Spm Percubaan 2008 Mrsm Biology Paper 1

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SULIT 1

The information below is related to cell structure. Maklumat di bawah adalah berkaitan dengan struktur sel. P : Cell wall / dinding sel

S : Cytoplasm / sitoplasma

Q : Cell membrane / membran sel

T : Nucleus / nukleus

R : Chloroplast / kloroplas

U : Mitochondria / mitokondria

Which structures are found in animal cells? Struktur yang manakah terdapat dalam sel haiwan?

2

A

P, Q, S and T P, Q, S dan T

B

P, R, S and U P, R, S dan U

C

Q, R, T and U Q, R, T dan U

D

Q, S, T and U Q, S, T dan U

The information below is about plant cells. Maklumat di bawah adalah tentang sel tumbuhan. Made up of cellulose / Terbina daripada selulosa Fully permeable / Telap sepenuhnya Maintains the shape of the cells / Mengekalkan bentuk sel Provide support for the cells / Memberi sokongan kepada sel

Which of the labelled parts A, B, C and D are related to the information above? Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D yang manakah berkaitan dengan maklumat di atas?

A

B

C

D

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SULIT 3

4

Which of the following substance moves into the plant cells by active transport? Antara bahan berikut yang manakah memasuki sel tumbuhan secara pengangkutan aktif? A

Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida

B

Nitrate ions Ion nitrat

C

Oxygen Oksigen

D

Water Air

The diagram shows two plant cells X and Y. Cell X has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than cell Y. In which direction and by what process will water move between these two cells? Rajah menunjukkan dua sel tumbuhan, X dan Y. Sel X mempunyai kepekatan bahan larut yang lebih tinggi berbanding sel Y. Ke arah mana dan melalui proses apakah air bergerak antara kedua-dua sel tersebut?

X

Y

Direction of movement Arah pergerakan

Process Proses

A

X to Y X ke Y

B

X to Y X ke Y

Active transport Pengangkutan aktif Osmosis Osmosis

C

Y to X Y ke X

D

Y To X Y ke X

Active transport Pengangkutan aktif Osmosis Osmosis

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SULIT 5

The diagram shows three processes by which substances move in living organisms. Rajah menunjukkan tiga proses pergerakan bahan dalam organisma hidup.

Process 1 Proses 1

Process 2 Proses 2

Process 3 Proses 3

H

H

H

L Oxygen Oksigen

L

L Water Air

Sodium ions Ion natrium

Key / Kekunci : : Concentration gradient of substance Kecerunan kepekatan bahan larut H

: High concentration of substance Kepekatan bahan larut yang tinggi

L

: Low concentration of substance Kepekatan bahan larut yang rendah : Direction of movement of substance Arah pergerakan bahan

Which of the following is correct? Antara berikut yang manakah benar?

6

A

Osmosis Osmosis 1

Diffusion Resapan 2

Active transport Pengangkutan aktif 3

B

3

1

2

C

1

3

2

D

2

1

3

The basic unit for cellulose is Unit asas bagi selulosa ialah A

glucose glukosa

B

galactose galaktosa

C

amino acid amino asid

D

glucose and fructose glukosa dan fruktosa

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SULIT 7

The following equation shows the hydrolysis of sucrose. Sucrose + Water

P

Q + R

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan proses hidrolisis sukrosa. Sukrosa + Air

P

Q + R

What is represented by P, Q and R? Apa yang mewakili P, Q dan R?

8

P

Q

R

A

Sucrase Sukrase

Glucose Glukosa

Glucose Glukosa

B

Amylase Amilase

Maltose Maltosa

Glucose Glukosa

C

Sucrase Sukrase

Glucose Glukosa

Fructose Fruktosa

D

Amylase Amilase

Galactose Galaktosa

Fructose Fruktosa

The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme. Rajah menunjukkan mekanisma tindakan enzim. X +

What is X? Apakah X? A

Enzyme Enzim

B

Product Produk

C

Substrate Substrat

D

Enzyme-substrate complex Kompleks enzim-substrat

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SULIT 9

The diagram shows a chromosome structure. Rajah menunjukkan struktur kromosom. Y

What is structure Y? Apakah struktur Y?

10

A

Chromatin Kromatin

B

Chromatid Kromatid

C

Chromosome Kromosom

D

Sister chromatids Kromatid seiras

The diagram shows the behaviour of chromosomes during mitosis. Rajah menunjukkan perlakuan kromosom semasa mitosis.

How many chromosomes are in the cell? Berapakah bilangan kromosom di dalam sel? A

2

B

4

C

6

D

8

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SULIT 11

The diagram shows an animal cell during Telophase I. Rajah menunjukkan sel haiwan pada peringkat Telofasa I.

Which of the following shows daughter cells after completing the meiosis process? Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan sel anak selepas selesai proses meiosis? A

C

B

D

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SULIT 12

The diagram shows the stages in the cloning of a sheep. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat pengklonan seekor biri-biri. (Q) Egg cell of donor sheep Sel telur biribiri penderma

(P) Liver cells of donor sheep Sel hati biri-biri penderma

Egg cell from ovary Sel telur dari ovari

Nucleus from liver cell Nukleus dari sel hati

Nucleus removed Nukleus dikeluarkan

Early stage of embryo Embrio peringkat awal Embryonic development Perkembangan embrio Lamb Anak biri-biri

What inference can be made from the above diagram? Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat daripada rajah di atas? I

The lamb is produced by asexual reproduction Anak biri-biri dihasilkan daripada pembiakan aseksual

II

The nucleus of the egg cell from sheep Q is removed Nucleus dari sel telur dikeluarkan daripada biri-biri Q

III

The characteristics of the lamb are the same as in sheeps P and Q Ciri-ciri anak biri-biri sama dengan biri-biri P dan Q

IV

The early embryo cells contain similar chromosomes as sheep P Embrio peringkat awal mengandungi bilangan kromosom sama seperti biri-biri P

A

I, II and III only I, II and III sahaja I, II and IV only I, II and IV sahaja II, III and IV only II, III and IV sahaja I, II, III, and IV I, II, III, and IV

B C D

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SULIT 13

The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a villus. Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas vilus.

X

What is structure X? Apakah struktur X?

14

A

Vein Vena

B

Artery Arteri

C

Lacteal Lakteal

D

Epithelial tissue Tisu epitelium

The following information refers to macronutrients in plants. Maklumat berikut merujuk kepada makronutrien di dalam tumbuhan. Synthesises chlorophyll Mensintesis klorofil Synthesises plasma proteins Mensintesis protein plasma Synthesises nucleic acids Mensintesis asid nukleik The above information refers to Maklumat di atas merujuk kepada A

sulphur sulfur

B

calcium kalsium

C

nitrogen nitrogen

D

magnesium magnesium

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SULIT 15

The following equation shows the process of photosynthesis. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan proses fotosintesis. X

+

Water

X

+

Air

Light Chlorophyll

Cahaya Klorofil

Oxygen

+

Y

Oksigen

+

Y

What are X and Y? Apakah X dan Y? X

16

Y

A

Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida

Glucose Glukosa

B

Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida

Starch Kanji

C

Hydrogen Hidrogen

Glucose Glukosa

D

Hydrogen ion Ion hidrogen

Starch Kanji

Lipase solution was added to milk. After 30 minutes the milk became more acidic. What was the substrate and product in this reaction? Larutan lipase telah ditambah ke dalam susu. Selepas 30 minit susu tersebut menjadi lebih berasid. Apakah substrat dan hasil bagi tindak balas ini? Substrate Substrat A

Fat Lemak

Product Produk Amino acid Asid amino

B

Protein Protein

Amino acid Asid amino

C

Fat Lemak

Fatty acid Asid lemak

D

Protein Protein

Fatty acid Asid lemak

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SULIT 17

The table shows an experiment to determine the content of vitamin C in apple juice. Jadual menunjukkan eksperimen untuk menentukan kandungan vitamin C dalam jus epal. Volume required to decolourise 1 ml Sample DCPIP solution (mg/cm3) Sampel Jumlah yang diperlukan untuk melunturkan warna larutan 1 ml DCPIP (mg/cm3) 0.1% Ascorbic acid 0.1 % Asid askorbik 0.3 Apple juice Jus epal

1.5

What is the concentration of vitamin C in apple juice? Berapakah kepekatan vitamin C dalam jus epal?

18

A

0.02 mg/cm3

B

0.2 mg/cm3

C

0.5 mg/cm3

D

5.0 mg/cm3

The diagram shows a part of the human digestive system. Rajah menunjukkan bahagian sistem pencernaan manusia.

Q

Which of the following menu is suitable for a patient whose organ Q is disfunctional? Antara menu berikut, manakah sesuai untuk pesakit yang organ Q beliau gagal berfungsi? A

Fried fish and steamed rice Ikan goreng dan nasi kukus

B

Steamed fish and steamed rice Ikan kukus dan nasi kukus

C

Steamed chicken and fried rice Ikan kukus dan nasi goreng

D

Fried chicken and steamed rice Ayam goreng dan nasi kukus

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SULIT 19

The diagram shows a model of a rib cage. Rajah menunjukkan model sangkar rusuk.

Which of the following structure represents J, K, L and M? Antara struktur berikut yang manakah mewakili J, K, L dan M?

20

J

K

L

M

A

Sternum Sternum

Intercostal muscles Otot interkosta

Vertebral column Turus vertebra

Ribs Tulang rusuk

B

Vertebral column Turus vertebra

Intercostal muscles Otot interkosta

Ribs Tulang rusuk

Sternum Sternum

C

Sternum Sternum

Ribs Tulang rusuk

Vertebral column Turus vertebra

Intercostal muscles Otot interkosta

D

Vertebral column Turus vertebra

Ribs Tulang rusuk

Intercostal muscles Otot interkosta

Sternum Sternum

The statement below is related to the breathing mechanism in a fish. Peryataan di bawah berkaitan dengan mekanisma pernafasan ikan. The operculum cavity is enlarged Rongga operkulum menjadi besar The operculum is closed Operkulum tertutup Which of the following is true? Di antara berikut yang manakah benar? A

The pressure in its buccal cavity decreases Tekanan di dalam rongga mulut berkurang

B

The pressure in its buccal cavity increases Tekanan di dalam rongga mulut bertambah

C

The operculum closes due to the pressure in the buccal cavity Operkulum tertutup akibat tekanan dalam rongga mulut

D

There is no change in pressure in its buccal cavity Tiada perubahan tekanan di dalam rongga mulut

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SULIT 21

22

Which term refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat? Antara istilah berikut, yang manakah merujuk kepada kumpulan organisma yang sama spesies dan hidup dalam habitat yang sama? A

Niche Nic

B

Population Populasi

C

Ecosystem Ekosistem

D

Community Komuniti

The diagram shows interaction among organisms. Rajah menunjukkan interaksi antara organisma.

Interaction U Interaksi U What type is interaction U? Apakah jenis interaksi U? A

Commensalism Komensalisma

B

Saprophytism Saprofitisma

C

Mutualism Mutualisma

D

Parasitism Parasitisma

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SULIT 23

The following information shows the result in an estimation of the population size of cockroaches. Maklumat berikut menunjukkan keputusan bagi menganggarkan saiz populasi lipas. 95 coackroaches were captured and marked before letting them go. After 2 days, 78 cockroaches were captured and M of them were found to be marked. 95 ekor lipas telah ditangkap dan ditanda sebelum dilepaskan. Selepas 2 hari, 78 ekor lipas ditangkap dan M bilangan didapati bertanda.

If the estimated population is 370, what is the value of M? Sekiranya anggaran populasi adalah 370, berapakah nilai M?

24

A

20

B

22

C

30

D

32

The diagram shows an environmental phenomenon. Rajah menunjukkan suatu fenomena alam.

What is the phenomenon? Apakah fenomena itu? A

Ozone depletion Penipisan ozon

B

Radiation effect Kesan radiasi

C

Thermal pollution Pencemaran haba

D

Green house effect Kesan rumah hijau

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SULIT 25

26

Which of the following gases will not lead to acid rain? Antara gas berikut, yang manakah tidak menyebabkan hujan asid? A

Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida

B

Sulphur dioxide Sulfur dioksida

C

Oxides of nitrogen Oksida nitrogen

D

Chlorofluorocarbons Klorofluorokarbon

Which of the following graphs show the effect of sewage pollution on the amount of dissolved oxygen in a river? Antara graf berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan kesan pencemaran kumbahan ke atas jumlah oksigen terlarut di dalam sungai? A

Dissolved oxygen Oksigen terlarut

Sewage disposal Pembuangan kumbahan

B

C

D

Distance from upstream Jarak dari hulu sungai

Dissolved oxygen Oksigen terlarut

Sewage disposal Pembuangan kumbahan Dissolved oxygen Oksigen terlarut

Sewage disposal Pembuangan kumbahan Dissolved oxygen Oksigen terlarut

Sewage disposal Pembuangan kumbahan

Distance from upstream Jarak dari hulu sungai

Distance from upstream Jarak dari hulu sungai

Distance from upstream Jarak dari hulu sungai

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SULIT 27

The diagram shows the cross sections of three types of blood vessels. Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas tiga jenis salur darah.

P

Q

R

What are P, Q and R? Apakah P, Q dan R?

A B C D

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P

Q

R

Vein Vena Artery Arteri Vein Vena Artery Arteri

Capillary Kapilari Vein Vena Artery Arteri Capillary Kapilari

Artery Arteri Capillary Kapilari Capillary Kapilari Vein Vena

Which tissue is responsible for the transportation of photosynthetic products? Antara tisu berikut, yang manakah bertanggungjawab dalam pengangkutan hasil fotosintesis? A

Xylem Xilem

B

Phloem Floem

C

Cortex Korteks

D

Cambium Kambium

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SULIT 29

The diagram shows the cross section of a young dicotyledon root. Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas akar dikotiledon muda.

P

What is structure P? Apakah struktur P?

30

A

Primary xylem Xilem primer

C

Secondary xylem Xilem sekunder

B

Primary phloem Floem primer

D

Secondary phloem Floem sekunder

The graf shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood of an individual after two injections of substance X. Graf menunjukkan kepekatan antibodi dalam darah seorang individu setelah menerima dua suntikan bahan X. Antibody concentration Kepekatan antibodi

Immunity level Aras keimunan

Time(week) Masa(minggu) First injection Suntikan pertama

Second injection Suntikan kedua

What is X and the type of immunity shown in the diagram above? Apakah X dan jenis keimunan yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? X

Type of immunity / Jenis keimunan

A

Serum Serum

Natural passive immunity Keimunan pasif semulajadi

B

Vaccine Vaksin

Artificial active immunity Keimunan aktif buatan

C

Serum Serum

Artificial passive immunity Keimunan pasif buatan

D

Vaccine Vaksin

Natural active immunity Keimunan aktif semulajadi

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SULIT 31

The diagram shows the apparatus set-up to study the rate of transpiration in plants. The position of the meniscus at the beginning and the end of the experiment is given in the table. Rajah menunjukkan radas untuk mengkaji kadar transpirasi tumbuhan. Kedudukan meniskus pada permulaan dan akhir eksperimen diberi di dalam jadual.

Plant shoot Pucuk tumbuhan Movement of water column Pergerakan turus air Clip Klip

Meniscus / meniskus Time (second) Masa (saat)

0

20

Position of meniscus Kedudukan meniskus

8 8 X

8 8 X

7 7

7 7

6 6

6 6

5 5

5 5

4 4

4 4

3 3

3 3

2 2

2 2

1 1

1 1

The rate of transpiration is Kadar transpirasi adalah A

0.02 cm/second 0.02 cm/saat

B

0.03 cm/second 0.03 cm/saat

C

0.20 cm/second 0.20 cm/saat

D

0.30 cm/second 0.30 cm/saat

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SULIT 32

The diagram shows the structure of a human arm. Rajah menunjukkan struktur lengan manusia.

U

T

S What is S, T and U? Apakah S, T dan U? S A B C D

33

Tendon Tendon Ligament Ligamen Tendon Tendon Ligament Ligamen

T Biceps Bisep Triceps Tricep Triceps Tricep Biceps Bisep

U Ligament Ligamen Tendon Tendon Ligament Ligamen Tendon Tendon

The diagram shows the structure of a typical vertebra. Rajah menunjukkan struktur vertebra yang tipikal.

X

What is the function of X? Apakah fungsi X? A

To articulate or join with another vertebra Menghubungkan dengan vetebra yang lain

B

To give support and able to withstand compression Memberi sokongan dan membolehkannya tahan kepada mampatan

C

To absorb shock and reduce friction between the vertebrae Menyerap gegaran dan mengurangkan geseran antara vertebra

D

To form the ventral canal which protects the spinal cord Membentuk salur ventral yang melindungi saraf tunjang

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SULIT 34

The diagram shows the shape of an aerofoil. Rajah menunjukkan bentuk aerofoil. Upward thrust Daya tujah ke atas Air flow is fast, pressure is low Pergerakan udara laju, tekanan rendah Flow of air Aliran udara

Aerofoil Air flow is slow, pressure is high Pergerakan udara perlahan, tekanan tinggi

Which of the following birds in flight, resembles the shape of the aerofoil above? Antara burung yang sedang terbang berikut, yang manakah merupakan bentuk aerofoil tersebut? A

C

B

D

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SULIT 35

The diagram shows the transmission of impulses across a synapse. Rajah menunjukkan pemindahan impuls menyeberangi sinaps.

W

What is substance W? Apakah bahan W?

36

A

Ethylene Etelina

B

Gibberellin Giberelin

C

Adrenaline Adrenalina

D

Acetylcholine Asetilkolina

The diagram shows the cross section of a spinal cord. Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas suatu saraf tunjang.

X

What is X? Apakah X? A

Dorsal root Akar dorsal

B

Ventral root Akar ventral

C

Dorsal root ganglion Ganglion akar dorsal

D

Ventral root ganglion Ganglion akar ventral

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SULIT 37

The diagram shows the osmoregulation process which involves the negative feedback mechanism. Rajah menunjukkan proses pengosmokawalaturan yang melibatkan mekanisme suap balik negatif.

X Detected by osmoreceptor in hypothalamus Dikesan oleh osmoreseptor dalam hipotalamus High blood osmotic pressure Tekanan osmosis darah tinggi

Increases Meningkat

Blood osmotic pressure decreases Tekanan osmosis darah menurun

Normal blood osmotic pressure Tekanan osmosis darah normal

Negative feed back mechanism Mekanisma suap balik negatif

What happens at X? Apakah yang berlaku di X? A

Less ADH is released Kurang ADH dihasilkan

B

More urine is formed Lebih banyak air kencing dihasilkan

C

More salt is reabsorbed in the blood capillary Lebih banyak garam diserap semula ke dalam kapilari darah

D

More water is reabsorbed in the blood capillary Lebih banyak air diserap semula ke dalam kapilari darah

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SULIT 38

The diagram shows an experiment in situations X and Y. Rajah menunjukkan suatu experimen dalam situasi X dan Y.

Agar block with auksin Blok agar dengan auksin

Coleoptile tip removed Koleoptil dibuang Situation X Situasi X

Treatment Rawatan

Product Hasil

?

Situation Y Situasi Y

Treatment Rawatan

Product Hasil

Which of the following treatment will produce the response as shown in situation Y? Antara rawatan berikut, yang manakah menghasilkan gerak balas yang ditunjukkan dalam situasi Y? A

B

Agar block Blok agar

Mica Mika

C

D

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Agar block Blok agar

Mica Mika

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SULIT 39

40

41

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of sperm formation? Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan turutan yang betul bagi pembentukan sperma? A

Spermatogonium → spermatocyte → sperm Spermatogonium → spermatosit → sperma

B

Spermatocyte → spermatogonium → sperm Spermatosit → spermatogonium → sperma

C

Spermatogonium → spermatid → sperm Spermatogonium → spermatid → sperma

D

Spermatocyte → spermatid → sperm Spermatosit → spermatid → sperma

What is the meaning of artificial insemination? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan permanian beradas? A

The transfer of gametes into the fallopian tube Pemindahan gamet ke dalam tiub fallopio

B

The transfer of zygote into the uterus via the cervix Pemindahan zigot ke dalam uterus melalui serviks

C

The transfer of sperms into the wife’s uterus during her ovulation period Pemindahan sperma ke dalam uterus isteri semasa tempoh ovulasi

D

The transfer of embryo from another woman into the uterus of a sterile woman Pemindahan embryo daripada seorang wanita ke dalam uterus wanita mandul

Which of the following substances can move across the placenta? Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah boleh bergerak merentasi plasenta?

Fatty acid Asid lemak

Urea Urea

X

A B

X

X

X

Key/Kekunci: = can move across the placenta = boleh merentasi plasenta X = cannot move across the placenta X = tidak boleh merentasi plasenta

X

C D

Red blood cells Sel darah merah

X

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SULIT 42

The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Rajah menunjukkan keratan memanjang bunga.

A B

C D

Which of the labelled parts A, B, C and D will develop to become the seed after fertilisation? Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D yang manakah akan berkembang menjadi biji selepas persenyawaan? 43

The diagram shows the stages during the formation of female gametes. Determine the ploidy number in cell J. Rajah menunjukkan peringkat-peringkat dalam pembentukan gamet betina. Tentukan bilangan ploidi dalam sel J.

2n 2n 2n

A

Tetraploid Tetraploid

B

Triploid Triploid

C

Diploid Diploid

D

Haploid Haploid

Meiosis

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J

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SULIT 44

45

Which of the following is the basic unit of heridity? Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan unit asas pewarisan? A

DNA DNA

B

Gene Gen

C

Ribose Ribosa

D

Nukleotide Nukleotida

The diagram shows a human karyotype. Rajah menunjukkan kariotip manusia.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

16

17

18

19

20

15

21

22

23

The individual is a Individu itu adalah A

Normal male Lelaki normal

B

Normal female Perempuan normal

C

Down’s Syndrom female Perempuan pengidap Sindrom Down

D

Down’s Syndrom male Lelaki penghidap Sindrom Down

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SULIT 46

Which of the following represents an allele? Antara berikut yang manakah mewakili alel? A

C q

Q

B

Q

D Q

Q

q

47

R

R

The diagram shows the pedigree for the inheritance of haemophilia in a family. Rajah menunjukkan pewarisan hemofilia dalam satu keluarga.

R Key / Kekunci : : Normal male Lelaki normal

: Haemophiliac male Lelaki hemofilia

: Normal female Perempuan normal

: Carrier female Perempuan pembawa

If R marries a haemophiliac, what is the probability that her son will also be haemophiliac? Sekiranya R berkahwin dengan seorang penghidap hemofilia, apakah kemungkinan anak lelakinya juga akan mengalami haemofilia? A

0%

B

25%

C

50%

D

100%

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SULIT 48

49

Which of the following terms refer to an organism with two different alleles for a particular characteristic? Antara istilah berikut, yang manakah merujuk kepada organisma yang mempunyai dua alel berbeza untuk ciri tertentu? A

Phenotype Fenotip

B

Genotype Genotip

C

Homozygous Homozigot

D

Heterozygous Heterozigot

The diagram shows the inheritance of flower position in a pure-bred plant. Rajah menunjukkan pewarisan sifat kedudukan bunga pada suatu baka tulen. Which plant is heterozygous? Tumbuhan manakah adalah heterozigot? Axial/aksial

Terminal/terminal

A

B

C

D

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SULIT 50

The diagrams show graphs of variation K and L. Rajah menunjukkan graf untuk variasi K dan L.

Number of individuals Bilangan individu

Number of individuals Bilangan individu

Trait

K

L

Trait

Which of the following correctly describes K and L? Antara berikut yang manakah benar berkenaan K dan L? K A

B

C D

L

Controlled by several genes with . several pairs of alleles Dikawal oleh beberapa gen daripada beberapa pasangan alel Blood group and shape of ear lobe Kumpulan darah dan bentuk cuping telinga Qualitative variation Variasi kualitatif

Controlled by a single gene with two or more alleles Dikawal oleh gen tunggal dengan dua atau lebih alel Skin colour and height Warna kulit dan ketinggian

Normal distribution Taburan normal

Discrete distribution Taburan diskrit

Quantitative variation Variasi kuantitatif

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