Solar Lunaa.docx

1. WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.[1][2] It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.[3][4] In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly importindependent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".[

2. Energy Flow The energy from the sun strikes the earth throughout the entire day . However, the amount of energy changes due to the time of day, weather conditions, and geographic location. The amount of available solar energy is known as the solar isolation and is most commonly measured in watts per meter squared or W / m 2. In India on a bright sunny day in the early afternoon the solar isolation will be roughly around 1000 W / m 2, but in the mornings, evenings, or when the skies are overcast, the solar isolation will fall towards 0 W / m 2. It must understand how the available isolation changes in order to capture as much of the available energy as sunlight hits the cells of the solar array, which produces an electrical current. The energy (current) can travel to the batteries for storage; go directly to the motor controller, or a combination of both. The energy sent to the controller is used to power the motor that turns the wheel and makes the car moves. Generally if the car is in motion, the converted sun light is delivered directly to the motor controller, but there are times when there is more energy coming from the may than the motor controller needs. When this happens, the extra energy gets stored in the batteries for later use. When the solar may can't produce enough energy to drive the motor at the desired speed, the array's energy is supplemented with stored energy from the batteries. Of course, when the car is not in motion, all the energy from the solar may is stored in the batteries. There is also a way to get back some of the energy used to propel the car. When the car is being slowed down, instead of using the normal mechanical brakes, the motor is turned into a generator and energy flows backwards through the motor controller and into the batteries for storage. This is known as regenerative braking. The amount of energy returned to the batteries is small, but every bit helps.

[ENERGY FLOW SYSTEM IN SOLAR PANEL TO BATTERY]

3.

Solar cell:-

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.[2] Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photo detector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes: 

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitations.



The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.



The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A "photo electrolytic cell" (photo electrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.

1.4 Solar panel:Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 24%. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism. The most common application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar water heating systems. The price of solar electrical power has continued to fall so that in many countries it has become cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the electricity grid since 2012, a phenomenon known as grid parity. Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another. A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface. Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used. Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other nonmagnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may

be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated. case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.

1.

HISTORY In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.[3] Though the premiere solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices they were used as an instrument to measure light.[4] The observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873, when Willoughey Smith discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery, William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light on selenium" in 1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's results.[3][5] In 1881, Charles Fritts created the first commercial solar panel, which was reported by Fritts as "continuous, constant and of considerable force not only by exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused daylight."[6] However, these solar panels were very inefficient, especially compared to coal-fired power plants. In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern solar panels. He patented his design in 1941.[7] In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create the first commercially viable silicon solar cell.

1.6 Solar array An array is a group of 8 lower level solar panels/arrays. They are used to reduce the size of solar farms, which can quickly become invasive. The preferable method of construction involves the setting up of Automatic Crafting Tables to perform these tasks as otherwise creation would become tedious. If no Automatic Crafting Tables are available, the next best option would be a Project Table. Like Solar Panels, Solar Arrays will not work at night, and will have reduced output during a thunderstorm. There are 3 types of Solar Arrays ▪

HV Solar Array

▪

MV Solar Array

▪

LV Solar Array

1.6. HV SOLAR ARRAY The High Voltage Solar Array is the third and topmost tier of solar arrays added by. It is made using 8 Medium Voltage Solar Arrays, which each require 8 Low Voltage Solar Arrays, which each require 8 Solar Panels, bringing the total up to 512 Solar Panels in total plus a stack of LV-Transformers, 8 MV-Transformers and a single HV-Transformer, making it a very expensive and resource-intensive item to create just one. The iron necessary for the generators alone would amount to 32 MACERATED stacks of Iron Ore. If Greg Tech 4 is installed, many stacks of Silicon Cells and possibly an Industrial Blast Furnace are also necessary.

The High Voltage Solar Array generates and outputs 512 EU/p (HV). It has no internal storage and no method of charging items, so if the Array is connected to no cables, all of its power generation will be for naught. Due to its high output, it requires Glass Fibre Cable or HV Cable (Gold Cable also acceptable in Industrialcraft 2 Experimental) to connect it to a power storage unit. The High Voltage Solar Array is made from 512 Solar Panels, each producing 1 EU/t, so the Solar Array does not serve to generate more power, but merely to generate the same amount of power in a smaller and more compact space. Since the High Voltage Solar Array takes 512 Solar Panels to craft, doing it manually takes several hours. One of the ways to automate this process is to set up an ME Molecular Assembler Chamber to craft the High Voltage Solar Arrays. The EMC of a High Voltage Solar Array is the equivalent of 323 Diamonds.

8.

MV SOLAR ARRAY

The Medium

Voltage

(MV)

Solar

Array is

an IC

Machine used

to

generate EU from the sun. It is the equivalent of 64 Solar Panels, or 8 LV Solar Arrays. One MV Solar Array produces 64 EU/t, which is 1,280 EU per second, or 835,200 EU per mini craft day. This daily figure however is based on if there is daylight

constantly to power the MV Solar Array. It is a medium voltage device so if you. wish to hook it up to a Bat box or other Tier 1 machine, you must use an transform.

9.

LV ARRAY

2. Low Voltage (LV) Solar Array is an IC Machine used to generate EU from the sun. It is the equivalent of 8 Solar Panels. 3. One LV Solar Array produces 8 EU/t, which is 160 EU per second, or 104,400 EU per day. It is a low voltage device. 4. LV Solar Arrays are the cheapest out of the three Solar Arrays (The others being MV and HV Solar Arrays). They are usually the choice of most players as they provide an energy of 8 Solar Panels (1 EU/t per Solar Panel), but only takes up one block area, without needing a Transformer to wire up to a BatBox. If you wish to make 8 or more LV solar arrays, you can craft a MV solar array with those plus a MV transformer.

4.8. Power tracker:Power track (UK), Speed track (US), Turbo sprint and Lane changer are brand names for Matchbox's toy slot cars sets. Introduced in the late 1970s, Power track and Speed track differed from other slot car sets because the cars could be seen in the dark as the cars had headlights. Matchbox's H0/00 (approx. 1/64) cars were smaller than 1/32-scale cars. In the UK, Power track was a more affordable product than Scalextric and traded heavily on the Matchbox brand. With the smaller size, the layouts could be quite complex yet still fit in the typical 8×4 ft board size. Additionally, it did not sit out of place with H0/00 railway sets and Matchbox's own 75 die-cast range. Coupled with very dynamic packaging. The Power track product was a big turn-on for a child of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Peter Kay commented in his autobiography The Sound of Laughter that the Race 'N' Chase set he received for Christmas in the late 1970s was the best Christmas present ever. With the collapse of Lesney/Matchbox in the early eighties, the last official year of production appears to be 1982. Various attempts to buy the Lesney stock and continue selling the products were tried but subsequently died out. Most notably, Proops Brothers, of Tottenham Court Road, London packaged together sets in plain

boxes and sold existing sets with all sorts of car combinations. Latterly, several vehicles appear from time to time rebranded as 'Counter lane' but these too were short lived. The sets came with either a 6-volt or an 18-volt power unit. The 18-volt (HVT) cars are extremely quick due to the size and weight and handle very well with the aid of a magnet on the underside. No longer in production, cars and sets can be purchased via e BAY with some rarer cars commanding keen prices, like the red Saab 900 Turbo and the gold, yellow livery Ford Escort. Many of the cars for sale come with poor quality , leaving the cars with no grip. The lack of grip results in the cars just wheel spinning without any forward movement. However, there are replacements available and it is still possible to buy brand new cars in sealed cartons.

11. Speed controller:An electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle lever, joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of field effect transistors (FETs) . By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency of the transistors, the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the transistors is what causes the motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched whine, especially noticeable at lower speeds. Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless DC motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage on its armature. (Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of permanent magnets can also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of the motor field current.) A brushless motor requires a different operating principle. The speed of the motor is varied by adjusting the timing of pulses of current delivered to the several windings of the motor.

A generic ESC module rated at 35 amperes with an integrated BEC Brushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, as in a variable frequency drive , to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular with radio controlled airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and light weight in comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless AC motor controllers are much more complicated than brushed motor controllers.[2] The correct phase varies with the motor rotation, which is to be taken into account by the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor is used to detect this rotation, but variations exist that use magnetic (Hall effect) or optical detectors. Computerprogrammable speed controls generally have user-specified options which allow setting low voltage cut-off limits, timing, acceleration, braking and direction of rotation. Reversing the motor's direction may also be accomplished by switching any two of the three leads from the ESC to the motor.

CHAPTER

2

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT:-

2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.[2] Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes: The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat.

A "photo electrolytic cell" (photo electro chemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.

2.2 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light falls on a material. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons. This phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry. According to classical electromagnetic theory, this effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from the light to an electron. From this perspective, an alteration in the intensity of light would induce changes in the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the metal. Furthermore, according to this theory, a sufficiently dim light would be expected to show a time lag between the initial shining of its light and the subsequent emission of an electron. However, the experimental results did not correlate with either of the two predictions made by classical theory.[citation needed] Instead, electrons are dislodged only by the impingement of photons when those photons reach or exceed a threshold frequency (energy). Below that threshold, no electrons are emitted from the material regardless of the light intensity or the length

of time of exposure to the light. (Rarely, an electron will escape by absorbing two or more quanta. However, this is extremely rare because by the time it absorbs enough quanta to escape, the electron will probably have emitted the rest of the quanta.) To make sense of the fact that light can eject electrons even if its intensity is low, Albert Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy hν. This shed light on Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hν) linking energy (E) and frequency (ν) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is known as the Planck constant.[1][2] In 1887, Heinrich Hertz[2][3] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black-body radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in "packets" of energy. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", and Robert Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for "his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".

The photoelectric effect requires photons with energies approaching zero (in the case of negative electron affinity) to over 1 MeV for core electrons in elements with a high atomic number. Emission of conduction electrons from typical metals usually requires a few electron-volts, corresponding to short-wavelength visible or ultraviolet light. Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the concept of wave–particle duality.[1] Other phenomena where light affects the movement of electric charges include the photoconductive effect (also known as photoconductivity or photo resistivity), the photovoltaic effect, and the photo electro chemical effect. Photoemission can occur from any material, but it is most easily observable from metals or other conductors because the process produces a charge imbalance, and if this charge imbalance is not neutralized by current flow (enabled by conductivity), the potential barrier to emission increases until the emission current ceases. It is also usual to have the emitting surface in a vacuum, since gases impede the flow of photoelectrons and make them difficult to observe. Additionally, the energy barrier to photoemission is usually increased by thin oxide layers on metal surfaces if the metal has been exposed to oxygen, so most practical experiments and devices based on the photoelectric effect use clean metal surfaces in a vacuum.

When the photoelectron is emitted into a solid rather than into a vacuum, the term internal photoemission is often used, and emission into a vacuum distinguished

[PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT]

2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to

AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldn't be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power. or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling. PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems only account for a small portion of the market. Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime.

2.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light and is a physical and chemical phenomenon. The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. In either case, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higherenergy state. The main distinction is that the term photoelectric effect is now usually used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a vacuum) and photovoltaic effect used when the excited charge carrier is still contained within the material. In either case, an electric potential (or voltage) is produced by the separation of charges, and the light has to have a sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier for excitation. The physical essence of the difference is usually that photoelectric emission separates the charges by ballistic conduction and photovoltaic emission separates them by diffusion, but some "hot carrier" photovoltaic device concepts blur this distinction. The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with a thin film of gold, was experimented by Charles Fritts in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency. A demonstration of the photovoltaic effect in 1839 used an electrochemical cell.

However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices, mainly in photodiodes. When sunlight or other sufficiently energetic light is incident upon the photodiode, the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These excited electrons diffuse, and some reach the rectifying junction (usually a diode p-n junction) where they are accelerated into the p-type semiconductor material by the built-in potential (Galvani potential). This generates a flow of electrical current electromotive force, and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy. The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process called two-photon photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect was first observed by French physicist A. E. Becquerel in 1839. He explained his discovery in Components rendus de l'Académie des sciences, "the production of an electric current when two plates of platinum or gold immersed in an acid, neutral, or alkaline solution are exposed in an uneven way to solar radiation." Besides the direct excitation of free electrons, a photovoltaic effect can also arise simply due to the heating caused by absorption of the light. The heating leads to increased temperature of the semiconductor material, which is accompanied by temperature gradients. These thermal gradients in turn may generate a voltage

through the See beck effect. Whether direct excitation or thermal effects dominate the photovoltaic effect .

CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

3.1 INTRODUCTION It is Luna which runs on solar energy . It get the solar energy directly from the sun through solar panel. The Luna consists of 2 solar panel,4 batteries,1 accelerator ,1controller and 1 motor ,2 wheels. The energy first absorb and store in solar panel , then the energy goes to batteries and charge it. Then the energy goes to the motor and the accelerator regulate the speed, wheel absorbs the energy and rotate.

3.2 SOLAR PANEL 1. The solar panel absorb the solar energy from the sun and supply the energy to the battery. 2. The solar panel works on photovoltaic effect. 3. We have used two 12volt solar panel ,which absorb dc current directly from the sun. 4. Each solar panel cost is 1500. 5. The solar panel are present back side of the luna . it is in triangle shape mounted and bolted with the welded road. 6. For supporting the solar panel a rectangular shape rod is present at the bottom of the solar panel.

[12 VOLT TWO SOLAR PANEL PESENT ON THE BACK SIDE OFL

3.2 BATTERY

I.

We have used 4 batteries of 12volt 7 amp each. The cost of each battery is 1200 rupees.

II. We have divided the 4 batteries in two pair. The batteries are connected in series in each pair. The pair are connected in parallel to each other. III. We used 12 volt 7 amp batteries because the motor we used is24volt 350watt.

IV.

So battery size is total watt per total battery voltage. Dividing it we get 14 amp battery. Connecting the battery in each pair we get 24 volt and connecting the pair in parallel we get 14 ah current.

MATHMATICALLY, BATTERY SIZE

= TOTAL WATT

PER TOTAL VOLTAGE

SO BATTERY SIZE = 350 watt/24 volt =14 amp Two battery connected in series so 12 volt +12 volt =24 volt(in series connection amp remain same) Two pair of battery connected in parallel so7 amp +7amp=14 amp (in parallel voltage remain same)

[The battery is present at the centre for balancing]

3.3 MOTOR CONTROLLER I.

Motor controller is a device which connect and control different part like motor, accelerator, headlights, indicator ,key , charging etc.

II. The controller present above the motor nearer to the battery.it is a 500watt controller

it’s

cost

is

4300

rupees.

III. The Direct Current comes from battery go to motor through controller and the controller is also connected to accelerator which regulate the speed of the luna. IV. Except charging controller connected to remaining 5 parts like motor , accelerator, headlights, indicator and key.

3.4 MOTOR I.

The motor is present at the bottom of the luna. we have used a 24volt 350watt motor.

II. The motor is brush less dc motor. Because it creates less heat and chances of sparking is zero in it. III. The price of motor is 8600 rupees.

IV.

(GEAR MOUNTED ON MOTOR FIG 3.1 )

3.5 CHAIN DRIVE  A small gear is mounted on the motor and another gear is also present on back wheel shaft. Through a chain system the motor passes energy to the wheel .



[gear on motor shaft]

3.6 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING I.

First we took luna and the engine part .then coloured it to look good ,then we brought the solar panel each of is 12volt .we joint the rod in rectangular shape and make hole in it so we can bolt it with the panel. Then we took 4 battery each of is 12 volt 7amp we divided the battery into 2 pair and each battery pair consists of 2 battery connect in series and the 2pair are connected in parallel.

II. We set the battery in the centre so that it can make balance . Then the battery connected to motor controller, the motor controller has 6 out put . The controller then connected to motor , accelerator, key ,light .when battery supply the energy to the motor the motor will rotate as regulated by accelerator. III. Then through chain drive the motor transfer the energy to the rear wheel. IV. Finally the rear wheel is start rotating.

(after removing the engine)

(after complete of work) 4.1 CONCLUSION Going by the above process finally we concluded that we have made a solar Luna which operates on solar energy and if the battery is fully charged then it can run 10 to 12 km in rainy day without any charging.

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RESULT