Sou Padamala

mBbjeB<' B j

he"

cena

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ ^BÀh w≈ofc ı À≥Õ≥. t‚¤{£fÒ M.A.,RBPP.. ªflÛ w≈ofc (•»n) ÀTz¶≥N h≥’„ºœI m˜∞≈ h„Úo, ÀTz¶≥N.

‘’RπN:

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi 4, œ{—≥ ‘À‚m®i⁄fi 3’º ‘ÀŒ, ¯J’≥k„ , {ºœ¤ & 625 001. ¬m≥Ò : 722453

∆”≈‡N ’J´e¬f≥c:& ¢∞mœ—®i eœÕ®iTÕfi ‚of≥ mÛ‚mhfi ‚of≥ ‘Õ®>h„ ∑ÒX™™·‡ 14, mflÀ™ iD®iB ‘ÀŒ, {ºœ¤ &625 001. Ph. (0452) 733697

–À„ mÛ‚^ & ¬{ 2000

¢œ‰ K.15

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ –ÒWœ¤ {S≥h≥¢f´hÈfi ¶≥Õh´hÈfi

∑‰®h∏

ÄhÈfi FœIflÀ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf ∆À∞ioBÀ≥— j“Bº ’™’BÛ„ h∞D® ‘h≥p’º ¶„‰º. j—¬’ ∑flÄ [Œ’≥®h‚m‡Õº. ∑flÀ‚ ^BÀhBœÀB À®h w≈ofoÒ ºœ∏ ‘h≥ßN m™BÀ„ ¶‰fi. ∑flÃœ‰® h∞D –™®ifi ÙŒ’c } ¤≥H‡¤ …G˜„ ¬Àc”≈ ‘mD’ºÕÒ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜Ò ∆œ{‚^, ‘k≥∞hp, jRf ∑‰®h∏fi wef’∞DÕÒ ∆P–h{≥e ¢N’≥c. j—¬’ ∑œÀ ÙŒ } ¤≥H‡¤ ^i–h Ä j—‰≥fi. ∑flÄ ¬{±fi wJ{≥h } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œføfi ∑‰®ef Ähœ⁄øfi h∞ifi wc’BœÀøfi æßNfi jÒmº F”kffi.

À≥Õ≥. }r‚¤{ßffi.

mÛ‚^œ¤ ¶{º ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hBÛÒ k≥cm≥h "‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ{≥‘‰≥' jÒI ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ m≥Õ^BÀhBœÀ ‘’R˜N’Û„ Th {ez”≈fœÕe¬I≥fi. ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ wz’≥c {ºœ¤˜Ò ¬O≥Û ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ∆W®e¤SBÛ—≥„ ¬{1 –À„ ¬{ 31,2000 ’œ¤ ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ’i‚^hp ¶ÕBÀ‚m‡Õ—. ∆ÀÒ ‘À≥Õc”≈f≥h ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥œ_œf À≥»‘{≥¨f≥h ‘h≥ßÕ’chp {‡N{„‰≥{„ ∆œ—’Œfi Th jRÀ≥h ^oflº ‘h≥pÈfi ’ß∏fi Ä ‘’R˜Õ m‰c ¬’ßN¬h≥p ¢NBÀ—c. ∆ ¬’ßN¬h≥È®e∏´h ÀTJh h≥’„ºœI m˜∞≈ h„Úo˜Ò ªflÛ w≈of¤≥h m£f≥∞Pf’Œfi, ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ∑¤≥{≥f∏fi, ¶⁄À{fflÛ ^¤≥∏fi, ‘S‘À≥ ¬m≥ÒI m‰ }≥ªBf´hœ⁄ ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥œ_˜„ mœÕBÀ’Œ{≥— h¢Ac ı À≥Õ≥. t‚G¤{£fÒ ∆’chp ∑flÃ…œ— ≈I‚m≥h mœÕBºp⁄≥chp. ∆’chp ¬{Ò¬{±fi ∑º ¬m≥ÒI m‰ Ähœ⁄ mœÕBÛÕ ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thœ⁄ ¬’ßNe¬I≥fi. ∑flÄ ‘’R’¤ ‘m≥ŒÈÀ¢ ‘h≥NBº j´hœ⁄ ◊®h‚mNBÛf ‚of≥ mÛ‚mhfi {∞Dfi ‚of≥ ‘Õ®>®h„ ∑ÒX™™·‡ [oœ{f≥⁄c m.iN’≥. ’kflÛ ‘Ofm≥‰Ò ∆’chÈ®i j´h⁄º ¶ÒPœf ‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi. ∑flÃœ‰ ¬¶cBÛf≥h DTP „ ’™’œ{BÀ’Œfi, ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ …Gœf hfi‚·‡Õc mfÒm≥‡™∞i ‘h≥ßN ’flÀ’Œ{≥—, ı k´iÀ≥o hfi‚·™¤≥ [oœ{f≥⁄c ÛŒ. T.R. t¬¤H DME., ∆’chÈ®ifi j´hp ¶ÒPœf ‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi. ∑fl¶∞m£®i wÀ¤n ‘h≥NBÀ ¶„[p⁄´hÈ®i j´h⁄º ¶ÒPœf [oBÀ≥®ie¬I≥fi. j´hp –À„ É≥— ∑flÀ Ãœ‰ j´hœ⁄ ’¨¶ÕBºeÒI w”k≥cfc ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ m≥Àh{‰´hÈ®i ∆c‚m£®eÒ¬I≥fi. ∑‚^BÀhfi ¬{Ò¬{±fi ‘m≥…¬’≥N ¢⁄´h k≥Ò¬I≥chp À´hp ¬{‰≥— hŒBº®hœ⁄ j´hÈ®i ∆W‚Gœ’BÀ≥„ ∆NBÀ mÛ‚G„ ¬kc®h‚mNfi jÒmœÀ ‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi.

jÒDfi À´hp ¶„wÀ¤œ’ ¬’ß™ ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp m£˜„ ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi {ºœ¤ & 1.

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

4

} ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥ mBbjeB<' B j

1.

p/ p/

2.

mfbg oqMg¾gBk lt je§ cele mg&lg kgnBc Ü/s mBbjeB
3.

p/ p/

mBbjeB
cele cele

cele

$ $$

(p/p/) $$

keBb/cg Yt
1

Of Of } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥, Of Of } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥.

2

¬}≥n ¬À3_rW® æ ¤≥£ {≥À≥ }roº i‰fi Û3‘f } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥. ¬}≥n ‘O±fi h2™3 ‘À≥‘h≥ ¶– {≥À≥ ‘}≥flÀfi– m2»‘‰≥ æX } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥ (Of Of)

3

h≥ f– M4_`Ò }}c }}c ‘hoeÒ h4±}r g ‘À≥‘h≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥. L f– ‘‰®i ¬f, ‘À4»offi Or2®i ¬} ‘Oh3ºŒ m2»‘‰≥ æX } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥ (Of Of)

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

5

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

mÕ2fl 1

h"B¾ 1

m≥Õfi 1

‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ j“Bºhp & ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ …GÎ [˜c j“Bº®hp (TiÛf≥h mfÒmNBÀ‚ ‘mDmœ’) ∆OrÎ & Dpg¾g

D∆ Ew F R G T [ ◊ ∑ Ô Sj J≠ AÙ >• (∆oÀ≥h mfÒmNBÀ‚ ‘mDmœ’)

+ ’ \ | cK „± „Ú cŒ W° Q D² Dd •⁄ ∆fi ∆S ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

6

∆h¤¬{Pf ‘{» j“Bº®hp Ù^Î & Ahg¾g

k ; ' l h / <

h afl k Õ Õ {> À J m S f ¥ _ w

K : " L H j m

ÀÎÎ &

h2 h 2

k ∏>

Õ2 f> À2 ⁄ m2 _fl ¤ u } ∑

i p [ o y n u

h3 @ O1 À Õ3 ¤> À3 I m3 O ‰ C S Ô

I P { O Y b N

h4 k 2

O ¶ Õ4 ‰> À4 — m4 b ’ ƒ ⁄ [

U } C ¾ c M ½

@ ¤>. A m ∏ ’ ¶ } { E ‹ ∆ b ◊

l¾g¾g ([˜c ‘{» j“Bº®hp)

k h ke h≥ @ e 2 ¯ kg i kt Á ks ‘h kq ¬h ka‘h≥ kf ¬h≥ k= ®Œ k¥ ®K k ®± k ®Ú kw œh

‘

kr‘h⁄ k²

hfi

kd hS

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

7

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

mÕ2fl 2 g æ ∆Tfl ºTfl mXÀ  ’ci3 ‘h≥‡F m™2F ‘h2≥p‘k ¬h4c s4B h’≥‡3 À3≥c ^XF O F hp‘Ofi M4® ‘À3≥‘⁄≥ ‘À3≥X‘h≥ ¶≥® h≥fl S≥B À3≥B ¤≥ß k≥cm≥Æ ¬{‘O Sro O2≥‡3 h»‘‰≥ ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ }≥p Àflº3 m4≥B ’B‘À≥ m‘Õ≥

h"B¾ 2 ¤ lt D£B¾ lg£B¾ hBmlBb bBjig kaB'Í hØÍ KaBN;s IqBj äBl kbeB[ oeBj hgBmÍ pBbÍ kBNpsBc YtBk oaNa oaBmka ¾eBk keB¾ ueBl oeBl jeBC ;eBjhe» cqps ug& PeB[ kB/na haBNNa meBN lB¾og YeBl bBlla h'a

m≥Õfi 2 ¶≥Ò ˚ ¶≥´hp ˚´hp ^BÀhfi ’i‚^ m‰‚mfi ’≥≈‚^ ho QN t’c hÀn ’≥k„ ¢¶≥ ¢œÕ h≥eÀfi m≈ hß Àœ‰ Ì®i h≥º œh m„ h≥N ¶≥∞h≥… ¬{œk mpR {¤fi h≥» mJfi ‘¶„ ∆o≈ k≥Àfi ‘k≥„ ∆fiT

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

8

uakBN Üba OBbja mBllg £Bllg ÓÅ KBppg oaBbja pBbCa ogBi¾a jfBi cia jsBUig h
‘S≥hp Û3‘’≥ À4 ‘¤≥ }Bº TBº …G h2µOr ‘À3≥ ‘¤≥ O ‘∏≥ º3®3‘¶≥ ¬¤≥®3 {‘h≥3 ‘¤´i3 m_rB h^X

mÕ2fl3 }´®‘f≥ ¬f≥® ˙3 ˙2fl k≥c m≥Ï” ¬}≥ }≥B w‡ ‘¶≥  ‘À3X ¢®3f≥c m3≥c ¬Àc ‘k≥ B3 m2flÀ3c ‘}≥’p }BÀc ∆Õ2≥c Ù®˚X

h"B¾3

mBUBK/a /fBk ü þB¾ ;eBj heB}B; mf meBl EB' ¾aBb osBm ÖBi/eBj yeBj lqBj ;aBbBo HB¾oBj mabBN mBllBj D"eBj ABkím

[¤„ ¢⁄®i ¬h≥¢„ [ßœ{ ‘m≥» j“Bº ^ß eJ’Ò ’≥…mÒ ’… ¬¶≥» ÀP k≥ffi m‡N mŒBÛ,mÏt

m≥Õfi 3 jß ÙÒD ∑¤ßN ÌÒD ¶≥Òi °flº wD ≠“ j‡N ÙÒmº mBº mÛ‘—≥ÒD mÒ>¤ßN mÛÒ ÌÒD mÛ—≥Òi mÛœ—flº mÛ—≥D mÛ¬—“ mÛ‘—‡N mB‘À≥Òmº

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

9

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

QX ˙X kRX ‘m≥fl¶≥X }≥‡ ©c ∆˛ ¶’B ¬}≥n }}c ‘‰®i ¬h≥™ ¬f≥h⁄ QX ˙3f⁄ ˙X ˙2¶⁄ kRX k≥¤⁄ ‘m≥fl¶≥X m≥Ïk⁄ }≥‡ ¬}≥’⁄ ©c }≥À⁄ ∆˛ wÕ⁄ ¶’B ‘¶≥ ’⁄ ¬}≥n ‘k≥ À3⁄ ¬}≥n Ù®˚}⁄ }}c }≥Õ⁄ }}c

öBm ñBm ;÷Bm haB¾¾Bem meB' xBj DX ¾bBl mfbg mmBj nsBkkg kfÆ /fkN öBm ü/N ÑBm þ¾N ;÷Bm ;ejN haB¾¾eBm heB};N meB' mfbN xBj melN DX E'N ¾bBl ¾aBbbN mfbg ;aBboN mfbg ABkímN mmBj me'N mmBj

mÕ2fl 4 ¬h≥fl ‘h≥‘h3≥ h‘h3≥ e‘}≥/¬h≥¶® ¬h≥‡ ‘h2≥‚3‘m3≥ ‘h≥h3‘‰flÀ h≥‘f≥ eB‘h eB‘h≥ ¬h≥‘¶

∑Œmº –‚mº ¶≥∞mº °fimº ∆Dmº j“mº jßmº ‘À≥ß∫ØD ÃD w˜¤fi ∑‰‡kfi ¬h≥™ 21 32 43 54 65 76 87 98 109 114 1019 1060

h"B¾ 4 m≥Õfi 4

kfB¾ kaia kia @ma/kf¾Bk kfB' KaByya kainsB¾l ke/a @Blks @Blka kf¾s

f≥c jÀ∞i ≠Ò j‚m™ j´¬h j‚‘m≥“º jÀ—≥„ jÒ— jBÀœ— j ’⁄n jº

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

10

g ¤¬{H

¤ jcqB< ¶≥Ò ¤¬{H ‘{≥c ¶≥  ¤¬{H

caBj ¾eBb jcqB< jÒ ‘mfc ¤¬{H æ ¬h≥Î?

lt kf¾g? ˚ f≥c? ‘À≥c ¶≥  h≥‘f≥?

laBj ¾eBb ke/a? [Ò ‘mfc jÒ—? ∆Tfl {≥∏nfl

D£B¾ ceCbgB¾ ¶≥´hp {≥∏’chp ∆fi‘¤ Sro ‘‰i3B‘À≥ ¬}B‘À DBcjs ug& nsigBlla mqBlls j´hp mpR ∆Œe„ ∑Œ®eIº. ºTfl ¬h≥‡ O≥o‘f≥?

lg£B¾ kfB' pe&/a? ˚´hp j´¬h ¬m≥edchp? ∆Tfl ∆^„ ¬h4c O≥o‘f≥. D$B¾ DhgBn IqBj pe&/a. ¶≥´hp j´hp Q‡™∞i‚ ¬m≥e¬I≥fi. ∆Xefl ∆^‰^„ ¬h4c O≥o‘f≥. DBm@B¾ DhgnhgBn IqBj pe&/a. j„‰≥Œfi À´hp À´hp Q‡™∞i‚ ¬m≥e¬I≥fi ºfi‘¤ ’ci3fi eB‘h {≥∏nfl? lgBcjs bBjigBc @Blks ceCbgB¾? [´hp ’i‚G„ jBÀœ— {≥∏’chp? ¬f≥® ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ eB‘h≥? /fBk haBNNa @Blka? ÙŒ mJfi j ’⁄n?

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

11

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

eB‘h ‘m≥p⁄≥fl m‘O? @Blks haBNNeB¾ hps? jBÀœ— mJ´hp ¬’ßNfi? ’B3f≥c ‘h2≥‚3‘m3≥ ∆’fl? bBo/eBj KaByya DbB¾? w≈ofc j‚‘m≥“º ’Œ’≥c? ’B3f≥c ‘¶≥  h4≥N® ∆’fl

bBo/eBj ¾aBb Ie'gBk DbB¾ w≈ofc ÙÒmº {£®i ’Œ’≥c. Sro ‘À3X}r h4≥N® Scfim4fi ug& osBmmg Ie'gBk uBjc B YBc mpR mBº {£®iB ‘À≥Õ®hfi.

mÕ2fl 5

h"B¾ 5 S¾a F¾a S¾gB¾ F/a F/q S¾g ls¾a Ѿa ls¾gB¾ l B /a l B /q ls¾g

j‘¶≥ ∑‘¶≥ jÎfl ∑‘f≥ ∑¬f jÎ ‘À‘¶≥ Û‘¶≥ ‘ÀÎfl B‘f≥ B¬f ‘ÀÎ

m≥Õfi 5 ∑’Ò ∑’p ∑’chp ∑º ∑œ’ ∑’c ∆’Ò ∆’p ∆’chp ∆º ∆œ’ ∆’c

∑‘f≥ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c

F/a DBcjs IqBj ∑º j´hp QN. j‘¶≥ ‘{≥c m4» S¾a caBj YB/ ∑’Ò jÒ ÀfiG ∑‘¶≥ ‘{≥c ‘m4»fl F¾a caBj YsB/¾ B ∑’p jÒ À´œh ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

12

jÎ ¬h≥Î?

S¾g kf¾g? ∑’c f≥c? ‘ÀÎ ∆fi‘¤ ¬m3≥

ls¾g DBcjs yf ∆’c j´hp ÀflœÀ. ‘ÀÎfl ¬h≥Î?

ls¾gB¾ kf¾g? ∆’chp f≥c? ‘ÀÎfl ‘{≥c ˛´h3˜ºfl.

ls¾gB¾ caBj XBUi¹lgB¾ ∆’chp jÒ ≈¬¶eÀchp. Û‘¶≥ ‘À≥c ˛´h3Ûf≥? Ѿa kaBj XBUiÑ/e? ∆’p [Ò ≈¬¶eÛf≥? Û‘¶≥ ‘{≥c ‘m4»Î ˛´h3Û. Ѿa caBj YsB/¾g XBUiÑ. ∆’p jÒ À´œh˜Ò ≈¬¶eÛ. ∆XeÎ } ¤≥H‡o ∑h3¤≥X®f≥? DBm@¾g mBbjeB
lsBUka mBbjeB
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

13

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 3

∆fi‘¤ ¬m ≥ }ch≥Œ h≥fi }≥o‘f≥.

DBcja yf mBjkejg keBc me&/a j´hp ∆‚m≥ ∆¤k≥´h ¬’œ‰ m≥c®eI≥c. ∆Tfl Lf‘’X, ¶{Xh≥c. D£B¾ 0/bsBm, ¾cBmkeBj ¶≥´hp ¬m≥» ’Œe¬I≥fi, ’∏®hfi. æ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c w .

lt DBcjs IqBj EBb ˚ j´hp Q‡™∞i ’≥. g ‘}≥flÀ3® Qp‘Õ≥ ∆n. ¤ maB¾oBk öBN'a Dbg ¶≥Ò ¶≥œ⁄ {≥œ‰˜„ ’Œ¬’Ò. h≥G sÛ O’≥». keÅ åÑ pbeB/ h≥G i™Bº¢‡N‚ ¬m≥h‰≥fi. ’‘Õ3≥ ‘{p‘⁄≥ h2‘’≥.

b[a csBNNa Kba ’œÕ ÁÕ k≥‚GN´hp. Or2®i ‘}≥fl¬À≥H PgBkkg maB¾lfB< Thnfi {ez”≈. O2≥N3fi ≈®3‘‰≥ À4{¬¤X. pe[gBc *Bina OcjqBm {¤BÛ„ ∆£„ •NeIº. ¯}rfl ‘{p‘⁄≥ ¬}B‘À.

2mgB¾ csBNNa mqBlls i¤´ihp ÁÕ ∑Œ®eÒI—.

mÕ2fl 6

h"B¾ 6

m≥Õfi 6

‘’º3c’BÀ≥Ò bsogbBjBlleB¾ ∆‘’≥ Dba ’≥Œ´hp

jÛc‘k≥∞hp O‘’≥ pba ¬m≥´hp

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

14

∆h≥H

M4Ï»

DkeB< wh≥ffi [Ï‘k≥

YtB}B/ MT h2„‘‰≥

GB};a ¬{¬‰

KBnna ¯¬J

[µ’≥®

‘{≥¤fl

GBpbeBk GI‚^

cajB¾ ∑I‚^

≠‡

¬À‡

JB' ∑´¬h Ùp‘Õ≥

lqB' ∆´¬h Or2®i

ABN'a ‘h≥Ïkfi

PgBkkg ∆Ûhfi

h‘⁄≥

SrO≥p

kNa hŒ‚^ i3p‘⁄

ugpeBN ‘’pœ⁄ ‘h≥N3®

igBNNs ∑>‚^

ka[gBk hk‚^

h»‘‰≥

‘m≥p‘⁄≥

kB/na h≥»

haBNNa mJfi

ißN

‘}c‘h≥

kgBC'g À’D h3≥‡3

msBjka ko [®e

ieB[ ^œÀ ˙3 X

GBk@ GN´i ¤≥B

üBm mh„ ¬À2≥ 

jeBl ∑¤n ¬S‡3

LfBb œ’

uqB[ jN

15

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 3

3

4

À ‘À ≥

m»

ooa ∆ß∏Ò º3cm3p

YB/ ÀfiG ‘{≥º3¤R

ogBjyBN ≠œJ

caogj÷ m∏®h≥¤Ò

‘m≥„‰fi

T‡‘Õ≥

haBnnBc mp⁄fi ‚¤≥‘{≥

£B''a ¬{N B3¬’_r

Bhjeca ∆Ò^ G4BÀc

Bobq
ÄBllBj [p¬⁄ G3c‘}≥

YjeB' ‘’R¬f SpÈ

¢Bjma ¬’h{≥h G„‘‰≥

uBNNg ‘{º’≥h ‘À3≥ ‘¤≥

ÅBnna iJflœÀ

oaBbja eJ’Ò

¬f≥i

∆¬¶i

/fkg ÙÒD ‘O2‘Õ3≥

D¾qkg m‰ ‘}´i3

Ps[a mœh

maBUig ¶‡^ ¬À4c

¬}≥‡3

mfB[ ¢N ‘}≥fi^

OqBj G™ º3h≥p

maBchg ∑Òmfi

ogkeBN ºÒmfi

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

16

‘}≥fi{c

mXh‡

maBccBj jÛo„

hBmkB' GÒ—≥„

S≥»

¶≥:

ueB/ wfi

¾ B ue ∆„‰

Srfl‘¶≥

˛p‘⁄≥

ugB¾¾a ¸N

XBNNa iRc”≈

mÕ2fl 7

h"B¾ 7

csBllB¾ KsÆB¾ mgBkks ABnna GB[[a c× XBNN ugB¾¾ ÍB;;g KaByyÑ igBNNs ka[g ÑBkks DBcyB' KsjgB[ kBmÍ pscB¾ igBNNg jgB;* leBk Os» OgBl ‘À≥c w´i3 ‘{BÀflh ¬}. laBj EBUig csBllB¾k mq. [Ò [Õ„ TŒº’≥h ∑Œ®eIº. ‘{BÀfl ‘h2™fl }r®‘h Ù„‘‰≥ [‡3‘Õ≥3 {Í ˛p⁄ Srfl¶ F”t ‘h2≥‚3m3Û i3p‘⁄ ‘h≥N3 Û®‘h ∆fim3‡ ‘h2Œ‡3 hXF ‘O{fl i3pÈ Œ”≈ À≥® ‘À4Æ æ3B

m≥Õfi 7 TŒº’≥— [DÛf≥— [‰cflÀ Ô¤fi [ŒßœÕ ∆“®h≥— iRcflÀ ¸Õ≥— Û—fl¬À≥Dfi j‚¬m≥À≥’º ∑>‚^ hk‚^ [œI‚^/ h≥¤fi ^R‚^ [’c‚^ º’c‚^ ¢Œflº ‘’„‰fi tœ’ ¬{≥c À˜c m≥„

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

S‚mp ‘h2™flh ¬}, k’≥‘¤F. uBhhBN KsÆB¾k mq, ;beksÍ. m≥®i [DÛf≥h ∑Œ®eIº, ‘{„‰ –™f¢„œ‰. ‘m≥3‡‘Õ≥ Ù„‰h ¬}, }r®e‘¤F. yaB''a ABnnk mq, mgBk@jsÍ. º£ Ô¤{≥h ∑Œ®eIº, [‰¤¢„œ‰. k‘m≥, ‘Àph‡ –o ‘S≥»‘f. ;ha, lsBNkB' cg& uaB//s. m≥», Àœ‰fœ∏ ∆“®h≥e ¢‡Õ—. h”k h„‘‰≥ ‘h≥N3 ¤≥:»

kB;; kBmma ka[g BjueB/ m”œk‚ m≥h∞h≥» hk‚m≥h ∑Œ®ifi. ˛p⁄ mFfi w´i3 æ4  XBNN hÍBc EBUig OgBb iRcflÀ ˚o„ [Õ„ h“n (iR) mF Srfl¶ ‘ho F’™3 ‘m‘¶≥. hÍ ugB¾¾ ks& ÍbÇ hs¾a ÀßËœ¤” ¸Õ≥®e w∞P® i™®h ¬’ßNfi. ¶‘¤Èfl [‡3‘Õ3≥ [‡3‘Õ3≥h ¬} ¾jsNgB¾ GB[[a GB[[ak mq ¬À´h≥»hp [ŒßœÕ [ŒßœÕf≥h [p⁄—. ∆ ‘¤ ¬h4Œ }≥fi– ‘À≥‚m„ ¬}B‘À. DBbjs Iqjg meBccg laBhhBn mqBlls j´hp Q‡™∞i jÛo„ i⁄fi ∑Œ®eIº. ºTfl s2c ‘h2≥‚3‘m≥3 ∆’fl? lg£B¾ ¬Bj KaByya DbB¾? ˚´hp gßNfi j‚¬m≥º ’ŒQchp? j„‘f≥ }fl‘¶ ’B‘À≥

SBn/a mB¾¾s bBlla ∑º ‘m≥º ’≥cBœÀ }fl‘¶ À≥2fi– ∆Xefl ∆’fl. mB¾¾s LeBccg DBm@B¾ DbB¾ ‘m≥º ∑ÕBÛ„ j„‰≥Œfi ’Œ’≥chp. wfi O2≥‡3 Or2i _≥h2≥fl ‘}≥Õ3». EBc PeB[ Pgkg<eKeB¾ ma[B/. {≥{¤fi ∆Ûh eœ⁄hp ¢Nfi.

17

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

18

À≥™ O2≥N3fi _≥h2≥fl [fl‘¶≥.

leÆ Pe[gBc <eKeB¾ GB¾¾a mœ— {¤BÛ„ eœ⁄hp iœIn. ∆fi‘⁄≥ h2‘fB ¬m≥N® ‘k≥®h‡. DBcNa K/sBl hf'gBk ;aBkkB' ‘¶„…®h≥» ÛÒI≥„ ’˜∞D®i ¶„‰º. ’ph≥ Gfl‘À3≥ Œ”≈h ¤≥:». bBNke ÅB¾oa jgB;*k BjueB/ ‘’p⁄o‚ GÏt tœ’f≥h ∑Œ®ifi. ¬m3≥Œ ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ ∆fim3‡i3p‘⁄h ¤≥:» yfjg haBNNa DBcyB'igBNNsk BjueB/ ∑‰flœÀ‚ mJfi ^R‚^fi ∑>‚^{≥» ∑Œ®ifi. ‘Àc}r F”t m4µÓ h2‘¶≥. lsBjmg ÍB;;g YBp) K¾a ‘À≥Õcflº Û—–fi ¯œ¤ k≥‚GÕ ¬’ßNfi. ’´e3 O2‡eÎfi ‘hRfl ‰»¬¤X. bBU$ PB'@¾gBc ks÷B¾ nB/jsBm hBÀo” ‘k™hR„ ∆Œfi^hp –œ⁄Bºp⁄—. ¬À3n ^O≥® M2„ m‘O. oqbg hgpeBk HtBn hps ‘À»’ MœO®i M ¬’ßNfi. ¬hÈ m≥Îfi m4≥B h2≥B‘À ‘k≥®h‡. kqNg he¾gBc YeBl KeBlls ;aBkkB'. ’≥œJ ∑œ‰˜„ k≥Àfi k≥‚GN’º ¶„‰º.

mÕ2fl 8

h"B¾ 8

m≥Õfi 8

‘{≥‘h≥ ∑}F }≥¶‘h≥

caka FmÍ me¾ka jÒœ— ∑ ’≥D m≥c®h≥¬À ‘{≥‘h≥ Àfi‘m3 ¬m4≥c mF m‘O cala lBcys YfBj hÍ hps j—®i ‘k≥fi^ FœIf ÀßËc ¬’ßNfi. ∆fi‘h≥ ¬À‡ ‘m3≥’¤≥X. DBcka lsB' yabjeBm j´hœ⁄ ∆´i Á‚GNeI≥chp. ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

19

∆fi‘h≥ h» ‘¶≥®‘h≥.

DBcka kB/ ¾aBkka. j´hÈ®i jºnfi ¬’ßÕ≥fi. [—®i / [Òœ— laka [´hÈ®i / [´hœ⁄ lgBcka ∆’W®i / ∆’œ— lska ∆’chÈ®i / ∆’chœ⁄ lsBUka ∑’W®i / ∑’œ— Ska ∑’chÈ®i / ∑’chœ⁄ SBUka ∆’È®i / ∆’œ⁄ Ñka ∑’È®i / ∑’œ⁄ Fka f≥Œ®i / f≥œ¤ kaBUka ‘{≥cS≥„ ∑‘f h≥fi ‘h¤fl –}r¶≥ caBjueBn F/s keBc ksjB¾ cgmg¾e jÒ—≥„ ∑flÀ ¬’œ‰ ‘k»f –™f≥º ‘À3≥ ¤≥flS≥„ À4{fl –}r¶≥ ‘À≥‘h≥ ºfi‘h≥ ‘À‘h≥ ‘À´‘h≥ j‘h≥ j´‘h≥ Û‘h≥ ∑‘h≥ ‘h≥´‘h≥

oaBbjeB¾ueBn OcB¾ cgmg¾e eJ’ch⁄≥„ •Õ –™f≥º yŒfi v: mF ‘kflÛ3

vjgBc j B v hÍ ;sB¾Ü e∏∞P…Œflº ÀßËc ∑œI. j„‘f≥ ‘{≥c ‘m3≥®3i3 SBn/a caBj yaBiig ∑º jÒWœÕf ^BÀhfi ‘À„‘f≥ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c lsBn/a DBcjs IqBj ∆º j´hp QN ‘Àh ‘m»‘¶≥

lsk hsB/¾a ∆’WœÕf ¬m—≥ Ûh ‘h3≥∏fi Ñk iaCBc ∆’ÈœÕf m≥’≥œÕ ∆fim3≥‘h } ‘‰≥ DBcyeks mBbna ∆fi{≥¢Ò ¬kœ‰ ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

20

ÌcÛ‘h m≥Õ}≥‘‰≥

ctBjÑks he'mena ÌcBÛ˜Ò mpR ‘À´h ¬m3≥ lsBUk yf ∆’chÈœÕf ∆‚m≥ mFfi {:R Ó’¬¤X

hÍBc c B u÷ )bjqBm ˚o„ gÒ ’≥zeIº mFfi Û¤BÀ® ˛®e¬‰

hÍBc ÑjBllBk XBk@nq ˚o„ ˚flÀ® h∞D®‘h≥p ‘h4≥fi‘{≥ IaBcca Q‡™„ SΩÎfi

ut¾gBc ‘’˜…„ }rflº3Œfi mgB¾ogjgBc hÕ…„ ‘h≥N3fi– ka[gBccg iÕBÛ„ Û¢ ¬S≥c ª´e3

ÑÖ ufBj VBU$ ‘mÏt gº ≠D ∆p‘Õ≥ ¬S≥c {ÏÓo G3˛‘¤X

DBN'a ufBj cB})& ¢XjsBm m¤ß ¬{„ Mœ— [‡h≥cflÛŒ®eIº ‘hfiG3 ¬S≥c k‰oX ksBc¢ ufBj ;n&Bm hfiG gº ¶Õ®eI≥p ‘{≥c‘f≥ ∆fi‘¤‘f≥

caBj/a DBcjs/a

jÒWœÕfº j´hÈœÕfº

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

21

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

‘À≥c‘f≥ ºfi‘¤‘f≥ ‘Àh‘f≥ ‘À´h‘f≥ Ûh‘f≥ ‘h≥´h‘f≥ ¯HN‘f≥ ’B}‰≥‘f≥ Sro m3≥‰Sro w¤fim3Sro {B3fSro [ÏkSro {S≥Sro ¢X’Sro }c’h‰≥Sro

laBj/a lgBcjs/a lsk/a lsBBUk/a Ñk/a kaBUk/a 2B<'g/a bBlmne/a ug& yenug& EjBcyug& cBo/ug& GB};ug& cueug& ÖBM B bug& mBjbkneug&

mÕ2fl 9 ∆fi‘m3≥ ¬m3≥ À3‘À3≥ ‘m3» m4» ‘m4»fl {‘{≥ { ˛ { ‘}≥ }‘⁄≥ m4‘’≥ }R m4¢ ‘m4≥O˜ ¬O‡2 ‘OÕ2F ‘À3’c ‘À3 ¤F m4’ß

h"B¾ 9

DBcya yf ooa ysB/ YB/ YsB/¾ B cca cBbX cBbma mNa Yba m÷ YÖ Yap¹ pqB" ps"Í osbBj osBbjÍ YbBC

[ÒWœÕfº [´hÈœÕfº ∆’WœÕfº ∆’chÈœÕfº ∆’ÈœÕfº f≥ŒœÕfº eŒH∏WœÕfº ’Bk‰≥nœÕfº mpR®ÁÕfi m≥‰c mpR ‘À≥Õ®h‚mpR ¶NFœ‰‚ mpR [fcFœ‰‚ mpR h„Úo [‰h‚mpR m„hœ‰®hJhfi

m≥Õfi 9 ∆fi{≥ ∆‚m≥ ∆ß∏Ò ∆®h≥p ÀfiG À´œh {≥{≥ ≈BÛ ≈BÀ‚m≥ {”≈—Ò {”k≥Ò ‘h≥“flÛ ∆ߣ ÀfiG {œ—¢ h∏’>Ò ∆ß∏Ò •¤hBÛ (ÌBÀ’p) ‘h≥“flÀÒ •¤hBÛ (∑œ⁄f’p) G¤≥{∏Ò

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

22

YBb§B¾ bB/[s bB/ÇB¾ hajB' haBNÆB¾ i{≥c ¶}r¤≥„ ^2’¬¤X kgceBj ¾mgjeBn HgbjqBm i{≥c ¶≥ÀX’¤fi ◊ºeI≥Ò ¶RF ¯3B h3’oX ¾÷Í 4Bl ib&Bm ¶R> m≥‡N m≥NeI≥p. À3‘À3≥ ‘m3≥‡‘Õ≥ i3ÏO‘¤X ooa yaB''a igB}pjsBm ∆ß∏Ò º£ ºœ’®eI≥(Ò)c m4¢ i3Ï‘O ‘m3≥‡‘Õ≥ G⁄oX YÖ igB}ps yaB''a ÅN&Bm ∆ߣ ºœ’BÀ º£œf‚ G¨eI≥p m4 £fl ’»‘Õ3 ’»™3fl ‘m≥¤‡ ‘m≥p™fl

G¤≥{∏BÛ ∆fim‡ÕÒ ∆fim‡ÕBÛ ’ß∏≥Ò ’ß∏≥BÛ

{‘{≥ ‘m≥‡Õ≥X ∆¶‘¤X.

cca haB''eBm D¾jsBm {≥{≥ m‡Õ≥t ‘h≥ßN ’ŒeI≥c. { ˛ Àflº3 h∏oX cBbX lB¾og kC&Bm ≈BÛ ∆o≈ i∞DeI≥(p)c ¬h≥Û ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ h2≥‘¤X kfÑ haBNNa KejsBm i¤´i mJfi k≥‚GNeIº. º3‘Õ≥3 æ3B ¬m‘¤X og[a ogBl hqjsBm hÒD m≥„ i™®eIº. h3≥» æ3B ¬À3‘¤X ieB/ ogBl oqjsBm mt m≥„ ÀŒeIº. m4’ß ¬’B3 ∑h3Õ3‘¤X YbBC bqBo Fi[jsBm G¤≥{∏Ò ¬’Àfi h∞G®eI≥c ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

23

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 4

3

2

3

m  £fl ¯ B ˛h Õ oX

yBb§B¾ 4l XK[&Bm G¤≥{∏BÛ m≥‡N h∞G®eI≥p Û‘¶≥ ‘À4Æ i3}r⁄oX Ѿa Os» igmgN&Bm ∆’p À˜c hœÕeI≥p ∑‘¶≥ SpÈ ∆’oX

F¾a uBNNg Db&Bm ∑’p ‘{º’≥h ’ŒeI≥p ∑‘f ‘m3‡3e ¬h3≥‘¤≥h ¬} F/s ysB[@ ifjak mq ∑flÀ‚ ‘mß ≈’‚m≥h ∑Œ®eI≥p B‘f ‘m3‡3‘h≥ h≥‘⁄≥h ¬}. Bl/s ysB[ka keNak mq ∆flÀ‚ œmfÒ hD‚m≥h ∑Œ®eI≥Ò ‘h4≥‘Õ3≥ [Ï‘k≥h ¬}. Ia[a GB};ak mq iÛœ¤ [f¤{≥h ∑Œ®eIº. ’ci3fi ˙X ‘OÎ ¬}. bBjigBc ñBm ps¾g mq ’i‚G„ –‚mº ¬mc ∑Œ®eI≥chp.

mÕ2fl 10 ‘m3‡3‘h≥ ‘m3‡3h≥fl ‘m3‡3e ‘m3‡3efl ‘{F® ‘{fl®f≥fl ¬h4c ‘h4¤≥fl O2≥‡3 O2Õ3≥fl ‘m≥4fl‘¶≥ ‘m4≥fl¶≥fl h3≥»

h"B¾ 10 ysB[ka ysB[keB¾ ysB[@ ysB[ B @B¾ csÍBk csB¾k B /eB¾ IqBj IsjeB¾ PeB[ P[eB¾ YaB¾¾a YaB¾¾eB¾ ieB/

m≥Õfi 10 œmfÒ œmfÒhp ‘mß ‘mßhp {>ÀÒ {>Àchp QN QNhp {¤fi {¤´hp iÕfi iÕ´hp mt

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

24

h3≥˜fl ‘h3≥Œ ‘h3≥Œfl mXÀ  m}Ànfl ¶‘¤p ¶‘¤Èfl h ‘⁄≥ h ⁄≥fl ÎZŒ ÎSrfl ‘m4≥ß∏–fl

ie¹B¾ iajg iajgB¾ hBmlBb hmkbgB¾ ¾jsBN ¾jsNgB¾ kBbNa kBbNeB¾ B¾ugjg ¾gugB¾ YaBCCcgB¾

mt®hp {≥N {≥Nhp ^BÀhfi ^BÀh´hp ¬À´h≥» ¬À´h≥»hp h≥®œh h≥®œhhp iJflœÀ iJflœÀhp ‘m≥Œ‡hp

¶µ‘O ‘m4≥ß∏–fl h2≥¶≥´‘h≥

¾Bpps YaBCCcgB¾ Ke¾eBUka ‘h‡Õ ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄” k≥‚GÕ≥˙chp ¶µ‘O ‘m4≥ß∏fi h2≥¶‘h≥ ¾Bpps yaBCCBc Ke¾ka ‘h‡Õ ‘m≥Œœ⁄” k≥‚GÕ≥¬À mXÀ  h2p‘⁄. hBmkBb KBNNs ^BÀhBœÀ jNBº® ‘h≥p. ¶‘¤p h2pÈ‘’≥. ¾jsBN KBNNgba ¬À´h≥» jNBº® ‘h≥pÈ´hp m4≥Õ≥fi ˙3 ¬m≥ifi O2Õ3≥fl ¬}. Ye'eBc ü hfkgBc P[eB¾ mq m≥œÀ˜„ ∑¤ßN m®h–fi {¤´hp ∑Œ®eÒI—. h3≥» À4{¬¤X ieB/ OcjqBm mt •NeIº. h3≥˜fl À4{¬¤X. ie¹B¾ OcjqBm mt®hp ÙNeÒI—.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

25

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 3

4

‘h ≥Œ À {¬¤X

iajg OcjqBm {≥N •NeIº. ‘h3≥Œfl À4{¬¤X. iajgB¾ OcjqBm {≥Nhp •NeÒI—. ‘m3‡3‘h≥ ‘k À3¬¤X. ysB[ka ;sBbojqBm œmfÒ m™®eI≥Ò ‘m3‡h≥fl ‘k À3¤≥X ysB'keB¾ ;sBbojeBm œmfÒhp m™®eI≥chp ‘m3‡3e h2⁄oX ysB[@ KN&Bm ‘mß ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥p ‘m3‡3efl h2⁄¤≥X ysB[@B¾ KNjeBm ‘mßhp ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥chp ‘{F® h≥–fl ‘h¤¬¤X

csÍBk kecgB¾ ksjjqBm {>ÀÒ ¬’œ‰hp ‘k»eI≥Ò ‘{fl®f≥fl h≥fi ‘h¤¤≥X.

csB¾Bk/eB¾ keBc ksjjeBm {>Àchp ¬’œ‰ ‘k»eI≥chp m¿fl SrÕ3¬¤X h-B¾ ug[jqBm mIœ’hp mI®eÒI—.

mÕ2fl 11 ∆‘’X

DbsBm

∆ ™3¬f≥

DBbÇ/f

h"B¾ 11

m≥Õfi 11 ’fl¬ÀÒ, ’flÀ≥Ò, ’flÀº, ’flÀ≥» ’flº ¢‡¬ÕÒ, ’flº ¢‡Õ≥Ò, ’flº ¢‡Õº, ’flº ¢‡Õ≥»,

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

26

∆¢X

DÖBm

∆ ™3

DBbÇ

∆’≥X

DbeBm

∆ ™3f≥

DBbÇ/e

h2‘fX

K/sBm

h2»Û‘f≥

KB/Ñ/a

h2˜X

K¹Bm

h2»Û

KB/Ñ

h2f≥X

K/eBm

h2»Ûf≥

KB/Ñ/e

G3‘}X

¢msBm

G3˛„…™3¬f≥ ¢XBnÓÇ/f

G3˛X

¢XBm

(‘m) ’fl¬ÀÒ, ’flÀ≥p, ’flÀ≥» (‘m) ’flº ¢‡¬ÕÒ, ’flº¢‡≥p, ’flº ¢‡Õ≥» ’flÀ≥chp, ’fl¬À≥fi, ’fl˙chp,’flº ¢‡]chp ’flº ¢‡Õ≥chp, ’flº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi, ’flº ¢‡]chp k≥‚G‡¬ÕÒ, k≥‚G‡Õ≥», k≥‚G‡Õ≥Ò, k≥‚G‡Õº k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬ÕÒ, k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥», k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥Ò, k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õº k≥‚G‡¬ÕÒ (‘m), k≥‚G‡Õ≥»(‘m), k≥‚G‡Õ≥p. k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬ÕÒ(‘m), k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥»(‘m), k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥p k≥‚G‡¬Õ≥fi, k≥‚G‡]chp, k≥‚G‡Õ≥chp k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬Õ≥fi, k≥‚G‡N ¢‡]chp, k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥chp. [‡h≥cfl¬ÀÒ, [‡h≥cflÀ≥», [‡h≥cflÀ≥Ò, [‡h≥cflÀº. [‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬ÕÒ, [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥», [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥Ò, [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õº. [‡h≥cfl¬ÀÒ (‘m), [‡h≥cflÀ≥» (‘m) [‡h≥cflÀ≥p.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

27

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 3

G ˛„…™

3

¢XBnÓÇ

G3}≥X

¢meBm

G3˛„…™3f≥

¢XBnÓÇ/e

[‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬ÕÒ(‘m), [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥», [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥p [‡h≥cfl¬À≥fi, [‡h≥cfl˙chp, [‡h≥cflÀ≥chp. [‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi, [‡h≥cflº ¢‡]chp, [‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥chp.

g Ùß‘Õ ¶i„ ˛‘fX.

¤ ABC's ¾kgBn X/sBm. ¶≥Ò ÙŒ ¯oœf‚ m≥cB¬ÀÒ. ∆T ‘h2≥‘‰≥ ˛f≥X D£ Kana X/eBm. ¶≥´hp ¶oœf‚ m≥cB¬À≥fi. ºT h≥» h≥» ˛f≥X?

lg£ keB/ keB/ X/eBm? ˚´hp jÒ‘—Ò— m≥cB˙chp ? ‘ÀÎ ‘}BÀŒ–X v:™3f≥.

ls¾g msBllkgcgBm BjvÇ/e. ∆’chp kBÛ¤BÛ¬‰¬f ∑Œflº ¢‡Õ≥chp. ∑flº3 }¤p ©Û À4T ∆ ™3. FB¾og mjBN xÑ O£ DBb B Ç. ∑flº •∏≥œ—‚ m≥cBº ¢‡N •™ ’flº ¢‡Õ≥p. g Ùß‘Õ m3h3≥ G„‘‰≥ ‘À3®eX. ¤ ABC's yie ÅBnna osBk@Bm ¶≥Ò(‘m) ÙŒ ‘h≥®i® iÏt h߬ÕÒ. æ ªfl‘À3≥ mpÕ–® LXf≥? lt VB¾oa hBN'cgBk 0Bm/e? ˚(‘m) ∑ÒD mpR®i‚ ¬m≥—≥f≥? ı¶≥B ‘{≥c ‘mfl≈„ h2pR™3‘f≥ BM7¾eBl caBj hsB¾*Bn KBN÷Ç/a ı¶≥B jÒ ‘mÒ≈œ‰ jNBº® ‘h≥ßN ¢‡Õ≥Ò.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

28

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

‘ÀÎ ∆Xefl O2o }≥BÀ® Óf≥X

ls¾g DBm@B¾ P& meBllBk )/eBm ∆’chp j„‰≥Œfi {œ‰fŒ¢ m≥c®h‚ ¬m≥—≥chp ‘¶B3Û3fi ‘’ ‘‰≥ À4‘{X ¾sBoÜBc bsBbna OcsBm w∞P„ ‘’p⁄fi •™fº. o:‘f‘’≥flÎ km2„ ‘{c‘}X.

BjV/sbaB¾¾g ;HBn csBjmsBm Û]‘¤ÒD TÒ—„ TÒ>fº ‘m≥ X ∆ ™3‘f≥ haBbBm DBbÇ/a {œJ ’flº ¢‡Õº. ∆XeÎ ‘m≥ }rfi G3µÓf≥ DBm@¾g haBbmgBc ¢Bp)/e j„‰≥Œfi {œJ˜„ ¶œ—flº ¢‡(¬Õ≥fi)Õ≥chp ¸Œfi h3≥–® ∆¢ ‘k„…™f≥ ;tjgBc iecgBk DÖ ;sBnÓÆ/e ≤®e¤fi ◊Œ®i ’flÀ ¬kcflº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi

mÕ2fl 12 ∆’‘¤X

DbksBm

∆’oX

Db&Bm

∆’¤≥X

DbjeBm

h2⁄‘¤X

KNjsBm

h2⁄oX

KN&Bm

h2⁄¤≥X

KNjeBm

h"B¾ 12

m≥Õfi 12 ’Œe¬IÒ, ’ŒeI≥Ò, ’ŒeI≥», ’ŒeIº ’Œe¬IÒ (‘m), ’ŒeI≥p, ’ŒeI≥» (‘m), ’Œe¬I≥fi, ’ŒeI≥chp, ’Œedchp ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬IÒ, ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥Ò, ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥», ¢œ⁄f≥NeIº ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬IÒ(‘m), ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥p, ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥» (‘m) ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬I≥fi , ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥chp, ¢œ⁄f≥Nedchp.

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 3

3

3

h ≥» æ B ¬À ‘¤X.

ieB/ ogBl oqjsBm mt m≥„ ÀŒeIº. }r‘¶≥ À4T O≥‘¤X mg¾a O£ pejsBm ¶≥» •™‚ ¬m≥eIº. ‘m4≥´i3‘¤≥ G3c‘}≥ G2¤‘¤X YaBUigja ¢Bjma ¦jjsBm mfim¤fi ¬’h{≥h t∞DeIº æ h≥» h2≥o‘f≥? lt keB/ Ke&/a? ˚ jÒ— k≥‚GNeI≥»? ºTfl h≥» h2≥o‘f≥? lg£B¾ keB/ Ke&/a? ˚´hp jÒ— k≥‚GNedchp? g h≥G ¬mo‘f≥

¤ keÅ hq&/a ¶≥Ò h≥G i™®e¬IÒ O≥¶e mpÕfi– v: ∆’oX

pe¾@ hBN'Bccg Bjv Db&Bm O≥—e mpR® ÁÕBÛ…Œflº ’ŒeI≥p. Û‘¶≥ ¬h≥fl mpÕfi– ‘k À3oB‘À? Ѿa kfB¾ hBN'Bccg ;sBbo&Blls? ∆’p jflÀ‚ mpR®ÁÕBÛ„ m™®eI≥p? ÌcBÛ ‘m3≥®3i3 {h3‘¤X ctjBlÑ yaBi B ig cijsBm ÌcBÛ ^BÀhfi ¬h‡eI≥Ò. ‘À‘¶≥ h‘h3≥ ∑‘}≥ }≥o‘f≥? ls¾a kia Fma me&/a? ∆’Ò ≠Ò ∑‚m™ m≥c®eI≥Ò? ‘ÀÎfl ¬h≥‡ } ¤≥H‡o ˛h2o‘f≥? ls¾gB¾ kfB' mBbjeB
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

29

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

30

m4¢ m4≥B SflÀ3oX

YÖ YeBl uB¾o&Bm ∆ߣ k≥Àfi kœ{®eI≥p. ∆»f≥fl ‘{≥flºc }´h3¤≥X DB//eB¾ caB¾lgBj mBUijeBm ∆»fchp {flÛ¤fi ‘k≥„eI≥chp. ‘{fl®f≥fl À4 ¤≥fi º¤¤≥X. csB¾Bk/eB¾ OBbjeBc lgjjeBm {®hp ¬h≥¢…„ ÎœJeI≥chp. ‘{≥:Õ3fi– m4O‘¶≥ k‰‘¤X.

c B ua[Bccg Yp¾a ;njsBm {ÕBÛ„ mOœ— ¶Õ®eIº. ‘h4™3f‘⁄≥ SpÈ À4{‘¤X. IsÇ/Na uBNNg OcjsBm h™h≥¤fi ‘{º’≥h •NeIº. SΩfl ¬’fl S¶‘¤X

utB¾ bqB¾ u¾jsBm ‘’˜„ ∆Ûhfi ∆™®eIº. ’‘¤≥ [fl¶ S¶‘¤X

bja GB¾¾ u¾jsBm h≥∞D iœI’≥» ∆™®eIº. ‘m≥ X Or2®i ‘m≥Õ3‘¤X haBbm B PgBkkg ha[jsBm {œJ ∆Ûhfi ‘m»eIº. (¢“eIº) À3≥Œfi mF ‘k≥„‰¤≥X. oejgBc hÍ ;aBnnjeBm ’≥k…„ ˚c ‘ÀR®eI≥chp. ˛´h3≥c –®3i3 h4‰¤≥X XBUieBj cgBiig InjeBm ∆Jh≥— ¬h≥‰fi ∑NeI≥chp. ∆h≥_rfi ‘¶bBŒ ‘À3®h≥‘¤X Dke
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

31

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

mÕ2fl 13 Sr¶‘⁄≥ ’¤‘⁄≥ ‘m≥}‘⁄≥ ª{‘⁄≥ ∆’»

ug¾Na bjNa hamNa VcNa DbB/

∆’fl ∆n ∆ ‘’ ∆ ¶≥

DbB¾ Dbg DBbbs DBb¾e

∆ ¶≥fl

DBb¾eB¾

h2≥»

KeB/

h2≥fl h2n h2 ‘’ h2≥¶≥

KeB¾ Kbg KBbbs Ke¾e

h2≥¶≥fl

Ke¾eB¾

h"B¾ 13

m≥Õfi 13

‘’˜∞h≥‰fi h≥∞D®h≥‰fi {œJ®h≥‰fi m>®h≥‰fi ’Œ’≥Ò, ’Œ’≥p, ’Œfi, ’Œ’≥». ’Œ’≥chp, ’ŒQchp. ’Œ¬’Ò ’Œ¬’≥fi ’¤{≥‡¬ÕÒ, ’¤{≥‡Õ≥Ò, ’¤{≥‡Õ≥p, ’¤{‡Õ≥» ’¤{≥‡¬Õ≥fi, ’¤{≥‡]chp, ’¤{≥‡Õ≥chp. k≥‚GN’≥Ò, k≥‚GN’≥p, k≥‚GNfi, k≥‚GN’≥» k≥‚GN’≥chp, k≥‚GNQchp k≥‚GN¬’Ò k≥‚GN¬’≥fi k≥‚GÕ {≥‡¬ÕÒ, k≥‚GÕ{≥‡Õ≥Ò, k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥p, k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥». k≥‚GÕ {≥‡¬Õ≥fi, k≥‚GÕ{≥‡]chp, k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥chp.

g h≥G2 {≥B¤fi ‘mn.

¤ kh¦ ceBljBc hsbg. ¶≥Ò h≥G {‡Nfi i™‚¬mÒ. æ G2o ‘h2≥‚3m3≥® ∆’»? lt ¦& KaByyeBk DbB/? ˚ gßNfi (ÛŒfiG) j‚¬m≥º ’Œ’≥»? ∆T QpÕ≥® Ûfl¶≥È® O ‘’.

D£ öBN'eBk ÑB¾¾eNgBk pBbbs. ¶≥´hp {≥œ‰˜„ ÛŒ¢J≥¢∞i‚ ¬m≥¬’≥fi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

32

‘m≥pÕfi OΩfl {:Õ3≥fi SrÕ3fl.

haBN'Bc ptB¾ Bcu[eBc ug[B¾. mpR®ÁÕfi OΩÒ {≥ÀBÛ„ ÛI‚m≥chp. j„‘‰ }r‘¶≥ [Xh». SBnns mg¾a GBmkB/. ∑flÀ ¶≥» iœ¤®ifi. {‘{≥ ‘h≥‚3^ ∆¶».

cca kaByyg D¾B/. {≥{≥ hŒfi^ ‘h≥ßN ’Œ’≥c. {T –®3i3 Àh3». c£ cgBiig liB/. {≥T ¬h≥‰fi ¬m≥N’≥p. { ™3 Ù‘‰≥ m4flÀ3». cBbÇ Ana YB¾oB/. ≈‰flÛ ’œ‰ h‡Nfi. G}r‘⁄≥ ‘À‘{≥ }fiÕ». ÅmgNa lsca mBc'B/. ‘h≥t ∆Û„ ≈®ifi. ∑‘¶≥ ¬h3≥X G3}r¶≥. F¾a ifBm ¢mg¾e. ∑’p tfi{≥ [‡h≥¤{≥‡Õ≥p. ‘ÀÎfl hfl‘À3≥ ‘‰≥}fl h2‡3∏≥fl. ls¾gB¾ kB¾oa namB¾ KB[CeB¾. ∆’chp ‘’´h≥ffi MßN ’≥´h{≥‡Õ≥chp. h2 ¤≥ ¬h4c ‘h3⁄».

KBbje IqBj isNB/. •‡N QN Ù“ifi. ºTfl ‘{≥c ’B‘À≥ ∆»i¶≥fl.

lg£B¾ caBj bBlla DB/kg¾eB¾. ˚´hp jÒ ¬m”œk® ¬h‡h{≥‡]chp. ^2‡‘Õ ‘m4≥fl¶≥fi mF Fpk»®f≥? HgB''s YaB¾¾eBc hÍ ÍBN;B/Bk/e? [œÕflÀ (•‡œÕ) iÕBÛ„ ˚c À´i{≥?

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

¾gBBbÍ ^hzÀ„

˚flºÀ„ ÑBjÍ ‘ÀRBÀ„ XB}B;Í {Ò>BÀ„ maBcÍ ¬ÀNÀ„ bsBk@Í F∞I„ VBy¢Í [“À„ pgB¾¾Blls ’DBÀ„ YgB}pBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (‘m≥Œœ⁄) ciBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (¬hp¢) hgmBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (h≥À≥„) DB/kBlls }‘}≥ º4´e º4´e À4{». mma OgBU@ OgBU@ OcB/. –f„ iÛBº® iÛBº •Nfi. ‘h4À3‡3 {BÛfi º4⁄¬¤X. IsoB[ cBlÑBc OgNjqBm. h“œÀ {ߣ„ [ŒÈeIº. }≥‚ ‘m4chR® T´i3À». meBh YsBjk÷Bk £BUiglB/. m≥fi^ À’œ⁄œf ¢“´e¢Nfi. h’≥‡3 mXh‡ ±®e¬‰. kbeB[ hBmkB' ngBk@nq. hÀn‚ GÒ—≥„ ÙRflº ‘h≥p. }flº3c ‰´e3 O‘¶≥. mB¾ogBj nBU$ p¾a. hÕ„ À≥ß™‚ ¬m≥h ¬’ßNfi. Or2®i Π¶‘h≥. PgBkkg ¾gBb¾ka. ‘¤≥fim‚ ^hJ≥¬À.

S¶B‘À

Î:Œ® h‘h≥ S¶oB‘À?

u¾Blls ∆™BÀ„

B¾ugjgBk kka p¾&Blls? iJflœÀœf ≠Ò ∆™®eI≥»? ] ‘O„‘‰N3fi Ù‡≈ ¬S‡3. Æ psBnns[gBc AB'* pqB[. ¬À˚œ¤ k„‰œÕ˜„ ’™h‡™ jN.

ÛcF ˛Ï”F ‘}≥fiF ‘’®eF ª‚3G3F Orfl¶B‘À ^4ÏOB‘À {h3B‘À ^}B‘À ∆»hB‘À À4{B‘À

OcBlls •NÀ„ º4⁄B‘À

OgNBlls [ŒÈÀ„ T´h3B‘À

£BUiBlls ¢“´iÀ„ ±®hB‘À

ngBkkBlls ÙRÀ„ ‰´e3F

nBU$Í À≥ßNÀ„ ΠF

Ù‡kB‘À

AB';Blls ’™h‡NÀ„

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

33

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

34

{¤B‘À

h3≥˜® {¤B‘À m≥‚.

cjBlls ‘h≥„±À„ ‰h3B‘À niBlls mNÀ„

ie¹Bk cjBlls heBh. mtœ’® ‘h≥„±À„ m≥’fi. ∑XÀ  ‰e3 ^3Œ‘Õ3≥ ‘S≥»‘f≥. FBmlBb n$ ygjg[a uaB//a. ‘¶Œ‚^ m‡N ‘h≥‚^⁄fi we¢‡Õº.

O¶B‘À

∆fi‘¤ }oB Ofl±‘’≥.

p¾Blls ∆PÀ„

DBcjs m&Bl pB¾ngba. ¶{º koBÛ¤BœÀ ∆Pflº ‘h≥pÈ´hp. ‘S≥ Õ3BÀ® ¬h≥fl ¬}? uaBb[BllBk kfBB¾ mq? mo{≥D’À∞i f≥c ∑Œ®eI≥chp? ‘m≥pÕfi– À2≥fi ∆‚3‘m3F ‘{¶≥. haBN'Bccg LeBc DByysÍ cs¾e. mpR®ÁÕBÛ„ ∑Õfi eœÕ®h¢„œ‰f≥fi. } ¤≥H‡ofi …h2BÀ® h⁄≥»®f≥? mBbjeB
‘S≥ Õ3B‘À

uaBb[Blls mo{≥DÀ„ ∆‚3m3B‘À

DByyBlls eœÕBÀ„ …h2B‘À

ÓKBlls j“ºÀ„ ÙßhB‘À

ABCkBlls ¶N´iÀ„ m2‡ÕB‘À

HB''Blls e¨À„ ^2‡ÕB‘À

HgB''Blls [œÕÀ„

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

35

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

it{

KsÍB¾

Á3Õ4 ‘h2>Ò

ÅBchNg Pe[g í[eBc ÅBnna ABC's¾a ¢XjsBm, kaBcYgN ¾jsBN HaÇ@B¾ kfB¾ Ü/sѾg DmjsBm. Bl/a ke/a? GfimÈ O≥2N3 ˚Õ≥3fi G„‘‰≥ Ùß‘Õ‘—≥ G3˛‘¤X, ‘h≥fi^3⁄ ¶‘¤p ‘m≥2™3eÒ ¬h≥Ò Û3‘fÛÎ ∆}‘¤X. B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥? ¾eBk ü oaNe BcuBoÜBc ¾;7Bm mBkÑ mba, Hgng uejg IÓ@B¾ hgps ksjBllBk Dba. Bl/a ke/a? 3 3 3 3 ¶≥® ˙ ‘À≥ ⁄≥ {:B Û fi ¶kvX }®Û }‘’≥, M2± S≥Œ h4…eÒ ^‘O ‘h¤BÀ® ∆‘’≥. B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥? mfjeB' Ia[e jsBllgBc maNHeBj DbB/ jpa, ¾sBoÜBc Bm¾eB¾ ksBjÓ ÍBlls ksja hgpa. Bl/a ke/a? ¬}≥¤≥‡ ‘h≥4Õ≥3 ‘¤Bºfi ‘}≥⁄m≥2c ∆’» ¤‘O≥, ‘¶B3Û3fi X¶≥Ò ‘hc… FB‘À ‘h‘¤≥ ^‘O≥. B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥? Yg¹Bc ÅBkks ysB[@, isCeBl DByysBm LsBB[@, haBNNa maiB¾ iBbna, ¦Bn&Bm maBbbBN mBbna. Bl/a ke/a? 4 3 3 3 M ˜fi G®‘h ‘m ‡ e, ‘h ∏≥B ∆‚3‘m3X ‘À2‡3e, ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ ‘}≥h3Ò h3 ‘‰≥, G2„oX ‘}≥ ’p } ‘‰≥. B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥? igBC[g igBC[g kaBhhBn, kaBhhBn ÄBllBj laBhhBn, laBhhBn ;gB''tBj jgBhha, lfCgBc lB/@B¾ ngByya. Bl/a ke/a? 3 3 3 3 i ßN i ßN ‘h≥‚m„, ‘h≥‚m„ G4BÀc ‘À≥‚m„, ‘À≥‚m„ t‡\c Œ‚¬m≥, ¬À≥`fi À»eÒ ±‚3‘m≥3. B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥? 3 & ‘Om≥   psyeBb & ¢∏≥» 1. ÖCeB/ & Û3‘’≥ 2. Üba & }roB 3. mg&Bl & hfl‘À≥3 4. kB¾oa 5. ¾NsBj & ¶‘⁄c ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

36

∆Jef œh‘f“BÛ∞i {Û‚‘mß & 10

AoejC

h B jBM¾

hBllBj

& {≥Ûo ¢—≥BÀ≥p.

1.

ÀT¨„ ∆cBÀfi j“ºh:& 10 kbeB[, ;eBjhe», meBN, OBbja, h'a, KBnna, ÖBi/eBj, D£B¾, @Blks, lgBcja. 2. } ¤≥H‡o˜„ ∆cBÀfi j“ºh:& 10 mJfi, ∆’p, ^BÀhfi, Àœ‰, ¬À´h≥», {≥Nhp, œmfÒ, i¤´i, À´œh, ÀßËc. 3. jÛc‚mÀfi j“ºh:& DkeB<, KBnna, kNa, haBNNa, jeBl, kgBC'g, ugB¾¾a, £B''a,

10

4. ÙÒD –À„ ∑Œmº ’œ¤ } ¤≥H‡o˜„ j“ºh.

10

5. m≥Õ‚^BÀhBÛ±p⁄ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥ÒhÈp ÙŒ’œ¤‚ m∞P 20 ’ohÈ®ip h‡Nœ¤ j“ºh. 10 6. ÀT¨„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®hnfi:&

20

(10 } ¤≥H‡¤ ’≥®ef´hp) 7. } ¤≥H‡o˜„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®hnfi:& (10 ÀTz ’≥®ef´hp)

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

20

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

37

} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp 1. ¬{À≥¢.‘À≥.–. ¤≥{¤≥» –h‰≥fchRÒ ‘h≥Nœ{œfB À≥´h¢f‰≥º McQh ¬ÀkBœÀ ¢‡N ‘’R¬fI ¬¶cflÀ h≥¤∏BÀ≥„ } ¤≥H‡¤chp À´hp ‘{≥¨˜Ò m≥±fi ∑‰®ef´hRÒ m≥±fi ÔNm≥N ‘h≥p⁄ –™f≥{„ À¢BÀ≥chp. w˜Wfi ∆ ’‚¬m≥º À≥´hp ’≈BÀ ¶≥Nhœ⁄” ¬kcflÀ G¤¬Àk ‘{≥¨hR„ ∑‰®ef´hp mœÕBº ’flÛŒ®eI≥chp. mB‘À≥ÒmÀ≥fi Ã∞I≥ß™Ò ¶N‚miÛ˜„ [DÛf≥— ÙŒ ÛŒ‚^–œ— ∆œ{flÀº. } ¤≥H‡¤ ∑—BÛÒ ‘mŒfimiÛ ÀTz¶≥‡™„ i™¬fP ¶„‰ ’≥z®œh®i ’¨ ’iBº® ‘h≥ßÕº. ∑®h≥‰ h‡ÕBÛ„ } ¤≥H‡¤ i‰BÛ„ FœIf {S≥Òhp ¬À≥ÒP—≥chp. ∆’chÈp À≥»‘{≥¨ ’⁄c”≈‚ m£˜„ À{º [Õ„, ‘m≥Œp, w¢ ∆œ—BœÀøfi ÔNmNBÛf ¬m¤PAc À≥Ò ¬{À≥¢.‘À≥.–. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp. ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp e.G.1852&fi wß™„ GIflÀ≥c. ∑’¤º iNfim‚ ‘mfc O≥m≥… ¬h≥BÛ¤BœÀ” ¬kcflÀ "‘À≥‚‘m' jÒmÀ≥ifi. ÀflœÀ˜Ò ‘mfc –>} R. À≥f≥c ‘mfc g—≥¿. ≈D ’fÛ…Œfl¬À h„¢˜„ TiflÀ wc’fi ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ ¤≥{¤≥» 1871 fi wß™„ ‘kÒœ— ‚vkc” T_Ò h„Úo˜„ m£f≥∞Pf kºc¬’À mß™Àc ı{≥Ò ’÷{∏≥”k≥cfoÒ {≥∏’¤≥e kh‰ ¬’À [mF_À k≥XÛ¤´hR±fi mÒ‘{≥¨ ∑‰®h∏ ∑‰®ef´hR±fi ¢o’≥— h„¢ h∞I≥c. wk≥cfoÒ À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞Dfi ∑‰®ef´hÈfi {≥∏’¤≥ef ¤≥{¤≥»®ifi À≥»‘{≥¨f≥ef } ¤≥H‡o˜Ò m≥„ m∞Dfi wzflÀ ÔNm≥Nfi ≠∞mNBÛ—. wh¬’ ∆’c À≥fi ’eBº ’flÀ oÓX‡¤≥c [BÛ¬f≥hBœÀ¬f [ÀPB ÀpR ¢‡N ‘{≥¨ w¤≥»”≈˜„ ÔNmÕ‰≥—≥c. À≥»‘{≥¨ } ¤≥H‡oœfB À¢¤nfi }fiX®ŒÀfi, ªflÛ, iO¤≥BÛ, {¤≥BÛ, mÏk≥G, ‘m´h≥…, Ùof≥, ‘À±´i, hÒ—Õfi, {œ‰f≥Jfi, ÀTz, w´e‰fi –À…f mÛ‘—‡™∞ifi ¬{∞m‡Õ ‘{≥¨hœ⁄® h∞D‚ ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I≥c. 1880&fi wß™…Œflº –“ ¬¶¤BœÀøfi ‘k„’BœÀøfi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ∑‰®ef ’⁄c”≈®¬h ‘k‰¢‡Õ≥c. ÙŒ ‘{≥¨˜Ò ’⁄c”≈®i ∆À∞‘h—B À> ’o ’™’fi ∑ÒPfœ{f≥ÀÀ≥ifi. ∑œÀBÀ{º mÒ‘{≥¨‚ ^‰œ{f≥„ [∏cflÛŒflÀ ¬{À≥¢.¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®‘h— –“œ{f≥— ∆⁄¢„ ¢ÏA≥— vÛf≥h ’o’™’fi ∆œ{Bº ∆”t j“Bº®hœ⁄øfi Àf≥oBÀ≥c. ∆’∞œI® ‘h≥ß¬Õ FœIf Ähœ⁄B Àfi ‘k‰¢¬‰¬f G¤toBÀ≥c. ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp À≥¬{ ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Õ Ähp ≠¤≥⁄fi. ∆’∞Dp –ÀÒœ{f≥h [p⁄œ’ ’Œ{≥D& 1. } ¤≥H‡¤ ¬m≥Û>. 2. } ¤≥H‡¤ Gœ¤{c. 3. } ¤≥H‡¤ –À„ m≥Õ ^XÀhfi. 4. } ¤≥H‡¤ ∑¤ßÕ≥fi m≥Õ ^XÀhfi. 5. } ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û }fi^. 6. } ¤≥H‡¤ ¢f≥h¤∏fi. 7. } ¤≥H‡¤ ¶flÛ FhßN {∞Dfi m‰. ∑œ’ À¢¤ ÀTz,

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

38

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

‘À±´i, }fiX®ŒÀfi, } ¤≥H‡¤fi wef ¶≥Òi ‘{≥¨ ‘k≥∞‘À≥i‚m≥h "kºcm≥_≥ ’„‰o' jWfi Ãœ‰øfi ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Np⁄≥c. ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp ∑f∞Pf } ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û}fi^ jWfi ˚Û Ã…±p⁄ hŒBÀ≥JBœÀ® hßN ∑Ò^∞I w´e‰ ¬m¤≥≈ofc j”.jÒ. ¤≥߬Մ jÒm’c ∆flÃœ‰ w´e‰BÛ„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfcBº ‰ßÕ>±p⁄ ∑flÛf ‘{≥¨ ∑‰®ef® hŒ§‰BÛ„ ¬kcBº œ’Bºp⁄≥c. ÛŒ–Œh eŒm≥—flÀ ’≥of≥c X’≥ThÈfi À{º "ÛŒ‚^hJTcÀfi' jÒWfi Ã…„ } ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û }fi^œ’‚ G¤toBºB ÀTz {®hRœÕ¬f m¤‚Gøp⁄≥c. ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp ‘kÒœ—’≥≈ ∆’c ≈‰ h≥‰fi {ºœ¤˜„ À´e˜ŒflÀ≥c. ∆”k{ffi ı{fl¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Tœf” kflÛ®ifi ’≥»‚^ e‡™fº. [Õ¬— À≥» ‘{≥¨‚m∞œI ◊‡Nfi m≥Õ„hœ⁄ ∑f∞Dfi m™ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÕfi ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ¬’ß™®‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ¶≥fe X’≥ThÈfi ""m≥4_≥m4®Û ˚:X‘À‘¶≥ m≥4B ˚:X‘À ‘m≥4fl‘¶≥'' ¬m≥ÒI m≥Õ„hœ⁄‚ m≥™ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ’¤‰≥∞P„ j“”≈øfi ¬’h–fi [ßÕ≥®e—≥c. ¬{À≥¢. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’ch⁄º ‘À≥œ‰¬¶≥®i ∆∞^À{≥—º. jÛch≥‰fi h£‚‘m≥P {f{≥ifi jÒmœÀ ∆’c F”kf{≥h ∆PflÛŒflÀ≥c. ∆À—≥„ À≥Ò ¢ÏA≥— ’⁄c”≈®i ÔN ‘h≥NBº‚ mfÒmNfi ’œh˜„ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®‘h—” ≤cÛŒBÛf À> ’o ’™’BœÀ [Œ’≥®eB ÀflÛŒ®eI≥c. ∑ÒD h£‚‘m≥P˜„ ^iflº ∆flÀ ’o’™’fi k®œh‚ ¬m≥N ¬m≥‡N® ‘h≥ß™Œ®eIº. } ¤≥H‡¤chp {‡NTÒP {∞I’chÈfi ‘’R¶≥NhR±fi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜œ— ∆À∞iof ’o ’™’BÛ„ m™‚mÀ∞ifi j“º’À∞ifi h∞mÀ∞ifi ’≥»‚^ ≠∞m‡Np⁄º. h£‚‘m≥P˜„ À>‚m®h–fi ∑ÒÕc‘¶‡ ∑œ∏‚^fi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜Ò [‰h⁄≥¢f ’⁄c”≈®i [À¢ ^oeÒI—. À∞k{ffi {ºœ¤ X¬¤HÕ } ¤≥H‡¤ }≥ªBf }m≥ Th ¬’h{≥hnfi ∆Ûh{≥hnfi } ¤≥H‡¤ Ähœ⁄ ‘’R˜Nfi m£˜„ –œ—‚^ÕÒ ÔNm‡Np⁄º. } ¤≥H‡¤ h„¢® hJh´hÈfi } ¤≥H‡¤ }ÌhBÛ—c Fc’e®ifi ¶c}o, w¤fim ¬{„Fœ‰‚ mpRhR±fi h„ÚohR±fi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf‚ m≥ÕB Û‡ÕBÛ„ ¬kc®h ¬’ßNfi. ‘’i ¢œ¤¢„ m„hœ‰® hJh´hR„ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®i ÙŒ "∑Œ‚GÕfi' ≠∞mNBÀ ’¨ ‘k»f ¬’ßNfi. ∆À∞i [Ànfi ’œh˜„ hœÀ, h¢œÀ, ¶≥Õhfi, ¶≥’„ wef j„‰≥’œh ÄhÈfi k¤{œJ‘f—® ‘h≥‡Õ ¬’ßNfi. ∆À∞i ∑œ⁄Achp [œJ®h ¬’ßNfi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp

39

2. ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp {ºœ¤˜Ò ¬O≥Û jÒDfi } ¤≥H‡¤ wz’≥c jÒDfi ¬m≥∞I‚mNm’c ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp. ∑’¤º ∑f∞‘mfc ¤≥{mBÛ¤Ò jÒmÀ≥ifi. ¶≥h…´h ∆™hp jWfi ÛŒ‚‘mfc ‘h≥ßÕ iŒ¢Õfi "kÀ≥—flÀ ∆™hp' jÒI m‡Õ‚‘mfc ‘m∞I’c ¶≥fe X’≥Thp. ∆’—ÒP •¤`nfi ∆œkf≥º jÒmÛ„ ÛÕ ¶fiG®œh ‘h≥ßN ∑Œ®œh˜±fi ¶Õ®œh˜±fi mN®œh˜±fi [ßœh˜±fi [N®œh˜±fi hß∏œ—¬f Ûf≥>Bº ¶≥fe m≥’œ—˜„ ’≥zflÀ’c. ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp e.G.1843fi wß™„ ∆’ÀoBÀ≥c. ∑’¤º ÀflœÀ˜Ò ‘mfc ‘¤´h≥cfc. À≥f≥c ‰÷T. iNfim‚ ‘mfc "‘h≥‚m≥Ò' jÒI ^œ—‘mfo„ ’J´ifi ≈Ò—‘h≥ßÕ≥ jÒmÀ≥ifi. À{º 71’º ’fÛ„ 1914fi wß™„ œ’ißÕ ≠h≥À≈fÒD {S≥}{≥Û ∆œÕflÀ≥c ∑’c. ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ’≥z®œh ’¤‰≥D m™®h‚ m¤’kfi ÀŒ’À≥ifi. X’≥Thp Fœ—BÀœÀ [Õ¬— m≥Nfi ’¤h¢f≥h ¢⁄´e—≥c. ÙŒ ¶≥p hœÕ QÛ˜„ ∑>‚^‚ m‰h≥¤® hœÕœf® hßÕºfi, ""T‡Õ≥» T‡Õ≥», ¤≥{ ¶≥{ T‡Õ≥», j‡Õ≥p m‰fi ÀŒfi m‡Õ≥G¤≥{ T‡Õ≥»'' jÒD m≥™ wÕB ‘À≥Õ´e ¢‡Õ≥c. ∑¬À ¬m≥„ ÙŒ k{ffi ≈Àfim¤fi ‘kÒD ‘mŒ{≥p kflFÛ®i” ‘kÒIºfi, ""’p⁄„ ’≥}r¬À’Ò ¶≥{B ‘Àp⁄TcÀfi [p¬⁄ ‘h≥ßÕ≥„ ‘h≥pœ⁄®h≥¤Ò ’¤{≥‡Õ≥Ò & ’flÀ≥±fi ‘h≥pœ⁄®eÕTÒP‚ ¬m≥’≥Ò'' jÒI ¯cBÀœ—œf‚ m≥™ [Õ>ŒflÀ’chœ⁄‚ m¤’k‚mNBÛ—≥c. ∑œ’ •oŒ [À≥¤∏´hp {‡Nfi À≥Ò. ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ¯¤BÀœ—hp m®Û” tœ’ T®hœ’. wÒgh w—flÀfi ÀŒmœ’, k–À≥f” ≤cÛŒBÀ” ≈flÀœ—œføfi À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞œIøfi ◊‡Nmœ’. ""m≥4_≥ m4®Û ˚:X‘À‘¶≥ m≥4B ˚:X‘À ‘m≥4fl‘¶≥'' jÒD ÁP } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hÈ®i j“”≈·‡™—≥c X’≥Thp. ∆¬À k{fBÛ„, ""Sr™Ffi G3˛Ffi k„Ffi ¬S≥´i3fi ¶Õ—¬h≥3m≥‰ B4f≥Ò ‘}≥ß‘∏≥‘h≥ ‘{≥flÎ'' jÒD ‘À»’ m®Û®ifi –®fB’fi ‘h≥NBÀ≥c. ∑’¤º m≥Õ„hp ‘mŒfim≥±fi {—BœÀ ¢RBº‚ m≥Õ‚ ‘m∞Iœ’f≥» ¢⁄´ieÒI—. GI¢‚ G£˜>ÒD ¢NmN’À∞i® iŒ¢Ò ’¨h≥‡NÀ„ ∑ÒPfœ{f≥Àº jÒmº ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ÛÕ ¶fiG®œhf≥ifi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

40

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

X’≥Thp œ¶H™h G¤fi{”k≥of≥h ’≥zflÀ≥c. ∑’c ’ŒÕfl¬À≥Dfi œ’ißÕ º’≥À≈fÒD ı¤´hBÛ„ }{≥¤≥Àœ— ¶ÕBº’œÀ ’J®h{≥h® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. ∆À∞iB ¬Àœ’f≥— ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄ {ºœ¤˜…Œflº jNBº” ‘k„’≥c. ÙŒ ’ŒÕfi ’¸‰≥— m∏BœÀøfi ¬khoBÀ ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄øfi jNBº® ‘h≥ßN ¤˜…„ mf∏fi ‘k»À≥c. ÛŒÕÒ ÙŒ’Ò ∑’oÕTŒflÀ m∏BœÀB ÛŒ™ ¢‡Õ≥Ò. m∏BœÀ® h≥∏¢„œ‰‘fÒD ‘ÀoflÀºfi ¶≥fe X’≥Thp, ""wS≥! ∆´¬h ¶Õ®h ¬’ß™f ∆I‚m£œf jfi‘mŒ{≥Ò ¶{®i” ≈¤{fi À¤≥{„ ∑´¬h¬f ¶ÕBÛ® ‘h≥NBº ¢‡Õ≥c'' jÒD w—flÀ® ÁBÀ≥ÕB ‘À≥Õ´e—≥c. [Õ>ŒflÀ j„‰≥Œfi {—–œÕflº ’ŒflÛ—c. w—≥„ ¢_ffi ‘’R˜„ ‘ÀoflÀºfi {®hp m∏BœÀ® ‘h≥ßN ’flº i¢BÀ—c. –Òœ— ¢Õ Th ¢{oœkf≥h ∆ ’ŒÕ }{≥¤≥Àœ— ¢Œflº ¶œÕ‘m∞Iº. ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp {ºœ¤˜„ GIflÀ≥±fi ‘m∞¬I≥oÒ œh‘¶knB ‘À≥¨„ h≥¤∏{≥» ∆’¤º ∑⁄œ{‚ mŒ’fi ifim¬h≥∏BÛ„ h¨flÀº. ÛŒ{∏fi ‘k»º ‘h≥pÈfim™ ‘m∞¬I≥c ’∞^DBÀ¬’ X’≥Thp {DBº ¢‡N {ºœ¤˜„ ’flº ÛŒ‚m¤´iÒIBÛÒ GÒ^I–p⁄ iœh˜„ ≠h≥flÀ’≥}B À’Tf∞P—≥c. GÒ—c À‰f≥BÛœ¤ º’´e—≥c. ∑¤≥¬{X’¤fi ‘k„±fi ’¨˜„ m¤{®i™˜„ ¶≥h…´h ∆™hRÒ, ≤Õ¤≥e ¬f≥h≥‚Gf≥kBÛ„ Àœ¤˜…Œflº ¬{‘‰“fiG” ‘k„±fi ∆⁄¢∞iB ¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞I≥c. iŒ¢ÕTŒflº XÀ≥—flÀ ≈BÀc jÒWfi ¢ŒœÀøfi ‘m∞I≥c. GÒ—c ‘ÀÒÛœk f≥BÛœ¤ ‘k»À ¬m≥º ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ’≥z®œh˜„ –®ef{≥— ÛŒ‚mfi ≠∞m‡Õº. wz’≥c ÛŒ¶ho˜„ ’ÕmB¤≥”k≥of≥c jWfi {S≥>Ò Àok—–fi [m¬Àk–fi X’≥Thp œ’∏’ ‘¶P˜„ ÔNmÕ ’¨ ‘k»Àº. ∆º–À„ ¬h≥¢flÀ—≥ef ¶Õ¬h≥m≥‰W®i ¶≥fe w—≥c. ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp [Ïk ¢ŒBÛ˜Ò Ì‰fi eœÕBÀ ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄® ‘h≥ßN ∆ÒI≥Õfi ’˜∞D‚ m≈œf w∞P® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ∆ ’‚¬m≥º ∑f∞Dfi ¯cBÀ—´hœ⁄ m≥™fm™ w™® ‘h≥ß¬Õ X’≥Thp [Ïk ¢ŒBÛ ‘k»À≥c. ∑ÀÒ Ì‰fi {®hÈ®i [ßœ{f≥— ’≥z®œhB ÀBº’BœÀ‚ ¬m≥ÛBÀ≥c. ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ¢Œ‚m‚m™¬f {ºœ¤ ∆Jhc¬h≥¢„ k≥œ‰˜±p⁄ h≥À®e∏D jÒWTÕBÛ„ ∆’¤º ÛŒ”k{≥Û ∆œ{®h‚m‡Np⁄º. {≥offi{Ò ‘À‚m®i⁄BÛÒ ¬{∞i® hœ¤˜„ m®À¬h≥™h⁄≥„ Fc{≥£®h‚m‡Np⁄ ı ¯À≥ ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe {flÛc ̉fi ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ¯cBÀœ—hp ¶≥‘Õ´e±fi m¤¢‚ m≥Õ‚mNeÒI—. À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞œIøfi }Ìh” ≤cÛŒBÀ® hŒBº®hœ⁄øfi jRœ{f≥— m≥Õ„hRÒ Ì‰fi } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hÈ®i ◊‡™ j“”≈œføfi {D{‰c”≈œføfi [ßÕ≥®ef {S≥Ò ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp

41

3. ∆Jh¤≥cf≥Ò m≥¤À ¬ÀkBÛ„ ∆¬¶h {S≥Òhp ¬À≥ÒP ªflº Àc{ h‰≥k≥¤BœÀ® h≥‰≥h≥‰BÛ„ ¢ŒBÛ ‘k»º Fœ‰ FDBÛ ’flºp⁄≥chp. } ¤≥H‡¤ }ÌhBÛ±fi ‘{≥¨, hœ‰, h‰≥k≥¤fi –À‰≥—’∞P„ –Ò¬—∞I{œÕflº {®hp hœÕB¬ÀI ’¨ h≥‡Õ ‘mŒfi {S≥Òhp ∆’ÀoBºp⁄—c. ’≥z®œh jÒmº mÕi‚ mf∏fi ¬m≥ÒIº jÒmc wÒ¬I≥c. mÕœh ¶Û˜Ò ˚¬¤≥‡ÕBÛ„ ∆™Bº” ‘k„‰≥{„ ∑>œ{f≥— }´¯À A≥—BÀ≥„ {—œÀ ÙŒ–h‚mNBÛ‚ ¬m¤≥—flÀ‚ ¬moÒm Fœ‰œf ∆œÕflÀ {S≥ÒhÈp ¬}‰fi {S≥h¢ ∆Jh¤≥cfc –ÀÒœ{f≥—’c. ı ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ ∑f∞‘mfc }rflÀc¯HN jÒmÀ≥ifi. ÀflœÀ˜Ò ‘mfc ¶¤˛fi{≥cfc. À≥f≥c ‘mfc X’c∏ ‰÷T. ∑’ch⁄º iNfim‚ ‘mfc ^‡Õ≥ jÒmÀ≥ifi. ı ∆Jh¤≥cfc j‡N ‘{≥¨hR„ ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I’¤≥» [mflf≥}fi ‘k»øfi ’„‰œ{ [œÕf’¤≥»B ÛhzflÀ≥c. ^¬¤≥ªÀfi, ¬O≥ÛÕfi, }´¯Àfi wef’∞P±fi ¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞PŒflÀ≥c. ’¤h¢ ı ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥ThRÒ G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥h ∑ŒflÀ≥c jÒm¬À ∑’¤º ‘mŒœ{œf [∏cBºfi. ∑’c e.G. 1832fi wßN ^¤‡Õ≥≈ {≥Àfi ¢OfÀkTfÒD GIflÀ’c w’≥c. m‰‚m‰ {S≥Òhp ^¤‡Õ≥≈ {≥ÀBÛ„ À≥Ò {ß`‰e„ [ÛBÛŒ®eI≥chp jÒmº Fœ—n ÁIB À®hº. {∏’≥⁄ {S≥–>hp, ’≥—{≥{œ‰ Lfc X’≥Thp, ’¤h¢ ¬’´hÕ}Ωo , ¶flÀ—≥c, hß∏‚m ¶≥f—≥c, ¬k®eJ≥c jÒD {S≥ÒhRÒ ÛŒ‚‘mfchœ⁄ ∆N®e® ‘h≥ß¬Õ ¬m≥h‰≥fi. ı ∆Jh¤≥cfc À{º mÒ>¤ßÕ≥’º ’fÛ¬‰¬f ı‰÷T¶¤˛fi{c ¬mo„ f–—≥ h„f≥£ ¤≥hBÛ„ ¯cBÀœ— ∑f∞P‚ m≥™—≥c. mB‘À≥Òmº ’fÛ¬‰¬f h„¢˜∞ ≈IflÀ {≥¬{œÀhÈÕÒ mJe ∆’chœ⁄® ‘h≥ßN }´¯À® h”¬ko {∞Dfi [mflf≥k´hp FhzBÛ—≥c. ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥ThRÒ } ¤≥H‡¤ }´¯À ¤≥{≥f∏ [mflf≥kBÀ≥„ h’¤‚m‡N” ≤Õ¤≥e‚ G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥hnfi [fcflÀ≥c. ı ∆JÀ¤≥cfc "w} k Fc∏ffi' {∞Dfi "¢H` ^¤≥∏fi' jÒI ∑Œ Ähœ⁄ ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Õ≥c. ∑ÀÒ Ì‰fi ∆’¤º {eœ{œf ∆PflÀ ‘’R·c’≥≈hÈfi ∆’œ¤ [mflf≥}fi ‘k»¢BÀ≥chp. ∆Jh¤≥cfc ‘k„±TÕ´hR‘‰„‰≥fi ¶≥∞mº }fiXh≥¤´hœ⁄ ¢⁄®e‚ G¤k≥¤fi ‘k»º œ’Ûh Àc{BœÀ ’⁄cBÀ≥c. ¬{±fi ∑’c, "} ¤≥H‡¤ ¢f≥h¤∏fi, flŒ˛fiS }Àhfi, XŒ´h≥¤ ’c∏ ¯À´hp, ‰≥’£hp, mO¬—≥∞k’ ¯cBÀœ—hp wef’∞œIøfi ∑f∞P—≥c. ∑’c ∑f∞Pf "mÏk„ koBŒ' jÒeI } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ¶ h≥ h≥¢ffi ∑’¤º ^‰œ{œf‚ mœIk≥∞Dfi Ù‚^fc’∞I É≥ifi. ı eŒH∏X’≥T ¬À’XÀ≥—BÛ„ }Ωo X’≥Thp ‘mŒœ{T®h ¶ h≥ h≥¢fBœÀ [mflf≥}fi ‘k»À ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfc ≠‡N” t’™hR„ j“BÀ≥£f≥„ j“Û œ’BÀ≥c. iP‚m≥„ [∏cflÀ }Ωo X’≥Thp, "[{º h¢B ÛIœ{f≥„ ¶ h≥ h≥¢fBœÀB À≥»‘{≥¨f≥ef ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

42

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

} ¤≥H‡¤BÛ„ ∑f∞P }ÌhBÛ∞i‚ ‘mŒœ{ ¬kc®h ¬’ßNfi jÒD ¬h‡N® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ∆œÀ¬f iŒh‡Õœ⁄f≥h ≠∞I ∆Jh¤≥cfc ̉ Ãœ‰‚ ¬m≥Ò¬I [m{≥—&[m¬{f –À…f h≥¢f ∑‰®h∏´hÈÕÒ "mÏk„ koBŒ' œ’ ∆Jef } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ ∑f∞P—≥c. ∆¬À ıeŒH∏X’≥T ¬À’XÀ≥—BÛ„ mÏk„ koBŒ h≥¢f ∆¤´¬h∞Ifi ¶œÕ‘m∞I ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ h¢BÛIœ{ f≥’Œ®ifi ‘ÀoflÀº. ∆’Œ®i "}´¯À }≥ªBf ‚¤Q∏' jÒI ≈I‚^ ¢Œº ’J´e® hn¤¢BÀ≥c }Ωo X’≥Thp. ≠¬À≥ h≥¤∏BÀ≥„ ‘ÀÒhœ‰ kfiG¤À≥fBÛ∞i {≥P˜ŒflÀ }ro X’≥Thœ⁄B À®h k{ffi m≥cBº ¬’ßN¬h≥p ¢NBÀ ∆Jh¤≥cfc gßNfi ’Õhœ‰ kfiG¤À≥fBÛ∞i {≥∞P—≥‘¤ÒI≥„ ∆’¤º ‘mŒœ{œf ∆⁄¢Õ –™ø¬{≥? 1873fi wß™„ {h≥{hfi k{fBÛ„ ÙŒ ’≥¤h≥‰fi ∆Jh¤≥cfc [mflf≥}fi ‘k»ÀœÀ‚ m∞P ∑ÒœI®ifi iÕflœÀ {®hp ¬m¤≥—flÀBºÕÒ ¬m≈® ‘h≥peI≥chp. 1885±fi {h≥{h ¢J≥¢Ò ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ hÀ≥h≥‰‡¬kmfi ¶œÕ‘m∞Iº. 1898fi wßN ∆®¬Õ≥mc {≥Àfi ¬}‰BÛ∞i ’Œœh ^oflÀ w´e¬‰f h’c—c }c.wcÀc S≥ ‰≥® jÒm’Œ®i } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ ’¤¬’∞^‚ mBÛfi ’≥≈BÀRBÀ≥c. ∑¬À ’ŒÕBÛ„ ≠‚¤„ {≥ÀBÛ„ {ºœ¤˜„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I } ¤≥H‡¤ G¤≥{∏ ∑¤ßÕ≥’º {S≥¶≥‡œÕB À{º Àœ‰œ{˜„ Th‚ G¤fi{≥ßÕ{≥h ¶ÕBÛ® h≥‡™f ∆Jh¤≥cfc ∆NBÀ 1899fi wßN OΩÒ {≥ÀBÛ„ ¬}‰BÛ„ ¶ÕflÀ ÌÒI≥’º {S≥¶≥‡™„ "} ¤≥H‡¤ TBÛ¤Ò' jWfi mBÛoœhœfB º ®e—≥c. ¬{±fi ¬}‰BÛ„ } ¤≥H‡¤Œ®‘h—‚ mpR®ÁÕ–fi [ßÕ≥®e—≥c. ∆NBº 1900 „ [œI·o„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I ¶≥Òh≥’º {S≥¶≥‡™„ ’¤¬’∞^œ¤ FhzBÛf ∆Jh¤≥cfc, "¶fi }Ìh® iJflœÀhp f≥’Œ®ifi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf® h∞DB À¤¬’ßNfi' jÒD ¬h‡N® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ∑ ’≥D } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨, hœ‰, ∑‰®effi, mßm≥N, }´¯Àfi –À…f }h‰ ºœIhR±fi ≈Iflº [fcflº ¢⁄´ef {S≥Ò ∆Jh¤≥cfc 21.7.1906 ∆ÒD MÀnÕœ‰ ˚Bº ∆œ—Bº } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hRÒ ‘¶Ïk´hR±fi ˚´h≥º ∑Œflº ’ŒeI≥c.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp

43

4. ı{B ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àc } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥ÒhÈp }fiX®ŒÀ‚ ^‰œ{øfi }´¯À }≥B¤BÛ„ TiflÀ ¬Àc”≈øfi [œÕf’¤≥» ¢⁄´ef’c ı{B ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àc ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BÛÒ ’≥z®œh {∞Dfi ¯cBÀœ—hœ⁄ w¤≥»”≈ ‘k»øfi }´¯À ¢∞mÒ—chÈfi ∆PAc ‘mŒ{®hÈfi ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’ÀoÒ –®fB’fi ∆P’c. ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{fi À{º ∑DÛ® h≥‰BÛ„ À{º mœÕ‚G‰®ef ≠‡N” t’™hp {∞Dfi [˜oWfi ¬{‰≥»‚ m≥ºh≥Bº œ’BÛŒflÀ ı ©À≥¤≥{ ‰÷{∏ ÛŒnŒ’BœÀøfi G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥ef ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÕfi Ù‚mœÕBÀ≥c. ¬’´hÕ¤∏oÒ GI‚GÕfi ∆»ffi¬m‡œÕ wifi. w˜Wfi Ûf≥h‚ GŒfi{BœÀB À{º iŒ’≥h ≠∞D® ‘h≥ßÕ ∆’c h≥„¶œÕf≥h¬’ Û—–fi ÛŒœ’f≥D®i” ‘kÒD iŒ¢Ò Q‡™∞i ‘’R¬f FÒD }´¯ÀBœÀ ∆Îm¢Bº ’flÀ≥c. ∑œÀfPflÀ Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{fi ∆’œ¤BÀ{º G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥h ≠∞D® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c. }BiŒ Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BœÀøfi ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àœ¤øfi Gœ∏BÛŒflÀ iŒ ˛Hf [In {hBº’fi ’≥»flÀº. ∑Œ’Œ®iTœÕ˜„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I tœ’f≥— ∆∞^À{≥— ’¤‰≥∞D Fhz”≈hp ≈‰¤º ‘m≥I≥œ{ h≥¤∏{≥h j“BºŒ‚ ‘mI≥À’≥D {œI®h‚m‡Np⁄—. ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ FœIf‚ m®Û¤}® ¯cBÀœ—hp ∑f∞Pøp⁄≥c. À{º ‘À±´i® eŒÛhp ∆œ—BÛ±fi ∑DÛ˜„ "Ûf≥h¤≥O' jÒI –BÛœ¤˜‡N® iŒh≥£®œh ‘k±BÛøp⁄≥c. jÒ¬— iŒm®Û! e.G.1943„ ıÛf≥h¤≥O X’≥Thp mfÒmNBÛf m≥ºœh, m≥¤≥f∏fi ‘k»À ‘À±´i m≥h’Àfi, œh‘f“Bº ≠‡N” t’™hp, ı¬’´hÕ¤{∏m≥h’ÀoÒ m≥ºœhhp, MO≥ m≥BÛ¤´hp, ∆’c ∑f∞Pf ¯cBÀœ—hp, ^Ûf ’c∏´hp, X’¤ OÛhp –À…fœ’ ∆Õ´ef ∆∞^À ‘m≥®e_{≥— ≠‡N” t’™hp {ºœ¤ } ¤≥H‡¤ }œmœf” ¬kcflÀ ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ {flÛ¤BÛ„ m≥ºh≥®h‚m‡N ’ŒeÒI—. ∑œ’ ≈œÀflº ∆¨flº ¬m≥» ¢N’À∞i –Ò Ã„h⁄≥h ∆”≈‡N‚ G¤to®h ¬’ß™fº } ¤≥H‡¤chRÒ hÕœ{f≥ifi. ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ’≥z¢„ FhzflÀ ∆∞^À´hp m‰. ∑’¤º i‰B‘À≥¨„ œhBÀP ‘¶kn wifi. ÙŒ k{ffi ∑’c ÀP˜‰{cflº ‘¶»º ‘h≥ß™Œ®ifi ‘m≥“º ÀÒœ— {Iflº hß∏>Ò À≥Rœ∏œf‚ ¬m≥∞P‚ m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. ∆‚‘m≥“º œhÀ’P® ¯¬J ¢“flÀ ÀP¶≥Õ≥(‘¶R)œ’® hß∏¬— ≈D’Ò [Œ¢„ ’flº jNBº® ‘h≥NBÀ≥Ò! ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BÛÒ ^À„¢˜Ò ÛŒ{∏ œ’m’BÛ„ ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

44

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

jBÀœ—¬f≥ ¢œ‰øfcflÀ mot‚ ‘m≥Œ‡hp ’flÀ—. w—≥„ G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥— ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ‘h≥ßN ’flº ÀflÀ ı©À≥¤≥{ }÷{∏oÒ ÛŒnŒ’‚ mÕBœÀB À≥Ò Ûf≥h‚ G¤fi{fi ‘moÀ≥h {ÛBÀ≥c! ∆‚¬m≥º ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c m≥™f "¶W m≥…fim' ¯cBÀœ— }BiŒ¢∞i‚ ‘mŒfi ∆h{ez”≈œf® ‘h≥NBÀº. ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R® ¯cBÀ—´hœ⁄ Th ¢Œ‚mBºÕWfi ÔNm≥‡NÕWfi m≥N’≥c. ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R jÒmº ¶≥h´hœ⁄ {f®e Ôc®ifi ∑>f ¤≥hfi wifi. ÙŒ –œI ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c À{º ∑HÕ ‘À»’{≥— ı eŒH∏œ—B ºÛBº‚ ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R ∑œk˜„ w—flÀ{≥h ¤≈Bº‚ m≥ÕB ‘À≥Õ´e—≥c ∆‚¬m≥º ‘mof‘À≥Œ ¶≥hfi ∆´¬h ’flº mÕ‘{NBº w™fº. ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ÀÒœ—øfi t∞D‚^IBœÀøfi {Iflº m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. w—≥„ ∆´eŒflÀ’chp ∆”kBÀ≥„ Á”k…‡Õ—c. tf Fœ—¢∞iB ÛŒfiGf ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ¬’‘I≥Œ m≥‡Õ≥„ ¶≥hBœÀB ÛŒfiG” ‘k„‰ œ’BÀ≥c! ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c e.G. 1781„ GIflº 1889 ’œ¤ Ã∞P‘f‡N wßNhp ’≥zflÀ≥c. ÀÏœk {≥’‡Õfi ∆»ffi¬m‡œÕ˜„ ∑’¤º ‘OfflÛ¢J≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {®h⁄≥„ Th ¢{oœkf≥h® ‘h≥ßÕ≥Õ‚mNeIº. {∞‘I„‰≥ ◊chR±fi ∑ ¢J≥ ‘h≥ßÕ≥Õ‚mNeIº. ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ’≥z®œh ’¤‰≥∞œI ∆PAc ‘mŒ{®hp ¶Òi w¤≥»flº {œI®h‚m‡™Œ®ifi [ßœ{hœ⁄ –“ ’™¢„ ‘’R® ‘h≥∏¤ ¬’ßNfi. } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hp f≥’Œfi À{º ∑„‰BÛ„ ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ÛŒnŒ’‚ mÕBœÀ œ’Bº‚ MÓ®h ¬’ßNfi. ∆’c ∑f∞Pf } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨® ¯cBÀœ—hœ⁄® h”¬kohR±fi mOœ—hR±fi m≥™‚ m¤‚m¬’ßNfi. –®ef{≥h }´¯À ¢∞mÒ—chÈ®i ∑º –ÀÒœ{f≥— hÕœ{f≥ifi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp

45

5. ı ¬’´hÕ }Ωo X’≥Thp ¶{º ∑flÛf ‘{≥¨hRÒ ∑‰®ef´hp f≥’∞P∞ifi wÀ≥¤{≥h ∆œ{flÛŒ‚mº mJfi‘mŒfi ∑ÛS≥k‚ ^¤≥∏´h¬⁄. j„‰≥ ‘{≥¨hR±fi ∑¤≥{≥f∏, {S≥m≥¤À® hœÀhp ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®h‚m‡N {®hRÒ m®Ûø∏c¢∞ifi ∑‰®ef ’⁄c”≈®ifi mfÒm‡N ’flÛŒ®eÒI—. hc¶≥Õh }´¯ÀBÛ¬‰¬f ∑¤≥{≥f∏fi –“ºfi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ ∑f∞P® h¢”k®h¤’cBÛf≥h¬’ ¢⁄´ef’c ı¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp. ∑’¤º h≥‰fi e.G.1817 –À„ 1889 ’œ¤ wifi. ∑fi{S≥Ò ı¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’ÀoÒ G¤À{ ≤Õc jÒmº iP‚GÕBÀ®hº. ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp [ÛBÀ ∑Õfi ∆»ffi ¬m‡œÕ®hNBÀ ∑¤≥{”kflÛ¤^¤fi wifi. œ’ÛhBœÀB ‘À≥¨‰≥h® ‘h≥ßÕ ı ¶≥¤≥f∏ }c{≥¢∞ifi ‘¤´h¶≥fe ¬À¢®ifi ¶∞^À„’¤≥» } ¤≥H‡¤ i‰ ¶Ò{£‘f—B ¬À≥ÒPf ∑’c ≈D ’fÛ„ m®À G¤h‰≥ÀÒ ¶≥ÕhBœÀ‚ m≥cBº‚ G¤h‰≥À>Ò [ßœ{ m®Ûøfi ÛŒ{≥…Ò [®e¤ ∆’À≥¤{≥— ¶¤˛fi{ÌcBÛ˜Ò {eœ{øfi [∏cflÀ≥c. ¶¤˛fi{oÒ [m≥}h¤≥e ÛŒ’Œp ‘m∞D®h¢ m≥Nfi ÛIfi ‘m∞I≥c. À≥»‘{≥¨ } ¤≥H‡¤BÛ±fi ’Õ‘{≥¨, ‘À±´i, ÀTz wef GI‘{≥¨hR±fi i‰B‘À≥¨‰≥— œ’ÛhBÛ±fi Fh¤∞I ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I≥c. "ÀÏk≥§c ∆»f≥Ò' jÒmº ∑’¤º m‡Õ‚ ‘mf¤≥˜∞D. {Ò—c ≈’≥Ó®i ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥ThRÒ h„¢, Ù“®hfi, ^‰œ{ wef i∏≥Ûkf´hœ⁄‚ m∞Pf ‘k»Û eœÕBÀº. À{º ^À„¢˜Ò ÛŒ{∏BÛ∞i ∆œJ‚^ ∆W‚G—≥c. X’≥ThÈfi ‘kÒD } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ "{´h⁄≥HÕhfi' m≥™ w≈ ÁP—≥c. ∑’¤º ^‰œ{œf ‘{”≈f {Ò—c FœIf‚ mothp ∆RBº® hn¤¢BÀ≥c. GÒ‘—≥Œ k{ffi {Ò—oÒ wXÀ≥—‚ ^‰’œ¤ Àc®h ’≥ÀBÛ„ ‘’ÒD "¬’´hÕ}Ωo' jÒI m‡ÕBœÀ‚ ‘m∞I≥c. ∆œ’®h⁄‚ ^‰’c mÀ¢øfi ‘m∞D }¤X’Û {S≥…„ w¤≥»”≈ [D‚G—¤≥e‚ ‘mDœ{øÕÒ ¢⁄´e—≥c. ≈’≥Ó {Ò—c Q¤hßÕ≥{£ S≥¤BœÀøfi mok≥h ∆RBÀ≥c. }Ωo jÒI {¤≥BÛf” ‘k≥„±®i ‘’∞P ‘m∞I’c jÒD ‘m≥Œp. G∞h≥‰BÛ„ {ºœ¤®i ’flº Û‘¤⁄mÛffi{Ò ¬h≥˜…„ À´e }´¯À ¤≥{≥f∏fi m≥™fŒR—≥c. ∑®h≥¢ffi ∆Œ∏≥k‰® h¢¤≥foÒ "∑¤≥{ ¶≥Õhfi' jWfi Ã…„ ∆œ{flºp⁄ ’c∏ ‘{‡NhR„ ∆œ{flÀÀ≥ifi. ∑Û„ 584 X¬‰≥h´hÈfi 297 ¯cBÀœ—hÈfi [p⁄—. Õ≥®Õc ¤≥߬Մ jÒWfi w´e¬‰f ∆PAc ""∆”≈Õ‚m‡Õ ∑‰®ef´hR„ ThTh Ù‚^fc’∞Iº'' jÒD } ¤≥H‡¤ }´¯À ¤≥{≥f∏BœÀ‚ ^hzflºp⁄≥c. X’≥ThRÒ œh‘f“Bº‚ G¤Ûhœ⁄ ∆’¤º ≤ÕchÈfi kflÀÛf≥Œfi m≥ºh≥Bº ’ŒeI≥chp. ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

46

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

ı Ûf≥h¤≥O X’≥ThRÒ ‘À±´i ¶ h≥ }oÀBœÀ ∆Jef }fiX®ŒÀBÛ„ w®eB Àflºp⁄≥c ¬’´hÕ}Ωo. ∑’c hÀ≥h≥‰‡¬kmBÛ±{ ThB ¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞PŒflÀ≥c jÒmº iP‚GÕBÀ®hº. ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp ÀÏœk˜„ wÏk¬¶fc ¬h≥¢…„ ∆c”kh¤≥h ∑ŒflÀ≥c. ÙŒ ¶≥p ∑’œ¤B ¬Àp ‘h≥‡™ ¢‡Õº. ’… ‘m≥D®h≥{„ ≈—BºÕÒ ∑’c m≥™f ¬m≥º ∆flÀB ¬Àp joflº ¬m≥˜∞D ∑Ò‘—≥Œ k{ffi h≥˛˜„ À´e˜ŒflÀ ¬m≥º wÏk¬¶f X¬À≥BÛ¤fi {∞Dfi wÏk¬¶f m¤≥®e¤{fi m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ ¬m≥º ≠¤≥⁄{≥— ’≥—¤´hp ∆´¬h ¬À≥ÒP w—flÀ® ÁBÀ≥™® h¢f¤kŒ®i‚ m‰’œh® h>hœ⁄B Àflº ¢‡N {œIflÀ—. ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp ∑¤ßÕ≥’º –œIf≥h h≥˛ f≥BÛœ¤ ¬{∞‘h≥ßN ¬¶m≥⁄fi ‘kÒD ÛŒfi^œh˜„ f–œ— ¶Û®hœ¤˜„ ∑œI’WÕÒ h‰flÀ≥c. ∆‚¬m≥º ∆’Œ®i 72 ’fº.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi ¶ÕBÛ’Œfi ¶∞m£hR„ ≈‰:& (1) wßN ¬À≥Dfi ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp ÛŒ¶bBÛ¤BÀÒD {≥ch¨ & TŒh≤o_fi w”k≥cf ÛŒ’≥¤≥À—fi (iŒ MœO) {∞Dfi ∆flFhz”≈œf –Ò>‡N {≥F‰fi À“¢f {≥‘mŒfi wÒgh j“”≈ ’≥h—‚ ¬m¤£ ¶ÕBºeIº. (2) ¬h≥œÕh≥‰ ¢N–œI h≥‰BÛ„ ≈D’c ≈DTfchÈ®i ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp ¯cBÀœ—hp, X¬‰≥h´hp h∞D® ‘h≥N®h‚mNeIº. (3) ∑œ⁄AchÈ®i ¬’œ‰’≥»‚G∞i [À¢h¤{≥h BSRB, SSC, ¬m≥ÒI ¬Àcn®i m˜∞≈hp ∑‰’k{≥h ∆R®h‚mNeIº. (4) Ùo}≥ {≥F‰fi ∑f∞œh ≤¤¨’≥„ m≥Û®h‚m‡Õ¬m≥º 4ÕÒ º£{£hœ⁄ {ºœ¤ {®hRœÕ¬f Û¤‡™ F’≥¤∏ m£˜„ ÔNm‡Õº. (5) ı{fl ¶Õ— ¬h≥m≥‰¶≥fe X’≥Thp ‚ŒflÀ≥’— ÛŒ®¬h≥¢„, ı G¤kÒ— ¬’´¬Õk‚ ‘mŒ{≥p ¬h≥¢„ {S≥kfi‚¬¤≥b∏´hR„ Ã∞D®h∏®h≥— ‘À≥ßÕchÈÕÒ ¬kœ’ ‘k»Àº. (6) ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ’i‚^hp ¶ÕBºeIº. (7) ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp œh´hcffi ‘k»m’chœ⁄øfi, k–À≥f‚m£ w∞Pf’chœ⁄øfi m≥¤≥‡™ ‘h⁄¤¢®eIº. (8) ÀTz¶≥‡™„ ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤c –“’¤‰≥D jWfi Ãœ‰ {ºœ¤˜„ ∆P–h‚mNBÛfº. (9) ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥ m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ m®Àchœ⁄ ÙÒD Û¤‡Nfi ’ß∏fi {≥F‰BÛ„ j„‰≥ miÛhR±fi eœ⁄hœ⁄ ∆œ{Bº ’ŒeIº. (10)G¤Û w´e‰ {≥Àfi –À„ A≥˜∞D® eJœ{ h≥œ‰˜„ ‘À‚m®i⁄BÛ±p⁄ ¶≥fe {flÛo„ ı ¢H` khX¤¶≥{ m≥¤≥f∏fi ¶ÕBÛ ’ŒeIº. (11)ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥{hRÒ wÒgh, m®Û m≥Õ„ ∆Õ´ef w™¬f≥ ¬hk‡ ‘’R˜‡Õº. (12)wÒgh m®ÀchÈ®h≥h ÀßËc mflÀ„, ≠œJ jRf {≥∏’ {≥∏’chÈ®i ∑‰’k ¬¶≥‡N ^BÀh´hœ⁄ ’J´e ’ŒeIº. j„‰≥ ^h“fi ¶≥fe X’≥T®¬h.