Sources Of Data

EXPLORING SECONDARY DATA

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Exploratory Research  Expand

understanding of management dilemma  Expand understanding of research question  Identify plausible investigative questions

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Levels of Information  Primary

sources  Secondary sources  Tertiary sources

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Types of Information Sources  Indexes

and Bibliographies  Dictionaries  Encyclopedias  Handbooks  Directories

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Secondary Sources by Type  Indexes

and Bibliographies • to find or locate books or articles • to find authors, topics to use in online searches

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Secondary Sources by Type 

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Dictionaries • to identify jargon of an industry--used for online searches • to identify bell-weather events in an industry • to identify knowledgeable people to interview • to identify organizations of influence

Secondary Sources by Type  Encyclopedias

• To identify historical or background • •

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information To find critical dates within an industry To find events of significance to the industry, company

Secondary Sources by Type  Handbooks

• To find facts relevant to topic • To identify influential individuals through source citations

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Secondary Sources by Type  Directories

• To identify influential people and •

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organizations to find addresses, e-mail, other contact info on these people and organizations

Evaluating Information Sources  Purpose  Scope  Authority  Audience  Format

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Evaluating Sources  Purpose

• What the author is attempting to accomplish • identify hidden agenda(s) • identify direction of bias • Seek both biased and unbiased sources

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Evaluating Sources  Scope

• Identify dates of inclusion and exclusion • Identify subjects of inclusion and exclusion

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Evaluating Sources  Authority

• Identify background of author • Credentials: educational,

professional • Experience: duration, setting, level • Identify the level of scholarship in content • footnotes, endnotes 13

Evaluating Sources  Audience

• Identify knowledge level and

background • Identify orientation and bias • Seek biased and unbiased sources

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Evaluating Sources  Format

• Order of content • Versatility of use • Indexed? • Searchable? • Downloadable?

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Searching Databases ❶

Select an appropriate database

★ABI/Inform ★Business InfoSuite ★Business Source ★DowJones Interactive ★Nexis-Lexis Universe 16

Searching Databases ❶ ❷

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Select an appropriate database Construct a search query ★Boolean Operators ★OR - for plurals, synonyms spelling variations (woman OR women) ★AND - narrows your search ★advertising AND bibliography

Searching Databases ❷

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Construct a search query ★Boolean Operators (cont.) ★NOT/AND NOT- eliminates terms ★award NOT trophy ★ADJ - order key terms within your search ★assisted ADJ living

Searching Databases ❷

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Construct a search query ★Boolean Operators ★NOT/AND NOT- eliminates terms ★award NOT trophy ★ADJ - order key terms within your search ★assisted ADJ living

Searching Databases ❷

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Construct a search query ★Boolean Operators (cont.) ★? or * - to truncate a term ★nur* for nurse, nursing ★“X” for phrase searching ★“advertising campaigns” ★Limiters ★dates ★source type ★language

Searching Databases ❶ ❷

Select an appropriate database Construct a search query –Review and evaluate search results

• Relevancy • Quantity • Timeliness

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Searching Databases

–Modify the search query • Check bibliography

• new key words, • other authors

• Link directly • Adapt original search query • Create new search query with new key

words • Search for other works by same author(s) 22

Searching Databases ❶ ❷ ❸

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Select an appropriate database Construct a search query Document findings ★Print or download search findings ★Download full-text source ★Print full-text source

Searching Databases ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹

❺ 24

Select an appropriate database Construct a search query Document findings Retrieve or request articles ★Search online catalog ★Interlibrary loan ★Interlibrary delivery Supplement results with Web sources

Searching Databases ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺

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Select an appropriate database Construct a search query Document findings Retrieve or request articles Supplement results with Web sources

Web Searches ❶

Select Search Engine or Directory

• Google • Indiatimes • Askjeeves • msn

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Web Searches ❶ ❷

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Select Search Engine or Directory Determine Search Options and Protocol

Web Searches ❶ ❷ ❸

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Select Search Engine or Directory Determine Search Options and Protocol Construct search query –Review search results –Modify search query –Search using a different search engine

Web Searches ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹

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Select Search Engine or Directory Determine Search Options and Protocol Construct search query Document your findings –search findings –full text sources

Web Searches ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺

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Select Search Engine or Directory Determine Search Options and Protocol Construct search query Document your findings Supplement Web results from other sources

Specific Web Searches  Known-Item  Who  Where  What

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Government Sources  Government

organizations  Laws, regulations, court decisions  Government statistics

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Mining Internal Sources  Data

warehouse  Data mart  Data mining • Pattern discovery • Predicting trends and behaviors

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Data Mining Techniques  Data

Visualization

• Dimensions • Measurements • Hierarchies

 Clustering  Neural

Networks  Tree Models  Classification 34

Data Mining Techniques  Estimation  Association  Market-Basket

Analysis  Sequence Based Analysis  Fuzzy Logic  Genetic Algorithms  Fractal-Based Transformation 35

(cont.)

Data Mining Process  Sample  Explore  Modify  Model  Assess

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