Software

Software HARISH MORWANI [email protected]

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Introduction ●

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Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. Computer software are often regarded as anything but hardware, meaning that the "hard" are the parts that are tangible while the "soft" part is the intangible objects inside the computer. The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs.

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Computer Software Relationships User Interface Application Programs

User Interface

Operating System

User Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS) • needed for a computer to boot up Interface

Computer Hardware

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Categories

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Application Software ●

Easy-to-use programs designed to perform specific tasks/applications Packaged

Available in Market requirements

Customized

Designed as per User

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Application Software ●

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Application software makes computer popular and easy to use Common application software:  Microsoft Word  PowerPoint  Netscape, Internet Explorer  PhotoShop, Photo-Paint  Quick Time  Dreamweaver

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System Software ■ Programs

that support the execution and development of other programs

Operating systems

Translators

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Operating System)

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Operating System ● ●

Controls and manages the computing resources Examples ■

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Windows, Unix, MSDOS,

Important services that an operating system provides: ■ ■ ■ ■

File system Commands to manipulate the file system Input and output on a variety of devices Memory management

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Translators ●

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These system softwares are required to translate the language used by the USER to write Programs into a language which can be understood by the Machine. For understanding Translators, let us understand the different types of Programming languages first.

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PROGRAMMING LANG.

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MACHINE LANGUAGE •

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Each computer has its own machine language, which is made of streams of 0s and 1s because the internal circuit of a computer is made of switches, transistors and other electronic devices that can only be in one of two states: off or on. 0 represents the off state; 1 represents the on state.

01011110

11111000 11101111

00000000 00001100 11101111 11101111 10101101 01100010 00000010

00000100 11000010 00010110 10011110 11011111 11011111 11111011

00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

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MACHINE LANGUAGE Example of a machine language instruction: 00000101 ADD to operation result

00010000 Value of 1st operand

00000000 Address store

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE • •

Symbols replace the machine language operations & operands making it more easy to work on. A special program called assembler translates symbolic code into machine language, thus it is also called assembly language. entry subl2 jsb movab

main, ^m #12,sp C$MAIN_ARGS $CHAR_STRING_CON

pushal pushal calls pushal calls mull3 pusha calls clrl ret

–8(fp) (r2) #2,read –12(fp) #2, read –8(fp), -12(fp), 6(r2) #2, print r0

TRANSLATOR

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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE • • •

Portable to many kinds of computers, allowing the programmer to concentrate on the problem at hand rather than the intricacies of the computer. Relieve the programmer from the details of the assembly language. Share one thing with symbolic languages: they must be compiled or interpreted to convert to machine language. #include using namespace std; int main (void) { // Local Declarations int number1; int number2; int result; // Statements cin >> number1; cin >> number2; result = number1 * number2; cout << result; return 0; } // main

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Procedural v/s Non-Procedural Non-Procedural ●

What is to be done?

Procedural ●

What is to be done & How it is to be done?

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Interpreter v/s Compiler ●

A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., machine language). Translation is done at once. Faster than Interpreter.

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An interpreter is a program that translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and immediately executes this . Translation is done statement by statement.

SOFTWARE POWER IN 3000

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