic,” he admits. “I doubted that Bafumbira could talk about intimate sexual topics. But now girls can talk about menses without covering their eyes.”

in Rwanda, Lufumbira is spoken

Radio shows for adolescents and youth

only in the cold hilly district of

Language

Launch

Kisoro. Funded by the Dutch

English Straight Talk Lwo: Lok atyer kamaleng 4Rs: Tusheeshuure Ateso: Einer Eitena Lugbara: Eyo eceza tra ri Lusamia: Embaha Ngololofu Lumasaba: Khukanikha Lubuula Luganda: Twogere Kaati Lukonzo: Erikania Okwenene Lusoga: Twogere Lwattu Kupsabiny: Ngalatep Maanta Karimojong: Erwor Ngolo Ediiriana Lufumbira: Tuvuge Rwatu

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2007

14 5 6 3 1 2 2 5 2 3 3 4 2

Sub-total

12 shows

51/wk

had jumped to 70% by February

4Rs: Eriaka Ryomuzaire Lugbara: Nzeta Tipikaniri Lukonzo: Omukania owa’ babuthi Lusamia: Embaha ya bebusi Lumasaba: Inganikha iyi basaali Luganda: Eddobozi lya muzadde Lwo: Lok pa Lanyodo Ateso: Einer Aurian Sub-total

2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007 8 shows

2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 17 /wk

2008: 78% of in-school youth,

TOTAL

19 shows

67/wk

agency Cordaid, the show was called Tuvuge Rwatu (speak openly). Because Kisoro is isolated lingustically and geographically, Tuvuge Rwatu was a chance to look at a “before” and “after” situation. In February 2008 STF researchers interviewed 323 youth: 60% aged 15-19, 37% 20-24, 4% 10-14; 79% single; 61% out-of-school. They found that the introduction of Tuvugu Rwatu had increased exposure to an STF radio show by a factor of five. Whereas only 13.7% of 15-19 year-olds in Kisoro reported listening to an STF radio show in 2005, listenership

68% of males and 60% of I14I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

B/casts

Radio shows for parents

A

good radio show starts with the interview.

was: “Fear not HIV but the LRA” because HIV takes a long time to kill but the rebels kill fast. They were thinking: “Because I’m going to

You spice it up from the field.

die anyway, why not enjoy my life?” And they were having many

Production can edit it a little bit,

sexual relations. All our communication has to build hope and bring

but can’t make the show. You

about attitude change.

have to approach people in

STF stands for real life ways of how things are in Ugandan culture.

their environment and take

Mobilizing youth on reproductive and sexual health

them as they are. If you tell

means dealing with the day-to-day problems.

them before that you are

What is inspiring is how these youths

coming, they will prepare and

eventually become the activists.

even collect ST materials to read. People might answer the exact question that you designed in the office, but it

Victor Ochen: STF radio journalist for northern Uganda.

won’t sound real. Telling your own life story inspires listeners and helps them believe in you. I tell them: ‘I also burned charcoal, I slept in the bush, my brothers were abducted.’ Telling your story is a more sophisticated way to find the truth in yourself and others. Young people in the north operate on desperation. They look at life as temporary. I remember a group of young people in a camp. Their motto

females reported ever listening.

Others perceived that the show was directing them to use condoms,

The most dedicated listeners

proof that abstinence and condom “conversations” can co-exist and that

were in-school boys at 86%.

listeners hear what is useful to them. “The show has made us feel free to talk about problems and ways to solve them,” said one boy. “For

Southwest Uganda has the

example, they teach people how to use condoms.”

highest age of first sex in Uganda at 18.4 for girls and

After years of feeling left out because there was no programming in their

19.4 for males (compared to

mother tongue, listeners acquired knowledge of basic HIV-related

16.9 and 18.1 nationally): 54%

behaviours that seemed new to them. “From listening I got to know the

of respondents “self-professed”

importance of testing for HIV,” said one woman, 22, from Nyakabande.

that the message they took from

“I decided to go to the health centre even though my husband refused to

the show was to abstain. “I have

come with me like they had told us in the program.”

learnt to stop having sex with whichever girl,” said one boy.

STF wants its radio shows to help listeners reflect critically on their lives.

“The show has helped me know

But listeners often talk about shows as though they issue edicts. Thirty-

why I should stop sex at my

five per cent of listeners formed clubs in 2007-8 as a result of the show.

young age and avoid HIV/AIDS,”

“We use our club to listen to Sabiti (the radio journalist),” explained a boy

said a girl, 16.

in Sagitwe. “He told us that we can discuss what we learn from the show, STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I15I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Interviews in the field

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

and we do it here every

local officials and religious leaders) wrap up each show, giving advice

Saturday.”

and context. By regularly featuring local health workers, STF shows increase attendance at health units, particularly for VCT.

The success of Tuvuge Rwatu was a relief for STF, which had

The script is written first in English, reviewed, modified, then translated

not introduced a new language

back into the local language. Every show contains a quiz question and

since Nga’Karimojong in 2006.

four songs dedicated each to three listeners, creating over 8000 named

Overall, STF found that its three

dedications for the 13 language streams a year. Listeners’ personal

shows -- Tuvugu Rwatu,

questions are also answered on air, a few in each routine show and

Tusheeshuure (the 4Rs show

about eight in each monthly “doctor” show: Thus about 1500 listeners

that “bleeds” from adjacent

had the satisfaction of hearing their questions read on air and

districts) and the ST English show -- were the three shows most commonly cited by youth in Kisoro, far ahead of other youth RH shows mentioned by just 5.3% and 6.2% of youth. This reinforced STF’s confidence in its radio format, which has been almost constant since the first ST radio show was launched in 1998. So what is the format? Each 30 minute show is pre-recorded and built around interviews with adolescents. Journalists collect material for 13 shows on field trips every four months. “I usually interview two girls and one boy for each show,” explains Susan Babirye, STF Lusoga radio journalist. “If the girls’ stories are long, I use the best one. I interview more girls than boys

Carol Karungi (left) began work at STF at age 19. In 2007 she co-hosted the youth show in 4Rs, a large language group covering 16 districts in Western Uganda.

because they face more

Language program

Districts Villages visited visited

IDIs held

FGDs held

problems yet take part less in

Lukonzo

2

33

160

254

the show. Their stories can

Ngakarimojong

3

11

64

391

inspire other girls.”

Luganda

10

30

160

1028

Tusheeshuure

14

43

160

1021

“Fieldwork is the biggest

Lusoga

7

21

160

913

challenge,” says head of

Urufumbira

2

8

42

212

Ateso

7

29

160

1150

Lugubara

4

25

160

820

Lumasaba

3

28

160

803

get boys’. Yet you have to get

Lusamia

2

20

160

720

girls at all cost, for balance and

Kupsabiny

2

39

160

894

gender sensitization.”

Luo

5

30

180

1260

English

11

12

160

1176

TOTAL: 13 languages

75

328

1887

11,230

department Annet Kyosiimire. “Maybe you’ve come to interview girls but they tell you, ‘the girls are in the garden, you can only

Interviews with adults (parents, elders, health workers, teachers, I16I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

were able to cover 75 out of Uganda’s 80 districts. They sat in hundreds of villages and spoke with over 11,000 young people in small groups

When ready, the show is voiced

and focus group discussions. They interviewed almost 2000 youth one-

in STF’s studio, mixed, burned

on-one.

onto a CD, and sent by bus to upcountry station. STF has 41

Thus, although radio is a mass media intervention, it can be done in such

monitors, mostly students,

a way that it has a large face-to-face, interpersonal, component.

around the country who listen to every show to make sure it is

The quality of this interpersonal interaction is substantial, with the

aired on time, in full, without

journalist dropping his or her role of interviewer-collector-of-material

interruptions.

and becoming an HIV educator, relationship counsellor, community

By carefully planning field trips,

animator, condom demonstrator and much more.

in 2007 STF radio journalists

Read more about radio on pg20

Tone and narrative: key to radio

I

f a radio show is too bright

“If lack of care forces men to have sex outside marriage, let’s care for

and breezy - safer sex is

our partners. Men, if you are not happy, discuss with your spouse

easy! - listeners do not believe

instead of doing adultery, which causes HIV to enter marriages.”

it. If it is too ominous - sex leads to death! - listeners turn

An elder wraps wraps up, saying: “Let us marry only one wife. Several

off.

is disadvantageous. You get many children, each with a different mother, and they grow up not having love for each other.”

Susan Babirye broadcasts to Busoga where there are no

The show refers listeners to five different health centres and plugs

quick routes to safer

family planning, STD treatment and HCT. Susan’s skillful narrative is

behaviours: 34% of men are

lightly but firmly critical of infidelity. The show celebrates quiet

polygamous; almost half had

triumphs of rural life. The young man’s “goats have multiplied to five”

sex with a non-marital partner

and he has bought a cow. The adolescent girl with the co-wife grows

in the past year.

greens and hopes to rethatch her house.

Susan’s script of 2 June 2007

The show the previous week was on adolescents living positively, the

features a married girl with a

following show on STDs. Each show is therefore part of a longer

co-wife. She tells Susan that,

continuing narrative.

besides their several wives, men have “sex with school girls who come for holidays. They have no intention of marrying them”. It also features a young man with one wife. He says men “are forced into extra marital affairs because their wives do not give them the care they deserve.” “What happens to these casual girls?” asks Susan. “Time comes and they get their own marriage partners,” explains the man. Susan then suggests:

STF Lusoga radio journalist Susan Babirye talks with a Twogere Lwatu club, one of 25 that have formed around her show. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I17I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

responded to in 2007.

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

STF model

S

TF follows an “ecological model,” addressing the individual in his or her environment with interventions at all the layers of

influence around the individual. The individual adolescent is at the core of the model, under the first arch of the rainbow, benefitting from youth newspapers and radio shows and from taking part in clubs linked to STF. At the next layer of the rainbow, STF addresses parents and teachers: the most important adults in the lives of adolescents. Adolescents struggle to stay safe if, for example, their parents make them leave school to marry or if their teacher believes girls are less intelligent than boys. So for this layer, STF produces Parent Talk radio and Teacher Talk newspaper. It also conducts face-toface work in schools

I18I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

larger community and political context, STF holds community fairs and advocacy meetings and sends its papers to MPs, district leaders and other opinionmakers. This outer layer is also exposed to STF radio shows. Health units, faith groups and CBOs operate at this level and are influenced by and are key outlets for STF materials. Finally, STF is not “messaging” to change people. Instead it practices communication for social change: it encourages critical thinking and dialogue to help people define who they are, what they need and how to move forward to a safer future.

STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I19I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

and communities (parent dialogues). Finally, to have impact on the

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Radio continued Coverage of radio by language

STF broadcasts for adolescents in 13 languages. The entire country receives the English Straight Talk radio show. Twelve ethnic groups receive broadcasts in their languages. The above map shows the linguistic areas -from Nga’karimojong in the east to Lufumbira in the far southwest. As of 2007, the Alur, Madi and Kakwa in the northwest and Japadhola in the east had no youth reproductive health show in their local language. The red circles show the 34 radio stations STF used in 2007 to broadcast its shows. The English ST radio show and the shows in Lwo and 4Rs attracted the most letters. As in previous years, only about 30% of letters were written by females: girls have less money and mobility than boys and prefer “human” to media sources of information.

I20I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

ST radio shows received 14,504 letters in 2007. Over two thirds of letters were written by youths aged 16 to 20.

Work- Genital Herpes -

Festive season messages -

marriage partner (males) - How

Vocational training - Safer sex -

PMTCT - Fistula - Family

to find a marriage partner

Parents’ influence in the

planning - Infertility - Early

(females) - Children and

marriage of their children -

marriage - Appropriate dressing

marriage - Body changes - Sex

Courting for marriage - Caring

- Violence in relationships -

and Marriage - What have you

for people with HIV/AIDS -

Living in harmony - HIV

done to fight HIV? -

Young positives -Syphilis -

counseling and testing - New

Assertiveness - Gonorrhea -

Defilement - Condoms - Goal

Year’s resolutions - Life after

Abstinence - Epilepsy - Malaria

setting - Sources of income -

dropping out of school - Sex and

- Multiple partners - Candida -

Early pregnancy - Disabilities -

marriage - Communication with

Doctor shows x 10

Abstinence - Unfaithfulness -

your parents- How to find a

Topics of the 39 Parent Talk radio shows 2007 (Unicef, UNITY, PSI, CSF) Voluntary counseling and testing

living - Prevention with positives

disabled children - Counseling

- Making a will - Water guard -

- Genital Herpes - Hygiene -

the terminally ill - Teaching in

Pain, symptom management -

Fighting stigma - Child protection

mother tongue - Assessing a

Back to school/stay in school

- Feeding habits/nutrition -

child’s abilities - Addressing

campaign - Community

Insecticide-treated nets - Septrin

school needs - Parent-child

involvement in early learning of

- Disclosure - Behaviour change

communication - Child mortality

children - Family planning -

- Condoms - Basic care package

- Sports for children - Culture

Child labour - Young Positives -

- Equality of children - Dealing

and girl child education - Doctor

Medicine companion - Positive

with orphans - Supporting

show x 5

Creating radio conversations for adults

C

reating great radio for

because I told them I would not cater for their children. One year I

adults follows the same

harvested a lot of money from coffee. I opened up a small shop and

rules as for youth: listen, record

just drank the money from there. I never thought of building a house.

and work with true stories. But

My wife was humiliated.

adults have more

Biira: Tell us how

lived experienced,

you behaved

and this must be

when you came

recognised. In 2007

home drunk?

STF worked in eight

Vox: I used to

languages for

shout my wife’s

parents.

name when I was still 500m away.

In a Parent Talk on

She is a simple

alcohol, a driver of

woman. She would

the HIV epidemic,

open and sit in the

Biira Gedi captured

living room. I would

this testimony.

order food and make her wake my child. Luckily she is not

Biira: Tell us about your

quarrelsome, or we would have fought.

drinking?

Biira: Why did you stop drinking?

Vox: When I drank I would sleep

Vox: Five years ago I lost my shop. My friends abandoned me. With

in women’s rooms in town. I

the help of my wife I said no to alcohol. Now I am settled. I built a

made three women pregnant in

permanent house. My children are in school. We went and tested for

a month. They all aborted

HIV and found we were still safe. Now I am faithful.

STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I21I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Topics of 52 Straight Talk radio shows 2007

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

STF Lukonzo journalist Biira Gedi interviews an adolescent in Bundibugyo. In 2007 the district suffered an Ebola outbreak, which killed the only Mukonzo doctor. Though Bundibugyo is adjacent to Congo and almost unreachable in the rains, STF visits often. Young people have organised 13 out-of-school and eight in-school Straight Talk clubs.

Radio consultancies/partnerships in 2007 Microfinance- Dfid

and Lugbara. (Unicef funded Luo

Vocational Ed - GTZ

Six half-hour radio shows each

from January to June 2008).

Four spots to improve attitudes

Rock Point 256 - USAID

towards vocational education

Youth soap opera recorded in

each in eight languages; five

Luo and Ateso and post-

live talk shows in English. A

produced in Luganda. Luo and

print component included

Ateso: 156 half-hour episodes.

comic strips in four languages.

in nine languages on financial literacy; 13 spots each in nine languages on, among other topics, when to borrow, how to save, and consumers’ rights and responsibilities.

Basic Care - PSI/CDC

Fistula - Engenderhealth

Eight different spots each in

Six spots in 14 languages for six

eight languages, 12 spots/

months on obstetric fistula/FP.

week/12 months, aired on 32 stations, promoting positive living (e.g. Septrin, disclosure, bed nets) and including testimonies of PLWHA. Parent Talk in Luganda, Lumasaba, 4Rs, Luo and Lugbara on living positively.

UNITY - MOES/USAID Parent Talk shows on education in Ateso, Luo, 4Rs, Luganda

I22I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

In 2007 STF commissioned its its own studios. (left) Hassan Sekajoolo, chief technician. (right) Hassan and actors recording Rock Point.

S

TF reinforces its mass media

HIV prevalence is low (2.8% of 15-49 year olds infected) but increasing.

conversation with face-to-

There are “mushrooming discos, video halls, alcohol drinking and cross-

face work. In 2007 STF’s

border sex trade with southern Sudan,” says district population officer

outreach and training team were

John Janiago. Gender disparities are also stark: “The majority of the

rarely in Kampala. In the field

males are polygamous with strong gender inequality views including

they worked face-to-face with

violence,” notes the STF field report. “The females are shy: what helped

almost 30,000 youth, parents

them to share their views was the STF method of separating them from

and teachers.

males so they could discuss freely.” In Uganda, it is unwomanly to speak in public.

STF goes where need is greatest. In 2007 it worked intensively in

Primary schools

Yumbe, a small, poor, strongly

In Kitgum, Yumbe, Moyo and Mayuge, STF conducted 31 two day

Muslim district with some of

sensitisations on ASRH for 1328 primary teachers from 476 schools; 37

Uganda’s worst educational

health workers; and 64 parent representatives. Besides working

indicators: only 0.3% of pupils

separately with male and female teachers, these sensitisations differ

and no girls passed the primary leaving exam in 2007 in division

Primary School Sensitisations in 2007

one (the national rate is 7.6%,

District

Schools

Female Teachers

Male Teachers

District officials

Health workers

Parents

Mayuge

134

100

242

2

2

13

Kitgum

11

Kampala’s rate 24%). Just ten girls sat A levels in Yumbe in 2007: early marriage for girls is the norm.

148

171

305

Yumbe/Moyo 194

163

347

Total

434

894

476

13

15

34

20

17

37

64

Working in single sex groups: Female teachers in Kitgum discuss an assignment in an STF primary teachers workshop on sex and reproductive health at Palabek-Gem in June 2007. Many rural schools, especially in northern Uganda, have no female teachers: this creates challenges for girl pupils. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I23I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Outreach and Training

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

from many school interventions in

her”. But by the end of the workshop, “both sexes agreed that living with

their interactiveness and attention

a partner requires good communication. Men were encouraged to show

to the sexual lives of teachers

more love and avoid multiple sexual partners.”

themselves as well as gender in marriage and the classroom.

Secondary schools STF worked with over 120 secondary schools in 2007. In Yumbe STF

“Our messages used to focus on

sensitised eight health workers and 56 teachers (12 females) from 16

sexuality in young people. We

secondary schools to boost discussion of sexuality, gender and HIV, use

would say, ‘Boys and girls can be

of STF materials, and the formation of ST clubs: 60% of teachers did not

friends without having sex,’ says

know the HIV status of their last sexual partner.

Jerolam Omach, head of outreach and training (OTD). “Now we

A two year PSI project to prevent cross-generational sex (CGS) between

emphasise gender and the role it

girls (15-19) and older men brought STF into intense contact with 50

plays in HIV for adults. Before,

secondary schools in Mpigi, Mukono, Luweero, Masaka and Wakiso. CGS

we were not talking about the

is sex where there is at least a ten year age gap: such relationships are

deeper end of it. Now we ask,

bridges across which HIV moves from older infected males to younger

‘How can a couple’s marriage be

females. HIV prevalence for men aged 30-34 is 8.1%, rising to 9.3% in

happy? What does love mean and

those aged 40-44; girls aged 15-19 have an HIV prevalence of 2.6%.

how does gender play a part?’” CGS involves material support to the girl and often triggers violence, such In Kitgum female teachers listed

as acid throwing, when the man’s wife becomes aware of the affair. It

“love, care, communication” as

can end with the girl trapped as a second or third wife.

keys to a healthy marriage. These did not appear on the lists of

STF led CGS advocacy workshops in the five districts, attended by 199

male teachers: men, notes the

district and CBO/NGO officials; 85 teacher mentors from 44 schools

field report, “feel it is not good to

were also sensitised. In Mukono, STF trained 80 girl peer educators. “I

show a lot of affection to a

have learnt why married men get involved in CGS,” wrote one girl after

woman or share problems with

the training. In 2008 this CGS peer education training will roll out to the

People reached through STF Face-to-face work in 2007 Primary school work

1429

Secondary school work •Yumbe sensitisations

64

•CGS work

364

•Int’l volunteers Masaka

8261

•On call visits

3930

•Kisoro clubs

182

•Counseling in office

122

•Mvule Trust

477

District advocacy mts •Kitgum and Katakwi

120

Community dialogues

A teacher performs the Larakaraka dance at an STF primary teacher workshop at Layamo TDMS centre, Kitgum, April 2007. I24I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

•Kitgum

844

•CORE

1952

Health fairs

10,500

TOTAL

28,245

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

other four districts. STF will also work with parents as they often condone or even encourage daughters to get involved with older financially-stable men. In contrast to northern districts like Yumbe and Kitgum, in the south, teachers profess positive atitudes, but there are yawning gaps in their behaviour. “Head teachers sometimes have relationships with female students,” notes a field report. Through its “on call” scheme under which STF responds to invitations, STF visited a further 24 secondary schools (and 10 primary and one tertiary institution), reaching 3930 learners. Some visits were in conjunction with Feed the Children. Most of the schools were in or around Kampala. STF came away with an impression of much drug use and sex. The UDHS 2006 found that 15-24 year olds in Kampala are twice as sexually active as youth nationwide. The field report notes “mutual masturbation,

STF club mobiliser Moses Ssebaale, 25, with students in Masaka. His job is to stay in touch with the 400-500 ST clubs in secondary schools. “You find that a school has had a club for over ten years yet we have never visited them,” says Ssebbaale. “They deserve that eye contact.” secondary schools in Kisoro and 15 schools in Kitgum. STF also led a team of Birmingham University students on a month-long sensitisation of 20 schools with ST clubs in Masaka and Mpigi, reaching over 8000 youth. The team observed: “Some students are still having sexual relationships, more so with no protective measures like use of condoms. A significant number of boys think it is good to have multiple partners”.

homosexuality, marijuana use and cultural issues like pulling the labia minora.”

Clubs Clubs are a central STF approach. In 2007 international volunteer Anna Dick analysed all STF databases and found 600 in- and 574 out-of-school clubs. STF then surveyed all 3500

Immaculate Kajumba, 16 and in S3 at Gulu High School, leads a Straight Talk Club of almost 200 members. She says: “Belonging to the club has helped me to counsel my peers and even talk to parents. We have many activities like drama, volleball and debate.” Immaculate lives with her mother and uncle. Her father was killed by the LRA.

secondary schools and confirmed the existence of 450 clubs. In total STF seems to have about 1000 clubs, in and out of school, countrywide. As always the challenge is reaching them. In 2007 STF’s outreach team supported ST clubs in seven

Advocacy meetings and health fairs Prior to STF starting a wave of activities in the district, such as teacher sensitisations or health fairs, it carries out advocacy meetings to garner support for adolescent sexual and reproductive health. In 2007 STF held advocacy meetings in Kitgum and Katakwi, assembling in total 44 CBO/ NGOs, 40 district officials, 35 youth and subcounty chiefs and 11 health STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I25I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

workers. Many “hot” issues arose such as communities resisting condoms in the belief that they have expired and police failing to prosecute men who defile minors. After these advocacy meetings, health fairs reaching 10,500 people were held in Kitgum at Palabek Kal, Obia Mucwini and Lamoyo and in Katakwi at Magoro, Ongonoja and Katakwi town. These are grassroots events: long gone are the days when STF had MPs make speeches. In 2007 31 drama groups took

held another form of “community dialogue” in the Kitgum villages of Obia

part; positive people testified

Mucwini, Ngom Oromo, Aweno Olwii and Lokungo. To lower the cost per

and health workers provided

person reached, “there were no tents and and no transporting of cultural

family planning and VCT; 281

groups,” says Jerolam Omach, head of OTD. “Locals who wanted to sit on

males and 542 females tested.

chairs carried them from their homes.”

Community dialogues

Each fair had sub-components: parent dialogues, youth dialogues and

In 2007 STF held at least 22

adolescent mother dialogues. By separating audiences, “all those who

community dialogues. Smaller

attended talked freely with excitement,” says Omach. Small children were

than health fairs, these gather

distracted and kept busy with sports. STF/KYC provided VCT and

100-150 people for intimate

distributed Luo Straight Talks. In 2008 STF will assess its different

conversation on managing their

community approaches.

sexuality.

Scholarships Ten dialogues held with CORE/

With $24,158 from sister NGO Mvule Trust, STF continued sponsoring 62

USAID funding reached 1952

needy students in secondary and vocational schools. At the end of 2007,

youth aged 15-24 in Busoga and

seven girls at St. Monica Vocational School in Gulu graduated with

Kapchorwa. The focus was on

diplomas or certificates in tailoring or catering. Three were pregnant

knowing and understanding

when they enrolled, but still completed their courses. All were given start

sero-status, abstinence,

up equipment such as sewing machines. In the two years of Mvule-STF

faithfulness, antenatal care and

collaboration, no new pregnancies have occurred; only two students

family planning. Notes the field

have dropped out. Donations from MLK

report: “Among the Basoga,

(Sudbury HS, Massachusetts, US) and

polygamy, unfaithfulness, fear of

Bottletop UK funded a further seven girls

VCT, and lack of spousal

and five boy students in secondary

communication affect pre-

school.

marital and marital relationships.” In hilly

STF counselors assemble and counsel all

Kapchorwa and Bukwo, distance

students each term. “When we first took

to VCT centres is a problem. In

them on, they were so shy that they could

all areas people over 24

not look at us. They were just eating their

clamoured to join the meetings.

fingers,” says STF counselor Godfrey Walakira. “They all have the potential to

Always looking for new and more

excel, no matter their background. But

effective models, STF with KYC

we need to guide them.”

I26I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

But the problem is not that some youth have sex with a condom. It is that n 2007 STF re-dedicated itself

I

the vast majority of youth who are having sex are not using protection. Of

to condom education.

15-24 year olds who have ever had sex, over 70% did not use a

Condoms are stigmatised in

condom at first intercourse. Of girls aged 15-17 who had sex with a

Uganda.

non-marital partner in the last 12 months, 65% did not use a condom. (UDHS, 2006) The result is not HIV/STD infection, pregnancy, abortion,

STF recognises the complexities

death, loss of schooling, imprisonment and more.

of condoms. Chen and Hearst The Guttmacher Institute report, Protecting the

(2003) established that even with perfect use,

Next Generation in Uganda (2007), notes that

they are only 80-90%

“exposure to a condom use demonstration is the

effective in preventing

most important determinant of knowledge of

pregnancy and

correct condom use”. In Uganda 42% of girls aged

infections. STF knows

15-19 and 48% of boys that age have seen a

that if it were to talk of

demonstration of how to put on a male condom.

condoms as easy to use STF conducts condom demonstrations on almost

and extremely effective, it might tip some youth who are

all school visits, radio outreaches and village fairs. “Even if you do not

delaying sex into starting.

feel like doing one, the young people ask so many questions about condoms that in the end you are forced to,” says STF Lumasaba radio

Thus STF always presents sexual

journalist Irene Kityui. “They say condoms are not 100% so why should

debut as a major life decision

they use them? We always ask for a youth to volunteer to do the

and urges youth to make sex

demonstration: we come in to fill in the gaps. Mostly boys volunteer. If

with condoms safer by seeking

girls volunteer, there is that murmuring. At the end of the demonstration,

VCT as a couple and using

the youth look satisfied as though there was something they really

additional contraception.

needed to know. I do not think condom demonstrations make them rush to start sex.”

Young mothers demonstrate condoms to each other:: at an STF dialogue in Westland, Kitgum town council, July 2007. Top photo: STF counselor Beatrice Bainomugisha demonstrates condoms in Kisoro. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I27I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Condom Education

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

STF-stakeholder collaboration around the papers. Health centres exploit the increased youth attendance to offer VCT or health talks. The synergy grows further if STF radio staff put the reverend, youth worker or nurse on air. Now youth associate a friendly voice and a name with a local facility and are even more likely to go there. All over Uganda, STF has increased youth attendance at health services and other venues. The “win” for STF is that it effectively has thousands of local agents in the community: nurses, sheiks, pastors and youth workers who give out its publications. Even more importantly, these partners give face-to-face support to adolescents on a scale that STF alone can never manage.

S

TF sends its newspapers to over 2000 CBO/ NGOs, 1000 churches and mosques and 1600

health units. It is a win-win partnership in which STF provides IEC/BCC materials to groups that cannot produce them for themselves and often a “Straight Talk available here” sign. This sign brands the group as youth-friendly. But with or without the sign, the availability of STF newspapers soon becomes known to youth. More start visiting the CBO, church or health centre to read the papers. Many CBOs organise a club or event

I28I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Northern Youth Centres Gulu Youth Centre

A

s peace spread across the north in 2007, GYC

provided services to thousands of youth at no charge. STF started GYC in late 2003, at the height of the night commuter crisis, when 40,000 children and youth were sleeping rough in town to escape the rebels. Since then GYC has grown in size, capability and sophistication. With over 20 staff, in 2007 GYC provided VCT to 8090 youth, a slight increase on the 7631 who underwent VCT in 2006. Of the 8090 clients, 4.8% tested HIV positive. About 6000 were tested at the GYC static site in Gulu town: the balance on outreaches to seven IDP camps: Pabbo, Kalalii, Teegot, Awach, Acet, Bobbi and Pagak.

100% of them after counselling. STF/GYC will review this softly-softly approach to condoms in 2008. In 2007 GYC had 60-100 young people coming for counseling daily. “Sometimes you find yourself talking so fast,” says lead counselor Dennis Akena. “You think that the time you have with the young person could be the only opportunity to change their behaviour. By the time you go through every person’s problems in your head, you find yourself not thinking properly. I arrive at GYC at 7:30 and already people are seated there. Before you sit down, they are coming to you. Many are keeping appointments from the day before. Tuesdays and Thursdays are VCT

Throughout 2007, GYC ran a weekly call-in radio show. It also

days, so they are very busy. Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays are for follow-ups. ”

reached over 10,500 youth, mostly the in-school, through peer education. Over 4000 students used the GYC library. Medical services were provided to almost 5000 youth, and family planning to over 300 females. Condom distribution was modest: just 797 cllients received condoms, 94% of them boys, 72% of

At the foremost of GYC’s thinking in 2007 was how to reach the most at risk, such as girls and the out-of-school. In Uganda, girls are 18 times more likely to have HIV by the age of 18 than their male age mates. In 2006 GYC had tested more males than females and had had a reputation as a boys’ hang out. In 2007 GYC took steps to reverse this: it put female greeters on the gate and limited volleyball, which was attracting intimidating numbers of males. It also started to offer “girl talk” and “boy talk” sessions to all clients, rather than the mixed sex “health talks” offered before.

them in school, and To increase “talk” opportunities generally, it STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I29I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

turned off the video deck. Efforts

have not tested: the implication is that testing negative does not lead to

were made too to attract more

safer behaviours. GYC therefore decided to differentiate between low,

out-of-school youth.

medium and high risk negatives and offer different packages that might lead to behaviour change. It developed a scale of risk factors, such as

All this bore fruit: by the end of

client is female; OVC; has a positive partner; is married, divorced,

2007, 57% of clients were

separated; has STD; has experienced violence.

female up from 47% in 2006 and out-of-school

The plan was to offer intensive counselling to high

attendees were up to 46%

risk youth at imminent risk of infection. Low risk

from 23%.

clients were to be offered the chance to become blood donors. All clients, including the medium risks, would be offered the boy or girl talks.

In 2007 GYC also addressed another related

This, it was hoped, would allow GYC to concentrate

problem: what to do with

on the adolescents who are most vulnerable to HIV the 95% of clients who test Hungry for - such as the illiterate housegirl, with no parents negative? Clients who test knowledge, outyouth devour the new andmagazinea baby by a violent boyfriend -- rather than be distracted by and positive areof-school offered follow-up format Straight Talk at a health fair in Kumi. over-invest resources in low risk youth, such as a high school student (including daily Septrin), referral and the opportunity to join a

who had sex once in S3 (10th grade) and lives with both his parents.

young positives group. But putting such a scheme into practice is hard. The blood bank can only In contrast, the 7600 clients who

come infrequently. Many clients cannot return for in-depth counselling.

tested negative had no special

Even worse, the effort to differentiate low, medium and high risk youth

program beyond the “talks” and

led some counselors to over-concentrate on ticking the risk list and to

possibly a re-test. Research

listen and talk less.

shows that individuals who know that they are HIV-negative are

As 2007 drew to a close, GYC was working to improve the flow of clients

no less likely to remain negative

around the centre and find simple ways of identifying and investing most

than negative individuals who

in the most-at-risk-of-HIV.

GYC’s Jennifer Lalam provides VCT to a youth in Pabbo IDP camp. Above: two GYC peer educators register youth for testing. I30I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Kitgum Youth Centre After four years of work in Gulu, STF felt compelled to open a similar youth centre in the adjacent district of Kitgum. As severely affected by war as Gulu but poorer and less developed, Kitgum offers patchy and meagre sexual health services to young people. In April 2007 with funds from Unicef, Kitgum Youth Centre opened its doors, headed by

KYC counselor Celine Auma has a quiet one-on-one with a girl.

Janet Akao, an STF veteran at 24 who used to present STF’s

All in all in 2007 KYC made 41 secondary school visits, reaching almost

Luo radio shows. Despite the

2000 youth face to face. It also worked in 23 primary schools, reaching

successful model of GYC next

1526 pupils. “We hold really open discussion - something people were

door, KYC has its own style and

not doing before,” says Akao. “We also manage to do a lot of one-on-

way of working: every district

one counseling.”

and staff team is different. Staff worked with 25 adolescent mothers groups – a total of 776 girls. “A Starting a youth centre is a huge

group of young mothers in Aweno Olwi, Lokung, received wool and

exercise in capacity building.

knitting needles to generate income,” notes a KYC report. Out-of-school

Staff were recruited locally, then

youth dialogues captured another 2076 young people, 1079 of them

trained in sexual and

male.

reproductive health and how to run youth-friendly services. They

When VCT started in October, the centre was able to reach 919 clients

were also trained to be VCT

before the year ended, of whom 78 were positive. These young people

counselors by TASO/SCOT. In

were referred for Septrin and other positive living support to Kitgum

addition, with support from

Government Hospital and Lokung Health Centre 3, as KYC is not yet

Kampala STF staff, KYC

functioning fully as a health unit.

identified and trained 75 peer

Other KYC activites included

educators from all

ten radio talk shows, a

the 15 secondary

seminar for 157 girls on

schools in Kitgum.

skills to stay safe, a holiday seminar for 287 students

KYC did not begin

from 45 schools, and seven

to offer VCT until

health fairs at Palabek Kal,

October 2007 – it

Mucwini, Lyamo,

took time to equip

Ngomoromo, Pangira,

the lab and

Aweno Olwi and near the

assemble the

Young mothers sing at KYC.

ginnery in Kitgum town.

team. This gave KYC the chance to prioritise “talk”

“I think the most unusual and excellent work we did in 2007 was with

work. Boy and girl talks were

young mothers,” says centre manager Akao. “We had a core of 225 in

started immediately, reaching

town and in IDP camps. We linked them up to educational support and at

2124 adolescents in year one.

least 39 went back to school, eight under FAWE, five under Mvule and 15 STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I31I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

under Windle Trust.

spousal communication

We got 30 on family

earlier, communities

planning, although

would not have many of

some are pregnant

the problems they have

again.”

today.”

KYC’s work with

Said a woman after one

parents was also a

meeting: “You people

new area that has

have talked many good

been relatively

things. We liked what you

unexplored by GYC.

shared with us. Many of

KYC parent dialogues

us women never knew

reached 937 people,

that gender roles have a

733 of them mothers,

relationship to our

in 2007.

health. We used to think

Says Jerolam Omach, who supervises KYC from

KYC clinical officer Liz Adongo provides VCT to a boy in an IDP camp.

that we do not have a say on what our husbands do, that our

Kampala: “By working with

work is to listen and respect them. Now we know that women should

parents we contribute to the

develop good communication with their husbands.”

good environment on sexual health for both parents and

Unicef funding ended in April 2008 as the division of labour on HIV/AIDS

youth. Parents are important,

between UN bodies “gave” PMTCT to Unicef: KYC no longer fell under its

especially given that most new

mandate. Constrained to seek any funding it could to stay open, KYC

infections are in married people.

agreed to an arduous HIV testing and counseling drive funded by

We divide parents into men and

UPHOLD-USAID. This greatly boosted KYC’s VCT skills: by June 2008

women, to allow the women to

KYC had tested almost 7000 people. However, STF is now seeking

express themselves freely. If we

funding for KYC that will allow it to work more holistically for adolescents.

had been promoting family and

KYC counselor Joyce Martha Adong: “The centre is the only place that is like a free flow for young people. There is no other place to welcome them and make them feel at home. I enjoy counseling because there is that two-way learning, where you give someone information and they share their life experience with you. When somebody comes out and shares, they can realise their problems are not so deep. As a counselor, when you help someone, you find yourself so relieved.” I32I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Monitoring and evaluation

C

onstant monitoring and evaluation is essential to

keep STF relevant and on target with its own strategic plan and

(Above) STF researchers in Kisoro in February 2008, interviewing youth about the Lufumbira radio show.

association between exposure to STF mass media materials and safer and healthier behaviours and attitudes. After controlling for schooling, residence, exposure to media, and

national frameworks such as

other variables, the study found that:

Uganda’s HIV prevention

•For both male and female adolescents,

strategy. In 2007 STF

exposure was associated with increased

researchers undertook

knowledge of sexual and reproductive health, a

considerable research, some of

greater likelihood of communicating with

which was presented at

parents about these issues, and more positive

meetings, including the HIV

attitudes towards condoms.

Implementers’ Conference,

•Females exposed to the materials were twice

Kigali, June 2007.

as likely to report high self-confidence, twice as likely to possess more equitable attitudes about

Population Council

gender and four times more likely to abstain

After two years of research,

from sex if they had a boyfriend, compared to

analysis and writing, on 17

their unexposed counterparts.

October 2007, at a wellattended seminar, STF and

• Males exposed to the materials were less

Population Council released their

than half as likely to have started sex and three

joint study on the impact of STF.

times more likely to resume abstinence if they had previously had sex than those not

Much of the data has been used

exposed. They were also 20 times more likely

in previous STF annual reports.

to consider their current relationship “serious”.

However, the final synthesis of the community survey of 2100 unmarried adolescents showed unambiguously that there is an

Population Council study researchers Dr Susan Adamchak and Dr Karusa Kiragu

• Exposure was associated with testing for HIV. Exposed female adolescents were 3.5 times more likely to have tested than those not STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I33I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

exposed: exposed male

listeners were three times more likely to know

adolescents were nearly

how HIV passes from mother to child; more

four times more likely to

likely to know where to get an HIV test and less

have been tested than

likely to exhibit stigma towards people with

unexposed age mates.

HIV. The show increased VCT in Kapchorwa district.

The full reports are • STF surveyed 152 adults in Masaka, Sironko,

available on http://

Mbale, Kabale, Gulu, Mbarara: 70.4% knew of

www.straight-talk.or.ug/

Parent Talk radio of whom 96% had listened in the last six months.

downloads/downloads.html

Other research

• STF surveyed 318 young people in four Moroto sub-counties about the

• STF surveyed 327 young

Nga’karimojong radio show (Erwor Ngolo Ediriana): half had ever

people aged 15 to 27 in Busoga

listened to the show; 40% were regular listeners; 63% of listeners said

and Kapchorwa about its AB

the show had made them more positive about abstinence, condoms

radio shows for youth. It found

and going back to school.

that, compared to non-listeners,

Pre-testing STF prides itself on its journalism for social change, but it does something no journalist would do: it reviews newspapers with readers and makes changes before printing. Pre-testing is a fundamental step in all BCC models and always enriching. “It’s a way to get the feel,” says STF researcher Isaac Kato. “We look at language, layout. We do not want to give

Above: STF journalist Deo Agaba and

them something they cannot read. But we

researcher Isaac Kato pre-test Young

do not remove every difficult word. They

Talk. Says Deo: “With pre-testing the

will meet them later in life. We may suggest

people we write for give their opinions

putting in a glossary.”

and represent the others in the country.” L/below: pupils in a pre-test.

In pre-tests, secondary students in Kampala struggled with the words “tragedy” and “reality”. Teachers struggled with “terminated”, “reinforce”, “fatigue”, “stereotype” and “stigma”. “Pre-tests open our eyes to things we take for granted,” says STF journalist Martha Akello. Pre-tests are also a way to understand how adolescents feel. Straight Talk is always pre-tested in a Straight Talk club. In one club, students were asked what they thought the newspaper was saying. “It is telling us to be patient,” answered one student with a sigh.

I34I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

T

otal funding received by

PSI funded Parent Talk radio shows: UGX 279 million came from

STF fell from UGX 5.6 billion

AFFORD and HCP for Everyday Health Matters in multiple languages.

in 2006 to UGX 4.9 billion in

Path-Kenya funded Scouts Voice; YEAH funded the Rockpoint radio

2007, partly due to the slower-

shows.

than-expected start of the Civil Society Fund (CSF). Managed by

Dfid funded Money World newspapers and radio shows with a grant of

Deloitte & Touche, CSF is a

UGX 782 million. UNICEF supported KYC with UGX 259,288,093. In

basket for HIV funds from Dfid

June 2007 STF received the first instalment of a two-year grant from

Irish Aid, Danida and USAID.

CORDAID for a radio project for adolescents in Kisoro. Danida funded

STF received the first CSF instalment in October 2007. Running from July 2007 to June 2008, the total commitment was UGX 3.5 billion. USAID gave $150,000 for GYC via CSF. CSF funded Young Talk and Straight Talk in English and local lan-

The finance/admin team: C Abbo, E Kirungi, N Ogwech, C Kandeke, J Waiswa and P Amito. Not in the photo is the auditor, R Tumwijukye.

guages; 12 youth radio shows and two parent radio shows;

Farm Talk. WFP funded Tree Talk and wood lots.Grants from Mvule

district advocacy meetings, health

Trust, MLK and Bottletop supported STF scholarship programmes.

fairs and secondary school training; GYC; and M&E of CSF-

In the USA, STF achieved 501(c)(3) status under the Global Support

supported activities. CSF funds

Fund of Tides Foundation. Tides handled several donations for STF,

the majority of STF’s core costs,

including $36,354 in September 2007 from The Philanthropy Workshop

including salaries and utilities.

West Cohort 6/Hewlett Packard. This unexpected gift paid for some salaries when donor funds delayed out. It also paid for condom demo

SIDA contributed UGX 594,

dildos and burglar-proofing after a break-in. In 2007 STF futher

208,000 in 2007 for primary

strengthened its financial control systems. A new computerized ac-

teacher sensitisations, local

counting system was implemented to aid efficient capture of accounting

language Straight Talks, health

information and assist in the production of reports for multiple donors.

fairs, secondary school trainings,

The general purposes audited accounts were successfully completed up

and collecting material forYoung

to 2006; the accounts for 2007 will be finalized in 2008.

Talk and radio.

Aministration USAID continued to support STF’s

STF moved into a building it had purchased from the French Embassy

activities. But aid from from

and renovated with a bank loan and a donation from Mvule Trust. Four

USAID fell 11.4% to UGX

staff members left, and six new staff joined: a cashier, auditor, two new

1,190,957. UPHOLD supported

radio journalists and two print editors. In 2007, many STF staff studied

GYC until April 2007 after which

for undergraduate and masters degrees. With CSF capacity-building

the CSF took over.

funds, STF was able to contribute to their fees. STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT I35I

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Finance and administration

HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Department for

International Development

I36I STF 2007 ANNUAL REPORT

DANIDA

LACK OF PARENTING

IMPACT:

girls who are exposed to STF mass media materials are more positive about condoms than girls who are not exposed.

All adolescents need adult concern and supervision: research worldwide consistently shows that parental presence is a key protective factor for youth. In Uganda, the Guttmacher Institute and Makerere Institute of Social Research found that girls aged 15-19 living with both parents were far less likely to have had sex than girls with no parents (17% compared to 29%). The figures for boys were 29% and 32%. HIV prevalence now peaks in men aged 35-45 and women aged 30-40: parents of adolescents. It is therefore possible that, even as ARVs improve survival, orphanhood will rise and adolescents’ ability to postpone sex will decline, especially in girls. As it is, only 40-45% of Ugandan adolescents currently live with both parents.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Dr Peter Cowley, Chief of Party, Business PART Project Rev G Byamugisha, Church/FBO Partnership Resource Person Anne Akia Fiedler, Chief of Party, ACE Dr Frank Kaharuza, Director, Research, CDC/UVRI Aggrey Kibenge, Principal Assistant Secretary, Minstry of Education and Sports Charles Odere, Advocate, Lex Uganda Dorothy Oulanyah,, Regional Technical Advisor OVCs, CARE

Board members Anne Akia and Aggrey Kibenge at the STF/Population Council dissemination, October 2007

Hon Dr E Tumwesigye, Member of Parliament Catharine Watson, Executive Director, STF, Ex-oficio

“If you give your readers characters who are as complex and flawed as they truly are, your readers are more likely to trust you on matters more important than character: the crucial policy issue that your narrative elucidates.” Kramer, Mark and Call, Wendy (editors).Telling True Stories: a nonfiction writers’ guide from the Nieman Foundation at Harvard University, New York: Penguin, 2007

gandan ) is a U F T S ( n n d a t io face-toTa lk F o u radio and t, n t r a ig h t ri p h d throug nderstan t works p e o p le u NGO tha g n u o y m h e lp d the , rld aroun hods to o t e w e m th e c n fa yo t criticall es, reflec er. themselv res togeth afer futu s e rg fo and ieve both ort to ach ff e ís a d n a and art of Ug tion, care integral p IV preven H to STF is an s s e al acc d univers MDG 7 an . t for youth treatmen

S

n d a t i o, Unganda, u o F k l a T ala S t r a i g h t lo, P. O Box 22366) K2a6m20p31,

31 Kolo Avenue, ul.com, 30, (256 4 Acacia 31) 2620 strtalk@im 6 , 5 g (2 u r. l: .o Te lk ta g taigh .or.u trtalk@str ight-talk Email: s www.stra

: website

Plot 4 Acacia Avenue, Kololo, P.O. Box 22366 Kampala, Uganda, Tel: (256 31) 262030, 262031, Mobile: (256 71) 486258, 486259, Fax: (256 41) 534858 Email: [email protected], [email protected], website: www.straight-talk.or.ug

Design: Micheal eB. Kalanzi