Sexually Explicit Imagery In Romanian Media
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Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
10/14/08
Agenda
Legal framework Organizational issues Pornographic images and mass media The consumer and public opinion Conclusions
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Legal framework
Laws on preventing and fighting against pornography: 196/2003 and 496/2004
Pornography refers to the “explicit sexual gestures or behaviors, individually as well as collectively made, images, sounds or words that through their meaning offence decency and any other form of indecent behavior related to sexual life, if they are made in public”
Materials with obscene character refer to objects, engravings, photos, holograms, drawings, writings, prints, emblems, magazines, movies, video and audio recordings, advertising spots, software and other applications, musical songs and any other forms of expressing, that explicitly present or suggest the 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Legal framework
“Indirect” regulations
Law for prevention and fighting against human trafficking and prostitution On children's rights - in line with international regulations
Media laws
European (EU Directive of Television without frontiers) and local ones Law of Broadcasting/1992 - programs including pornography and unjustified violence are forbidden There is no Romanian law dedicated to written press activity
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Organizational issues
Radio and Television are the most supervised media due to control activity from National Council of Audio-Visual NCA has the right to sanction the broadcasters for inappropriate content of the programs (http://www.cna.ro/-English-.html) Printed press is not subject of direct control
Ethic code of journalist elaborated by Romanian Press Club Responsibility of the publishing houses
Weak activity from civil organizations: e.g. Media Monitoring Agency - human rights advocacy 10/14/08 NGO with media expertise
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Printed press
The Romanian press is the (almost) free media territory for erotic/pornographic images, either open or induced Self-assumed pornographic press
Highest audience in Romania
Disguised pornographic press
Sport weekly title
Monthly men magazines
10/14/08
General daily newspapers Tabloid format
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Printed press
Tabloid-type of newspapers deliver daily images with women bodies, this distorted image getting to be perceived as a familiar and normal thing weather forecast in Libertatea
2004, qualitative study (Grunberg) conducted on two daily newspapers, Adevarul & Libertatea, revealed the following:
from a total of 366 articles having women as main subject, 18 regarded women as sexual objects from a total of 325 advertisements for work-places, 8 of them referred to video-chat and 6 to “dancing”, addressing to women
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Advertising
Advertising is the other inexhaustible source when it comes to sexually explicit images - video or audio spots or printed layouts Case study - TV spot for Kreskova vodka, male targeted product QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.
almost naked women with purely decorative role; they stand for the sublimed effect of the vodka, personifying the benefit of the drink - reliable friend - “Vodka Kreskova! My Russian comrade!” Women are presented through and for their body, and are 10/14/08 there for satisfying the man’s desires
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Advertising
Outdoor posters
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
The consumers
Audience of self-assumed pornographic magazines is predominantly male Tabloids have a more balanced distribution of audience by gender Audie nce of magaz i ne s and ne wspapers (Percents)
76.1
82.6
71
53.1
23.9
Playboy
51.8 46.9
29
48.2
17.4 FHM
Fanatik Men
Libert atea
Libert atea Weekend
Women
Source: NSA - January 2007-January 2008
The “hard-core” consumer of pornographic material - Cultural Consumption Barometer (07-08)
1% (self-declared) General profile: man residing in urban areas who frequently watches action and comedy movies on TV; he does not buy books, does not spend money on “cultural consumption” items and prefers buying new technology gadgets instead 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media Public Opinion
2005, CURS national survey: 40% of the population agreed to the idea of pornographic materials distributed for free on the media market Internet survey, November 2007: Do you feel yourself aggressed by the pornographic press? Do you consider that this type of media has to be forbidden?
18%
They are imoral and damaging for our society
9%
It is unacceptable to see the at the news stalls
They do not disturb me as titles but I do not like to see their indecent covers
They do not disturb me. I consider them normal
17%
56%
Source: Internet survey (available at http://vote.pollit.com/webpoll2/422849)
2007 INSOMAR national survey :
80% from the respondents assessed that explicit sexuality in the content of TV programs lead to “children’s premature sexual behaviors” The most frequent promoted values in TV programs are: “violence” 60% “sexuality” 34%
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Conclusions/Discussion
Sexually explicit images are common message - they emerge as a new form of popular culture: “Sexual discourse has been repositioned as public discourse” (Winship, 2000) From a sociological perspective, the effervescence of erotic /pornographic images can be explain by their burst out after total interdiction in the communist regime The phenomenon has reverberations even in the literature field, where a “new wave” of erotic/pornographic literature caused inflamed polemics on the boundaries between eroticism and pornography in art 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Conclusions/Discussion
Tabloid-type of newspapers and the sexual content on the internet sites are the main agents of the “pornographication” (McNair) of the Romanian media Limited democratic tradition of Romania turns into:
Insufficient regulations for protecting human and especially women dignity Insufficient activity of the state institutions for applying the existent regulations Incipient stage of development of the civil society Extremely weak social responsibility of the media actors
The public discourse (not only in the Media) cultivates the blurring boundaries between public and private life, between sexual information and pornography, and also among problematic concepts like nudity, eroticism and pornography Very little research interest in this issue, considered a niche for the feminists 10/14/08
10/14/08
Agenda
Legal framework Organizational issues Pornographic images and mass media The consumer and public opinion Conclusions
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Legal framework
Laws on preventing and fighting against pornography: 196/2003 and 496/2004
Pornography refers to the “explicit sexual gestures or behaviors, individually as well as collectively made, images, sounds or words that through their meaning offence decency and any other form of indecent behavior related to sexual life, if they are made in public”
Materials with obscene character refer to objects, engravings, photos, holograms, drawings, writings, prints, emblems, magazines, movies, video and audio recordings, advertising spots, software and other applications, musical songs and any other forms of expressing, that explicitly present or suggest the 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Legal framework
“Indirect” regulations
Law for prevention and fighting against human trafficking and prostitution On children's rights - in line with international regulations
Media laws
European (EU Directive of Television without frontiers) and local ones Law of Broadcasting/1992 - programs including pornography and unjustified violence are forbidden There is no Romanian law dedicated to written press activity
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Organizational issues
Radio and Television are the most supervised media due to control activity from National Council of Audio-Visual NCA has the right to sanction the broadcasters for inappropriate content of the programs (http://www.cna.ro/-English-.html) Printed press is not subject of direct control
Ethic code of journalist elaborated by Romanian Press Club Responsibility of the publishing houses
Weak activity from civil organizations: e.g. Media Monitoring Agency - human rights advocacy 10/14/08 NGO with media expertise
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Printed press
The Romanian press is the (almost) free media territory for erotic/pornographic images, either open or induced Self-assumed pornographic press
Highest audience in Romania
Disguised pornographic press
Sport weekly title
Monthly men magazines
10/14/08
General daily newspapers Tabloid format
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Printed press
Tabloid-type of newspapers deliver daily images with women bodies, this distorted image getting to be perceived as a familiar and normal thing weather forecast in Libertatea
2004, qualitative study (Grunberg) conducted on two daily newspapers, Adevarul & Libertatea, revealed the following:
from a total of 366 articles having women as main subject, 18 regarded women as sexual objects from a total of 325 advertisements for work-places, 8 of them referred to video-chat and 6 to “dancing”, addressing to women
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Advertising
Advertising is the other inexhaustible source when it comes to sexually explicit images - video or audio spots or printed layouts Case study - TV spot for Kreskova vodka, male targeted product QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.
almost naked women with purely decorative role; they stand for the sublimed effect of the vodka, personifying the benefit of the drink - reliable friend - “Vodka Kreskova! My Russian comrade!” Women are presented through and for their body, and are 10/14/08 there for satisfying the man’s desires
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Advertising
Outdoor posters
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
The consumers
Audience of self-assumed pornographic magazines is predominantly male Tabloids have a more balanced distribution of audience by gender Audie nce of magaz i ne s and ne wspapers (Percents)
76.1
82.6
71
53.1
23.9
Playboy
51.8 46.9
29
48.2
17.4 FHM
Fanatik Men
Libert atea
Libert atea Weekend
Women
Source: NSA - January 2007-January 2008
The “hard-core” consumer of pornographic material - Cultural Consumption Barometer (07-08)
1% (self-declared) General profile: man residing in urban areas who frequently watches action and comedy movies on TV; he does not buy books, does not spend money on “cultural consumption” items and prefers buying new technology gadgets instead 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media Public Opinion
2005, CURS national survey: 40% of the population agreed to the idea of pornographic materials distributed for free on the media market Internet survey, November 2007: Do you feel yourself aggressed by the pornographic press? Do you consider that this type of media has to be forbidden?
18%
They are imoral and damaging for our society
9%
It is unacceptable to see the at the news stalls
They do not disturb me as titles but I do not like to see their indecent covers
They do not disturb me. I consider them normal
17%
56%
Source: Internet survey (available at http://vote.pollit.com/webpoll2/422849)
2007 INSOMAR national survey :
80% from the respondents assessed that explicit sexuality in the content of TV programs lead to “children’s premature sexual behaviors” The most frequent promoted values in TV programs are: “violence” 60% “sexuality” 34%
10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Conclusions/Discussion
Sexually explicit images are common message - they emerge as a new form of popular culture: “Sexual discourse has been repositioned as public discourse” (Winship, 2000) From a sociological perspective, the effervescence of erotic /pornographic images can be explain by their burst out after total interdiction in the communist regime The phenomenon has reverberations even in the literature field, where a “new wave” of erotic/pornographic literature caused inflamed polemics on the boundaries between eroticism and pornography in art 10/14/08
Sexually explicit imagery in Romanian media
Conclusions/Discussion
Tabloid-type of newspapers and the sexual content on the internet sites are the main agents of the “pornographication” (McNair) of the Romanian media Limited democratic tradition of Romania turns into:
Insufficient regulations for protecting human and especially women dignity Insufficient activity of the state institutions for applying the existent regulations Incipient stage of development of the civil society Extremely weak social responsibility of the media actors
The public discourse (not only in the Media) cultivates the blurring boundaries between public and private life, between sexual information and pornography, and also among problematic concepts like nudity, eroticism and pornography Very little research interest in this issue, considered a niche for the feminists 10/14/08
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