Seminar On Sustainable Buildings

Sustainable Buildings

By

Rohit C. Pundlik BTech Mechanical Roll No. 407095 A Report on Sustainable Buildings, their Important Components and a Mechanical Engineer’s Role in developing them. Also, a special mention of Council Hall 2, Melbourne – The Greenest Building in the world currently.

Not Self Sufficient or Sustainable

Fit solar cells for Fit solar panels for Change to a grey Selfelectricity Sufficient and and hot water water system Sustainable insulate better

Sustainable Development • "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (WCED,1987, Brundtland Report)

The Essentiality

Sustainable Building Design Main Strategies: • Passive Solar Design • Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning • Lighting • Indoor Air Quality • Acoustics • Water Management

Solar cells

Photovoltaic (PV) modules convert sunlight into electricity. PV panels can be expected to last 20 years or more. 1 kW monocrystalline array will produce about 1,500 kWh of electrical energy/year & will require 9 m2 of space.

Wind turbine

Domestic wind generators turbines are usually used in stand alone power systems and are designed to charge a battery bank. A typical 1 kW turbine will cost approximately Rs.65,000 and the tower around Coils of wire cut Rs.35,000 through a –magnetic Rs.40,000. field making electricity

Solar panels

A solar water heater can provide between 50 percent and 90 percent of total hot water requirements. A tank of water can be heated for showers, washing, heating, etc.

HVAC Systems • On average, 39 percent of energy consumed in homes is space heating and cooling. • Some most important strategies to minimize or even eliminate this energy demand is by: o Passive solar heating & cooling o Use of phase change material & thermal mass o Using cooling towers &

HEAT EXCHANGER

Fresh cold air

Stale cold air

Incoming cold air is heated by outgoing hot air

Stale hot air

Fresh hot air

Thermal Mass

During the day the house gets hotter

A house with a large thermal mass keeps warm longer

During the night it releases heat

Lighting

•

• • • •

An efficient and effective lighting system will: Provide a high level of visual comfort. Make use of natural light. Provide the best light for the task. Provide controls for flexibility. Details Have low energy requirements.

Indoor Air Quality Outside Air

Ventilation System

Construction Material Particulates Building Envelope

Furnishing

Equipment

Factors Contributing to Air Quality

Biological Contaminants Volatile Organic Compounds

Site

Maintenance

Occupants

Electric & Magnetic Field

Indoor Air Quality Volatile Organic Compounds Emission & Building-Related Illnesses (BRI)

Details

Acoustics • • • • • •

Important Concepts: Background Noise White Noise Active Noise Control Surface Finishes Noise Criteria (NC) Speech privacy potential (SPP)

Water Management Important Methods For Effective Water Management: •Rainwater Harvesting •Water Harvesting •Landscaping •Gray and Blackwater Reutilization Systems.

Water Management • Reusing wastewater for toilet flushing will save approximately 65 litres of potable water in an average household every day. • Reusing wastewater in the clothes washer will save approximately 90 litres of potable water in an average household every day. BLACKWATER Toilet GRAYWATER Shower Hand Basin Kitchen tap Dishwasher Laundry tap Washing Machine Total - Graywater Total – Overall

LITRES/PERSON/DAY 22 LITRES/PERSON/DAY 56 6 12 5 7 27 113 135

• Per capita water supplies worldwide have decreased by one-third since 1970, as the world’s population has grown by 1.8 billion. • Since 1980, global water use has more than tripled & is currently estimated at 4,340 km3 per year.

Council Hall 2 (CH2) Australia’s greenest and healthiest purpose built office building, Council House 2 (CH2), opened in Melbourne in August 2006, setting the benchmark for all future high-rise buildings. This United Nations award-winning building will set a new world standard for sustainable design and construction. Main Features of CH2: • Fresh Air • Cooling and Heating • Energy • Light • Water

Role Of Mechanical Engineers Mechanical Engineer & Integrated Design Process: In an integrated design approach, the mechanical engineer will calculate energy use and cost very early in the design, informing designers of the energy-use implications of the building orientation, configuration, fenestration, mechanical systems and lighting options.

Thank You

Solar Photovoltaic Cells

Solar Power Capacity in India

Back

Wind Power Generation

Back

Solar Data : Mumbai

Back

Chilled Beams

Back

Shower Tower

Back

Purge Windows

Back

Cooling & Heating Unit in CH2

CH 2

Thermal Masses Material

THERMAL MASS (volumetric heat capacity, kJ/m3/k)

WATER

4186

CONCRETE

2060

SANDSTONE

1800

COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS

1740

RAMMED EARTH

1673

FC SHEET (COMPRESSED)

1530

BRICK

1360

EARTH WALL (ADOBE)

1300

AAC

550

Comparison of PCM

Comparison of various thermal storage media: Stored energy = 1,000 MJ or 278kWhr, Change in temperature = 15ºC. Back

Natural Lighting

Natural Lighting

Natural lighting can be most effectively used by using the following: • Clerestory • Sawtooth Roof Form • Roof Monitors • Light Shelves

Natural Lighting

Lighting in CH2

Back CH 2

Ventilation in CH2

Ventilation in CH2

Ventilation in CH2 Ventilation Components: • Air Intake • Wind Driven Ventilators & Turbines • Air Filters • Ducting

Automated Timber Windows Wind turbines used for artificial ventilation

Back CH 2

Acoustics Noise Criteria (NC) numbers represent a series of curves of octave-band sound pressure levels

Noise levels from mechanical system for various office spaces

Back

Acoustics Speech Privacy

Speech Privacy Rating Potential (SPP) 85

Description of Privacy

Highly confidential

80

Excellent

75

Normal voice levels are not audible. Raised voices are barely audible but not intelligible Normal voice levels are barely audible.

70

Raised voices are audible but mostly unintelligible. Normal voices are audible but

65

unintelligible most of the time. Raised voices partially intelligible. Normalare voices are audible and

60

intelligible some of the time. Raised voices intelligible. Normalare voices are audible and

Total privacy

Good Fair Poor

Shouting is only barely audible.

intelligible most of the time. None

Less than 60

No speech privacy.

SPP factor is the sum of the background noise level in a given space (its NC level) to the level of separation required between adjacent spaces (the STC rating). Back

Back

Water Management in CH2 Water Requirement of CH2 = 100kL/day Provided by : 1. Rainwater 2. Sewer Mining

Rainwater Usage: Roof Area of CH2 = 1500 m2 Assuming rainfall of 55mm/month & 70 % capture,

Water Management in CH2 Wastewater Usage: CH2 will extract 100 kL/day from the main sewer, which contains 95% water.

CH 2

Sustainable Energy in India Renewable energy resources (As published by MNES, in 2005) Sl. No.

Source

1.

Small Hydro-Power

2.

Wind Power

3.

Biomass Power

4. 5.

Bagasse Cogeneration Biomass Gasifier

6.

Solar Photovoltaic

7.

Energy from Waste

Capital Cost (Crores of Rs/MW) 5.00-6.00

Estimated Cost of Generation per Unit (Rs. /kWh) 2.50-3.50

Total Installed Capacity (MW) (up to 31.12.2005) 1748

4.00-5.00

3.00-4.00

4434

4.00

3.00-4.00

377

3.00-3.50

2.00-3.00

491

2.50-3.00

3.00-4.00

71

25-30

15.00-20.00

3

5.00-10.00

4.00-7.50

46