Soil Pollution

POLLUTION:- The mixing of harmful things to our Pollution of is thecalled natural environment environment is largely “Pollution” unintended and unwanted consequences of human activities in manufacturing, transportation, agriculture and waste disposable. Pollution is harmful for all living beings and create problems

High levels of pollution are largely a consequence of industrialization, urbanization and the rapid increase of human population in modern times. Pollutants commonly are classified according to the part of the environment primarily effected by them either by air, water or land . Sub grouping depends on characteristics of the pollutants themselves: chemical, physical, thermal and others. Many pollutants affect more than one resource.

Air is a mixture of gases comprising 78 % nitrogen, 21% oxygen and a little less than 1 % argon, together with 0.03 % carbon dioxide. These elements make up to 99.9 % of dry air. As long as this composition is maintained, the air is pure. If this composition is altered, i.e. the oxygen level gets reduces or other harmful gases enter the atmosphere, then the air is said to be polluted. Finally we say, Air pollution is indication of disturbances to the composition of compounds in the atmosphere

Major pollutants occurring in the air:1.Gases Pollutants: Sources: The sources of gaseous pollutants are the vehicles, industries, manufacturing processes and even agricultural activities. Combustion of fossil fuels release SO2 and nitrogen. Carbon-monoxide is another harmful gas released during combustion. 2.Particulate pollutants: The particulate pollutants include dust from crushing and grinding due to construction work. fibers from textile mill are other particulate pollutants, lead particles are still other pollutants of this class. 3.Smog: The mixture of smoke and fog together produced smog It is actually fog carrying carbon particles. Smog is the result of heavy traffic on the highways.

Water Pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, oceans ,ground-water & lacks.

The principle sources of water pollution are sewage, industrialwaste, toxic-metals ,garbage , agriculture -fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

Noise is defined as unwanted sound & Noise pollution is unwanted human-created sound that disrupts the environment The major sources of noise pollution are: -

•Loud speakers •Automobiles •Aircrafts •Trains •Construction works •Projection of satellites into space •Industry & Machinery. •Entertainment Effect:-Noise pollution has ill effects not only on the human beings but also on other living and non- living things.eg. Permanent hearing loss, Mental stress, Frustration, sleep-disorder, etc Aparna kumari

Soil pollution mainly involves the deposition on land of solid wastes & toxic chemicals such as cans, bottles, plastic containers, pesticides,etc that cannot be broken down quickly or, in some cases, at all

Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources.

1.Increase Population & Urbanization The increase in the concentration of population in cities, along with the internal combustion engine, led to the increased number of roads and all the infra structure that goes with them. Roads cause visual,noise,light,air and water pollution, in addition to land pollution As the demand for food has grown very high, there is an increase in field size and mechanization. The increase in field size makes it economically

:-2. Acid-Rain .

Acid Rain is caused by air pollution. The acidic water falls on the soil and pollutes it by making the soil acidic.

3.Insecticides & Herbicides Insecticides and Herbicides are poisonous chemicals which are used to spray standing crops to prevent them from harmful insects and herbs

These insecticides and herbicides mix with the soil and pollute it.

4.Insecticides:The soil pollution caused by the use of insecticides and herbicides in agriculture is very dangerous because these chemicals can enter our food chain and damage our health. eg,DDT,BHC etc 5.Excessive use of Fertilisers :The use of excess fertilisers to increase the crop yields makes the soil either acidic or alkaline and pollutes it. For example, excessive use of ammonium sulphate fertilisers makes the soil highly acidic .whereas the excessive use of sodium nitrate fertilisers makes the soil highly alkaline.

5. Contamination of soil with man-made chemicals, and

6.Improper land use and planning

Land Pollution caused by acid rain reduce the fertility of soil leading to reduction of crop yields. The solid wastes like garbage destroy the natural beauty and become a breeding ground for mosquitoes which spread diseases like malaria and Dengue.

The pollution caused by the excessive use of fertilisers also reduces the fertility of the soil and crop yields by making the soil either highly acidic or highly alkaline. The effects of land pollution are numerous, interrelated and of adverse consequences on the entire ecological system

Modes of waste -disposal a

Landfill s Recycli ng

Production of Bio-gas

Compost ing

Incinerat ion Aparna Kumari

1.Landfills Most of the solid wastes in urban areas are buried in lowlying areas to level the uneven ground. This is called Landfills.

2.Recycling It is the method of recovery and processing of Biodegradable wastes or materials after they have been used, which enables them to be used. For example, solid wastes like paper, plastics and metals, etc., are recycled. Industrial wastes are treated in special plants and valuable wastes are recycled

3.Composting In this method, the domestic waste like fruit and vegetable waste, left-over food, leaves of potted plants etc., can be converted into compost and used as manure.

4.Incineration

It means ‘reduction to ashes’. The burning of a substance at high temperature to form ash is called Incineration. It is used to destroy household waste, chemical waste and biological waste. Incineration is carried out in incinerator.

5.Production of Biogas & Manure

In this method Cow dung is fed into biogas plants to produce Biogas and obtain manure.

Future of our planet lies in our hands Please Keep the World Clean

Thank You By- Amit krishna