Steps In Research (final)-2

Steps in Research

Objectives • The participants will be able to: • Enlist the steps in research. • Write the research article/dissertation by following these steps in research

Background esearch is essential and formal part of all postgraduate studies. It is also required for promotion of medical personnel. It is very difficult for most of the postgraduate trainees to conduct research. Steps in Research have been illustrated here in a simplified form for better understanding.

Steps in Research

Selection of Topic Selection in accordance with; 1. Interest 2. Relevance 3. Avoidance of Duplication 4. Feasibility 5. Political Acceptability 6. Applicability 7. Cost effectiveness 8. Ethical Consideration

Research Question

Formulation of Objective 1. Introductory Statement ending with “TO” and a Colon (;). 2. Objective must start with a verb. 3. Must be ‘SMART’.

Work Plan and Budgeting Gantt Chart for Work Plan

Budgeting for 1. Literature Search 2. Statistical Help 3. Material 4. Typing of manuscript 5. Printing 6. Postage

Literature Search hy? To identify research topic To view the previous work To help designing the study To keep update with new development To formulate a hypothesis To use it for discussion at the end

ources: Journals Books Conference, Congress and Meeting proceedings Research Projects Researchers and Research Organizations

Methods and Materials Place of Study

Hospital based

Duration Of Study

Community based.

Study Design 1. Descriptive Studies 2. Analytical Studies Case Control Study Cohort Study

3. Intervention Studies Experimental Studies quasi experimental Studies

Sampling Technique. • Probability sampling. -Simple random -Systematic -Cluster -Stratified

• Non probability sampling. -Convenience -Purposive -Quota

Sample Size • For Hospital based study: Purposive Sampling For Community based study: Calculated by Statistical formula n= p (1-q) pq

Data Collection Steps in Data Collection 1. Identification of objectives 2. Listing of target population 3. Identification of time frame 4.Selection of data collection instruments 5. Development of data collection methods 6. Selection of proper sampling design 7. Organization, selection, responsibility and training of task 8. Pre-coding 9. Pre-testing

Data Collection Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Experiment Survey Observation Interview Focus group Discussion

Data Analysis • Data analyzed: • Manually

• On Computer

Results Presented in the form of:

Discussion 1. Emphasis on present findings 2. Comparison with similar studies.

References: Why reference? •To avoid plagiarism •Reader can verify quotation •Reader can cite author’s argument

Styles of Referencing