Siliguri Institute Of Technology

SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Name:-Moina Ersad. B-Tech ,3rd Year ,5th Semester Department of Biomedical Engineering. Roll No.:-11931061009 Session:-2008-2009 Guide Teacher:-Sujan K.Samanta 1

Topic of Seminar:-

“ MODERN DAY’S CANCER THERAPY ” 2

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CANCER:Cancer is regarded as a group of diseases characterised by: ii) Abnormal growth of cells iii) Ability to invade adjacent tissues iv) Eventual death of the affected person if the tumour has progressed beyond that stage where it can be successfully removed. 4

Overview of cancerous cells.

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Microscopic view of the rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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ITS CAUSES: Prolonged

use of cosmetics like black or dark brown hair dyes.  Parental use of pesticides or exposure to petrochemicals industry at the time of pregnancy.  Eating meat of cattle which have been injected with high levels of estrogen before slaughter.  Industrial carcinogens like poly vinyl chloride (PVC), organic compounds etc. 7

 Smoking

,Drinking

 Locations  Heredity

and reproductive history.  Exposure to X-Rays.  Chronic irritation.  Various types of body implants.

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ITS TREATMENT OPTIONS:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Conventional drugs Vaccines

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1.SURGERY: Usually

the first line of treatment.  If detected earlier ,the patient may be cured surgically.  Its application depends upon the size, location and stage of the disease.  Often used in combination with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

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2.RADIATION THERAPY:How they work? High energy waves

Cancerous growth

Causes cells to die

Cause damage within cells

Prevent accurate cell division

What types of cancer are treated? About 60% of cancer cases require radiation therapy. For example: Prostrate, skin, head and neck, throat, larynx, breast, brain, lung, bone, leukemia, ovarian, uterus cancers etc. 11

What are the different types of Radiation Therapy? Radiation Therapy

Internal Radiation External Radiation Photon Radiation Particle Radiation

What are the drawbacks of Radiation Therapy?  Not specific to cancerous cells, may damage healthy cells as well.  Only cells in division state are sensitive to radiation therapy.  It takes a lot of time ,i.e. over a few weeks.

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3.CHEMOTHERAPY:How they work? The term chemotherapy or ‘chemo’ refers to the wide range of chemicals used to treat cancer cells. They generally work by killing dividing cells by disrupting the normal cell division procedure. What are the types of cancer treated? About 80% of all the cancers require chemotherapy. They include Leukemia, bladder, breast ,osteogenic ,pancreatic ,colon ,stomach ,rectal, liver and skin cancers. 13

What are the different types of chemicals used in Chemotherapy? Antimetabolites:-Interfere with the formation of key biomolecules like nucleotides and hence interfere with DNA replication and thereby cell division.  Genotoxic Drugs:-Damage DNA.  Spindle inhibitors:-Interfere with cytoskeletal components like spindle fibers that enables cell division.

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What are the different drawbacks of Chemotherapy?  Chemicals like methoxate are toxic at high doses.  Hepatotoxicity (damaging effects on liver) is possible at high or low dosage concentration of drug  Causes physical side effects like mouth sores, extreme hair loss, skin rash etc.  Normal dividing cells are also affected sometimes. 15

4.CONVENTIONAL DRUGS:-

How they work? They comprise of different drugs in the form of antibodies, hormones etc. which prevent cancer cell growth or causes the death of the cancer cells in many different ways. What are the types of cancer treated? Cancer detected in its early stages are generally treated by conventional drugs. They include breast, ovarian and prostrate cancers in their early stages. 16

What are the different types of Conventional drugs?  Hormonal

Treatments  Specific inhibitors  Antibodies 17

5.VACCINES:Their purpose is to stimulate the body’s own defence against cancer. They usually contain proteins found or produced by cancer cells.

THE FIRST CANCER PREVENTION VACCINE: The

majority of the cervical cancers are believed to be caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).  In laboratory it is possible to construct non infectious virus like particles (VLP).  They are similar to infectious viruses but are free of viral DNA and hence cant reproduce. 18

 On

injecting into body, they generate immune response quiet strongly.  This vaccine is commercially known as Gardasil.  Recently, on 6th October 2008,the discoverer of this virus(HPV), Dr. Harald Zur Hausen, 72 , of German Cancer Research Centre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

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STATISTICAL INFORMATION:-

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CONCLUSION:Prevention of Cancer is not in our hands. But we can do many things within our capacity like avoiding toxic food substances, abstaining from tobacco and other known carcinogens, using environmental friendly products etc.

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REFERENCES:

www.cancerquest.org

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www.ezinearticles.com

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www.oncolink.com/types

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www.heall.com

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Preventive and Social Medicine ,by K. Park.

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