Sii Pif Rating Agencies

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RATING AGENCIES: The Risk of Over‐reliance on Ratings  An “Insider’s” View

Markus Krebsz, MSI SII Risk Forum, London ‐ 24 Feb 2009

CONTENT • • • • • •

Overview Ratings Application Constructive criticism Risks/Mitigants Questions & close

2

OVERVIEW

QUESTION 1: How many (Credit) rating agencies exist globally? 3 to 5

6 to 15

16 to 30

More than 30 4

1) A.M. Best Company, Inc. 2) Agusto & Co. Ltd. 3) Ahbor Rating 4) Apoyo & Asociados Internacionales S.A.C. 5) Bank Watch Ratings S.A. 6) BRC Investor Services S.A. 7) Calificadora de Riesgo, PCA 8) Capital Intelligence, Ltd. 9) Caribbean Information & Credit Rating Services Ltd. (CariCRIS) 10) Central European Rating Agency (CERA) 11) Chengxin International Credit Rating Co., Ltd. 12) China Lianhe Credit Rating, Co. Ltd. 13) Clasificadora de Riesgo Humphreys, Ltda. 14) Class y Asociados S.A. Clasificadora de Riesgo 15) CMC International, Ltd. 16) Companhia Portuguesa de Rating, SA (CPR) 17) Credit Analysis & Research Ltd (CARE) 18) Credit Rating Agency of Bangladesh, Ltd. (CRAB) 19) Credit Rating Information and Services, Ltd. (CRISL) 20) CRISIL, Ltd. 21) Dagong Global Credit Rating Co., Ltd. 22) Dominion Bond Rating Service (DBRS) 23) Duff & Phelps de Colombia, S.A., S.C.V 24) Ecuability, SA 25) Egan‐Jones Rating Company 26) Equilibrium Clasificadora de Riesgo 27) European Rating Agency (ERA) 28) Feller Rate Clasificadora de Riesgo 29) Fitch Ratings, Ltd. 30) Global Credit Rating Co. 31) Interfax Rating Agency (IRA) 32) Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency (ICRA) Source: www.defaultrisk.com

33) Islamic International Rating Agency, B.S.C. (IIRA) 34) Japan Credit Rating Agency, Ltd. (JCR) 35) JCR‐VIS Credit Rating Co. Ltd. 36) Korea Investors Service, Inc. (KIS) 37) Korea Ratings Corporation 38) Lanka Rating Agency, Ltd. (LRA) 39) Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC) 40) Mikuni & Co., Ltd. 41) Moody's Investors Service 42) National Information & Credit Evaluation, Inc. (NICE) 43) ONICRA Credit Rating Agency of India, Ltd. 44) P.T. Kasnic Credit Rating Indonesia ‐‐ Indonesia 45) P.T. PEFINDO Credit Rating Indonesia 46) Pacific Credit Rating (PCR) 47) Pakistan Credit Rating Agency, Ltd. (PACRA) 48) Philippine Rating Services, Corp. (PhilRatings) 49) RAM Rating Services Berhad (RAM) 50) Rapid Ratings International, Inc. 51) Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (R&I) 52) Rus Ratings 53) Seoul Credit Rating & Information, Inc. 54) Shanghai Credit Information Services Co., Ltd. 55) Shanghai Far East Credit Rating Co., Ltd. 56) Slovak Rating Agency, a.s. (SRA) 57) SME Rating Agency of India Limited (SMERA) 58) Sociedad Calificadora de Riesgo Centroamericana, S.A. (SCRiesgo) 59) Standard and Poors (S&P) 60) Taiwan Ratings, Corp. (TCR) 61) Thai Rating and Information Services Co., Ltd. (TRIS) 62) TheStreet.com Ratings, Inc. 63) Türk KrediRating (TCRating) 64) Veribanc, Inc.

5

QUESTION 2: AAA (Fitch) = AAA (S&P) = Aaa (Moody’s)?

6

RATING PRINCIPLES Fitch Ratings, Standard & Poor’s:  Probability of default (PD) = First dollar of loss Î What is the ultimate default risk? Moody’s: Expected loss (EL) = [(PD) X (LGD)] Î What is the amount of net loss suffered?  7

QUESTION 3: D (Fitch) =   D (S&P) =   D (Moody’s)?

8

RATINGS MAPPING TABLE Fitch Ratings

Investment Grade

Long-term rating

Short-term rating

AAA AA+

F1+

Long-term rating

Standard & Poors

Short-term rating

Long-term rating

Aaa

AAA

Aa1

AA+

Short-term rating

Mapped internal r a t i n g iAAA iAA+

A-1+ AA

Aa2

AA-

P1

AA

iAA

Aa3

AA-

iAA-

A1

A+

A-1

iA+

A

A-1 or A-2

iA

F1+ or F1 A+ A

F1

A2

A-

F1 or F2

A3

P-1 or P-2

AP-2

iAA-2

BBB+

F2

Baa1

BBB

F2 or F3

Baa2

P-2 or P-3

BBB

A-2 or A-3

iBBB

BBB-

F3

Baa3

P-3

BBB-

A-3

iBBB-

BB+ BB

Speculative Grade

Moody’s

B

BB-

BBB+

Ba1

BB+

Ba2

BB

Ba3

BB-

iBBB+

iBB+ iBB B Ranges within B-1, B-2 and B-3

iBB-

B+

B1

B+

B

B2

B

iB

B-

B3

B-

iB-

Caa1

CCC+

iCCC+

CCC

Caa2

CCC

iCCC

CCC-

Caa3

CCC-

CC

Ca

CC

iCC

C

C

C

iC

CCC+

Not Prime

iB+

C

DDD, DD, D

D

Source: Bloomberg, Fitch, Moody’s and S&P

Moody’s: D

D

C

D

iCCC-

iD

9

QUESTION 4: SF Bond 1 rated AAA (Fitch/ S&P/ Moody’s) =  SF Bond 2 rated AAA (Fitch/ S&P/ Moody’s)?

10

SUPER‐SENIOR RATINGS Structure 1 Tranche 1: Tranche 2:  Tranche 3:  Tranche 4: Tranche 5: Tranche 6: First Loss piece: 

Structure 2 AAA AA+ A BBB‐ BB B+ NR

Tranche 1: Tranche 2:  Tranche 3:  Tranche 4: Tranche 5: Tranche 6: Tranche 7: Tranche 8 First Loss piece: 

AAA AA AAA A AAA AA+ A BBB‐ BB B+ NR 11

RATINGS

RATING DEFINITION • An opinion… * [Financial journalists] • …on the relative ability… • …of an entity to meet financial commitments. * 

‹ä|xã ÇÉà ÇxvxáátÜ|Äç utáxw ÉÇ ytvà ÉÜ ~ÇÉãÄxwzx

Ratings are benchmark measures of… • Probability of default (PD) • Expectations of Loss given default (LGD)  13

RATINGS… …can capture:

…do NOT capture:

• Credit risk

a Market risk a a Liquidity risk a a Operational risk a a Basis risk (IR risk) a

…and are “hard‐wired”… • by Basel II • into banks’ credit rating models • Investment guidelines and Asset management mandates

14

STATISTICAL: Probability of Default

Source: Fitch Ratings

15

RATINGS SCOPE • Public • Private • Credit assessment • Market‐Implied ratings   (CDS, Equity, Spread, Price etc.) 16

RATING ACTIONS Rating  DEAL STAGE • Preliminary • Final • Paid in Full (PIF) /  Redemption INDICATORS • Upgrade, Downgrade • Affirmation / Confirmation • Withdrawn

Suffix RATING WATCH • Positive • Negative • Evolving / Uncertain OUTLOOK • Positive • Negative • Stable 17

APPLICATION

RATINGS are used by … Banks, Other Financial Institutions, Originators & Issuers, Investors, Financial Regulators, Other Rating agencies, etc.  …

in order to … • • • •

Outsource analysis Determine required economic and regulatory capital charges Manage individual credit & portfolio risks Feature as input into Structured Finance models (CDO2 etc.)

19

CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM

FAILURES AIG, Bear Stearns, Bradford & Bingley, Enron, Icelandic banks, Lehman Bros., Monolines, Northern Rock, Parmalat, etc. In their own words...

Fitch: “… did not foresee the magnitude of the decline…or the  dramatic shift in borrower behavior…”

Moody’s: “We did not . . . anticipate the magnitude and speed  of the deterioration in mortgage quality or the suddenness of  the transition to restrictive lending.”

S&P: “it is now clear that a number of assumptions used in  preparing ratings on mortgage‐backed securities issued  between 2005 and mid‐2007 did not work.” Source: US Government Oversight and Reform Committee, Oct 2008 21

CRITICISM • • • • • • • •

Business model: Too slow to react Assumptions, methodologies & models Conflict of interest (“issuer‐pays” model) Limited capture Split ratings Notching Implied ratings & internal competition etc.  22

THE RISKS OF OVER‐RELIANCE  ‐ AND SUITABLE MITIGANTS 

TIMELY ACTIONS and DEFERRAL Rating process: Timeliness of Rating changes

Rating scope vs. time: Bond maturity profile

• Process stages to reach  rating decisions • Detection of bond‐ vs.  asset class‐specific  and/or systemic issues

• Legal final vs. expected final maturity • Life‐time ratings (40+ years) • Timely payment of interest  & ultimate payment of  principal

31 July 07 Cut-off date

20 Aug 07 CRA analyst

31 Aug 07 Proposal: RWN

9 Oct 07 CRA Analyst

16 Oct 07 Proposal: DG

25 Oct 07 Indiv. or Asset-class?

Report format & frequency, Analyst’s experience, Models, Quorum ... 15 Aug 07 Distribution

27 Aug 07 1st Analysis result

25 Sept 07 1st Committee

12 Oct 07 2nd Analysis result

23 Oct 07 2nd Committee

You get the idea...

24

TIME‐LAG of RATING ACTIONS

25

OPERATIONAL RISKS • Changing methodologies and assumptions • Timeliness of rating decisions • Model risks • Striking the right balance between non‐ and  over‐regulation 26

RISK MITIGANTS Understanding the meaning of ratings Understanding instruments’ risks Independent analysis Internal ratings Disputing rating decisions and methodologies  with the agencies – is it really worth it? • Operational risk scenario: Awareness that  agencies CAN and DO get their ratings wrong • • • • •

27

QUESTIONS & CLOSE

28

Q & A For the Risk Forum

1. Has this presentation  changed your view  and perception of  Ratings (= Opinion)? 2. Would you now give  CRA more or less  credit? 3. Do you think that  CRAs should be  properly regulated? 

For the Presenter Q1)…? Q2)…? Q3)…? 

29

CONTACT Markus Krebsz +44 (0) 79 85 065 045 [email protected] markus.krebsz@4‐most.co.uk

4most Linen Hall 162‐168 Regents Street London, W1B 5TE Tel. +44 (0) 207 038 3690 www.4‐most.co.uk

ANNEX: Ratings & Probability of Default (PD) 1 year Moodys

5 year S&P

Fitch

Moodys

10 year S&P

Fitch

Moodys

S&P

Fitch

Aaa

0.00%

AAA

0.00%

0.00%

Aaa

0.18%

AAA

0.10%

0.11%

Aaa

0.40%

AAA

0.45%

0.37%

Aa1

0.00%

AA+

0.00%

0.00%

Aa1

0.15%

AA+

0.16%

0.11%

Aa1

0.25%

AA+

0.34%

0.47%

Aa2

0.00%

AA

0.00%

0.00%

Aa2

0.28%

AA

0.15%

0.14%

Aa2

0.67%

AA

0.77%

0.68%

Aa3

0.00%

AA-

0.02%

0.01%

Aa3

0.18%

AA-

0.52%

0.25%

Aa3

0.33%

AA-

1.11%

0.91%

A1

0.00%

A+

0.05%

0.02%

A1

0.38%

A+

0.64%

0.41%

A1

0.84%

A+

1.68%

1.30%

A2

0.03%

A

0.04%

0.04%

A2

0.68%

A

0.42%

0.57%

A2

1.69%

A

1.80%

1.78%

A3

0.03%

A-

0.04%

0.04%

A3

0.65%

A-

0.86%

0.75%

A3

1.69%

A-

2.44%

1.91%

Baa1

0.17%

BBB+

0.22%

0.22%

Baa1

1.46%

BBB+

2.30%

1.82%

Baa1

2.31%

BBB+

4.65%

3.82%

Baa2

0.12%

BBB

0.28%

0.21%

Baa2

2.11%

BBB

2.17%

2.14%

Baa2

5.49%

BBB

5.27%

5.61%

Baa3

0.41%

BBB-

0.39%

0.42%

Baa3

3.60%

BBB-

4.94%

4.03%

Baa3

7.20%

BBB-

8.97%

8.23%

Ba1

0.66%

BB+

0.56%

0.63%

Ba1

6.76%

BB+

6.47%

6.19%

Ba1

12.38%

BB+

11.74% 12.25%

Ba2

0.62%

BB

0.95%

0.90%

Ba2

8.82%

BB

9.98%

8.37%

Ba2

14.66%

BB

17.34% 17.08%

Ba3

2.23%

BB-

1.76%

2.05%

Ba3

19.14%

BB-

15.03% 15.92%

Ba3

36.24%

BB-

24.97% 30.27%

B1

3.03%

B+

3.01%

3.10%

B1

25.27%

B+

20.86% 21.53%

B1

47.43%

B+

30.15% 38.18%

B2

5.93%

B

8.34%

7.24%

B2

31.24%

B

29.44% 27.84%

B2

44.48%

B

36.29% 41.06%

B3

10.77%

B-

12.15% 11.71%

B3

43.55%

B-

37.71% 39.23%

B3

62.32%

B-

45.05% 53.69%

Caa-C 22.24%

CCC/C 28.83% 25.54%

Caa-C 60.40%

CCC/C 50.85% 53.55%

Caa-C 78.81%

CCC/C 56.45% 65.07%

31

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