Seibor Synopsis.docx

A study on ‘’Household Participation in domestic solid waste disposal and management in Narangi, Guwahati, Assam”.

A Synopsis Proposal By Seibormi kyaa Roll No: 160804 MSW 4TH semester Specialization on: Community Development

Under Supervision of Purabi Deka Assistant Professor Department of social Work Assam down town University Gandhinagar, panikhaiti, Guwahati -26

CONTENTS 1: Introduction 2: Literature review 3: Objectives 4: Significance 5: Methodology 6: Conclusion 7: References

Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION It is estimated that population of India would increase from 1029 million to 1400 million during the year 2001–2028, by 42% at the rate of 5.2% annually. There are near about 852 million people live in rural areas and 325 million live in urban areas. The estimated rate of urbanization of India has increased from 26.5% to 38% in the last 50-60 years and which is expected to rise unto 44% by the year 2026. It is an interesting fact that, in India there is sharp increase in the numbers of metro cities from 23 to 35 in the last few years. The population in Class I cities (metropolitan cities), urban centres and metro cities is having a population of more than 1 million [1]. This conglomeration of urban centres is generating Municipal Solid Waste estimated to 1.3 billion tonnes every year, and expected to increase up to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025 [2]. Annually, Asia alone generates 4.4 billion tonnes of solid wastes and MSW comprise 790 million tonnes (MT) of which about 48(6%) MT are generated in India [2,3]. By the year 2047, MSW generation in India, is expected to reach 300 MT and land requirement for disposal of this waste would be 169.6 km2 [3]. This represents a significant increase in per capita waste generation rates from 1.2 kg to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next fifteen years [3]. However, global averages are broad estimates only as rates vary considerably by region, country, city, and even within cities. Rapid urbanization with accelerated industrial growth is a key factor of urban waste generation. Urban waste is a major environmental issue which directly relates with human health concern [4]. In most of the developing countries, municipal solid waste disposal has been a chronic problem, particularly in areas with high population density, high production of refuse, and scarcity of land adequate for landfills with scientific measures [5]. Our environment is facing a potential threat from unsustainable waste disposal system which is a burning issue in almost all urban cities and peri urban pockets. Some wastes are secondary resource products; these are recovered products or form recycling as recovered materials [6]. Generation of solid waste is not a new phenomenon. Municipal waste is the refuse that arises out of human activities which includes household refuses, commercial waste, street sweeping, construction debris etc. The term ‘Solid Waste’ includes garbage (food waste), rubbish (paper, plastic, wood, metal, rag etc.) demolition products (bricks, masonry and pipes), sewage treatment residues, dead animals manure and other waste materials. The prediction of municipal solid waste generation plays an important role in a solid waste management [7].

It has been estimated that India generates about 62 million tonnes of trash every year with solid waste being on average of 0.4 kg capita per day [8] (Table 1). The composition and the quantity of MSW generated forms the basis on which the management system needs to be planned, designed and operated. In India, MSW differs greatly with regard to the composition and hazardous nature, when compared to MSW in the western countries [9-11].

The issue of waste disposal and management were not problems to early man, due to the fact that there were no population explosion and technological advancement at that time. However, with the growing population at an alarming rate coupled with technological advancement over time, waste disposal and management began to constitute serious problem to human race. Solid waste disposal and management is both an urban and rural problem. Every person is a potential generator of waste and thus a contributor to this problem. To generate waste is one thing, the type of waste generated is another and yet also the way the generated waste is managed or disposed of is quite a different issue. It has more often than not turned out that the rate at which solid waste is generated is far higher than the capacity to responsibly manage this waste. Waste is generated by, and from different sectors; domestic, commercial, industry and others and in many instances; the waste management responsibility has been left to the government or administrative authorities. There is growing consensus that the immediate stakeholders in the issue of solid waste (the generators of waste), in this case the residents need to join hands with the authorities in dealing with this problem that has far-reaching environmental and human health effects. Currently solid waste management is one of the major challenges facing any developing nation globally. On the one hand, ever growing population followed by rapid urbanization produces a large amount of solid wastes; while on the other hand, the infrastructure in these countries are not equipped to deal with the problem. In the developed countries the collection, transfer and disposal of the waste has been generally assumed by municipal governments and this constitutes a basic and expected government function ( Zerboc 2003). However, the municipal governments of developing nations lack the ability to provide even this basic function (Medina 2002). In spite of the fact that waste management is not given priority or attention in the developing country scenario; solid waste management (SWM) has become a major area of concern.

Solid waste has become one of the biggest problems and its management is one of the major issues nowadays for our environment. The problem is not restricted to a single place rather it covers all parts of the environment which leads to toxic pollutants. Developing countries face major problem i.e. solid waste management in urban as well as in rural areas. The most obvious environmental damage caused by solid waste is aesthetic. A more serious risk is the transfer of pollution to ground water and land as well as the pollution of air from improper burning of waste. Many waste activities generate greenhouse gases like landfills generate methane and refuse fleets are significant sources of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Leachate from unlined and uncovered dumpsites contaminates surface and ground waters. It is necessary to have accurate information on planning a proper solid wastes management in rural and urban areas of country. On the other hand, lack of knowledge on the unfavourable health outcomes of solid wastes has increased the occurrence of infectious diseases. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS Concepts and terms which will be defined in this section include the following: Household, participation, waste, solid waste, domestic waste, disposal, domestic disposal and domestic waste management, including domestic waste prevention, collection, treatment, recycling and re-use. 2.2.1 Concepts of Domestic Waste Management Household is defined as a social unit, characterised by the sharing of the same dwelling house, with incomes that are pooled together for common use (Ellis, 1998: 14). For the purpose of this study, a household is defined as a social unit, comprised of people living in the same house, with a head, and pooling their incomes together for the management of their dwelling unit. This income is pooled together for food, shelter and other social needs, and for the general management of the household, including domestic waste management. Participation is defined as getting involved in, or taking part in an activity by individuals and groups at all levels (Schwarz, 1993: 1236). For the purpose of this study, participation is defined as taking part in activities related to domestic solid waste disposal and recycling. Participation in domestic solid waste disposal and recycling is assessed at the household level, which is a critical level for domestic solid waste management, and is thus used as a unit of analysis of the study. Waste generally refers to all unwanted and economically unusable materials that result from human activities, discarded purposefully or accidentally into the environment (UNEP, 1994; Gerrans, 1994; Van Beukering, et al., 1999: 30). There are various types of wastes generated from human activities, but the focus will be on domestic waste for the purpose of this study.

Domestic waste includes ordinary refuse, garbage, swill, rubbish and all forms of refuse from household activities, including human excreta. Thus domestic waste can be in the form of a solids or liquids, but the focus of this study will be on domestic solid waste. Solid waste is general waste that is not a liquid or a gas, originating from industrial, domestic, municipal or agricultural sources (Miller, 2002: 518-519). This study focuses on domestic solid waste or solid waste that comes from domestic sources. Therefore for the purpose of this study, the term domestic solid waste is defined as the day-today rubbish, garbage and other forms of waste such as kitchen waste, food packaging, etc. originating from the household (http://www.cielap.org/infocent/ research/swaste.html [accessed on 15 June 2005]). Domestic waste disposal refers to all activities undertaken to get rid of domestic waste through sorting, collecting, transporting and disposal in a designated locations for treatment, recycling or re-use (Miller, 2002: 518-519). 2.2.1.1 Domestic Solid Waste Management Domestic solid waste management encompasses the full range of management activities for domestic waste streams from the point of generating the waste to the point of disposal (Cointreau, et al., 1984; Baud and Shenk, 1994; Jones, 1995). These activities largely focus on resource recovery, which includes all the activities entailed in waste segregation, collection and processing, which are carried out taking into consideration economic viability of the material that is being recovered, e.g. for re-use and recycling (Beede and Bloom, 1995; van Beukering et al., 1999). 2.2.1.2 Re-use and Recycling In this study, re-use and recycling are conceptualized as processes which provide an opportunity to capture some of the values from waste (Cointreau, et al., 1984). Of the two concepts, re-use is a simpler technique involving the re-utilisation of material in its end-use form without the necessity of further value addition or reprocessing. Recycling on the other hand, involves processing waste through conversion of parts or all of the waste into other useful material or to recover the original raw matter (Van Beukering, 1999; Language and Van Blerk, 2000: 15-22; Clark, 2002: 31-33). While recycling and re-use provide an opportunity to regain residualvalue of waste material, or transform waste into usable raw materials, the resource requirements (energy, human resources, etc.) may sometimes be very great. These resource requirements can be greatly reduced through waste prevention, collection and treatment (Clark, 2002: 31-33).

Solid waste management in Guwahati city

In Guwahati municipal wastes heap up on the roads owing to the improper disposal system. People in most areas clean their own houses and litter their immediate surroundings, thus affecting the neighbouring community and themselves. This type of dumping allows biodegradable materials to decompose under uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This produces foul smell and breeds various types of insects and infectious organisms besides spoiling the aesthetics of their environment.Different kinds of vector born diseases are spread and poisonous gases are emitted in these areas.

The past and present scenario on the solid waste / management practices in Guwahati city have been discussed thoroughly. The existing solid waste disposal and management practices adopted by GMC at different stages such as storage, collection, transportation and final disposal have been discussed in detail. The stages on the existing solid waste management practices have been discussed under the following sub-headings - segregation and storage at source, primary collection of waste, street sweepings,- waste storage depots, transportation of waste, processing and disposal.The open dumping method is used by GMC for final disposal of the MSW at the dumping site.The potential environmental concerns related to the MSW disposal system have been focused in this chapter. The handling and disposal of MSW can create significant environmental problems if proper remedial measures are not taken. The whole system of MSW handling and management need to be co-ordinated 7and upgraded so as to minimize the hazardous impact on the environment. This chapter includes the different technological approaches such as composting, vermicomposting, fuel pelletisation, biomethanation, energy recovery, landfill gas technology etc. that can be applied as strategies for improvement of the MSW management practices.

Chapter 2

2.LITERATURE REVIEW: Mukisa Philemon Kirunda 2009, revealed that the majority proportion of the public in Kira Town Council exhibited concern and an amount of sensitivity about solid waste though sorting of solid waste is less adopted. The level of item reuse is similarly low in Kira Town Council and the people still think that they cannot do anything to reduce the volume of solid waste they generate. There are challenges of limited resources to manage the solid waste and illegal dumping in Kira Town Council. However, there are plans for formal disposal facilities, use of the legal instrument and awareness-raising as a way to deal with the challenges. Therefore, because the level of public participation in solid waste management at present in Kira Town Council is low, the best way to start dealing with the

problem is for the Town Council authorities to show the people that they are worth by involving them in the initial planning process.

•In 2007 Sharholy and Ahmad gives a review report over Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities. In his report they discuss about the Qualitative and quantitative analysis, characteristics and composition, Storage and collection, Transfer and transport, disposals and treatment of Municipal Solid Waste. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/ researchers to work towards further improvement of the present system. • Vikash and Shree krishnan 2008 evaluate the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. Since Delhi is the most populated and urbanized city in India about 3.85% 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000 tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000–25,000 tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of the municipal system in Delhi. About 70–80% of generated MSW is collected and the rest remains unattended on streets or in small open dumps. Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city .they also summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management system. • Hazra and goel 2009gives an overview of current solid waste management (SWM) practices in Kolkata, India and suggests solutions to some of the major problems. More than around 2920ton/day of solid waste are generated in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 6070% are collected with the deficient in terms of manpower and vehicle availability. And conclude Lack of suitable facilities (equipment and infrastructure) and underestimates of waste generation rates, inadequate management and technical skills, improper bin collection, and route planning are responsible for poor collection and transportation of municipal solid wastes. • Kumar and goel analysed Municipal solid waste (MSW) management practices in Kharagpur, a small city in West Bengal and propose integrated solid waste management plan. 45mt/d solid waste is collect by Municipal Corporation out of 95mt/d Most of this waste is dumped on open land and in natural and engineered

drains, thus blocking the flow of storm water and contaminating groundwater. Other major problems include inappropriate bin locations and poorly designed community bins, collection vehicles that are in poor condition, inadequate labour for collection and transport of waste, and lack of waste treatment and disposal facilities. 12 samples are collect and tested and various parameters such as moisture content, total solids, fixed solids, organic carbon, volatile solids and calorific value are analysed and revealed that Kharagpur has high moisture content and low calorific value, making aerobic composting the best treatment strategy. Composting can help to divert more than 80% of the total waste and will lead to enormous savings in costs of waste collection, transport and disposal. The remaining waste can be disposed off in an engineered landfill. Augmentation in labour and vehicle inventory has been proposed along with better treatment and disposal facilities. • Liyala, C.M. in her book stated that the performance of local authorities is vital for high quality flow of key public services such as solid waste management in three urban Centres bordering the Lake Victoria Basin in East Africa, Kisumu, Jinja and Mwanza. She had shown that for solid waste arrangements for service provision in the urban Centres have evolved in direct response to locally specific conditions. She argued that ‘modernised mixtures’ are important for improving the performance of local authorities in waste service provision, since they offer flexible perspectives which build upon existing state capacities in the particular East African Contexts. This literature is pertinent in the sense that the author has exposed the issues on solid waste management in East African context taking the case of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. However, the author has not addressed the problem much in legal perspective; henceforth the research to be conducted will highlight the issue in legal outlook. • Dulo, S. in his book identified that, solid waste tends to have moisture contents as high as 70%. This moisture translates into leachate as the waste drains. He further argued that Urban Councils are grappling with challenges of preventing environmental degradation due to non-systematic solid waste management and the impetus in pollution control is rather slow and seems to be mostly crisis driven. He also suggested that in the three towns of Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu there should be decentralization of authority and administrative measures to build the powers and capacities of local governments commensurate with their solid waste management (SWM) responsibilities. This literature is significant to the effect that the author has uncovered the causes of environmental degradation inter alia being solid waste. • Ezekiel, E. in his work explored involvement of the private companies and Community Based Organisations (CBO) in household solid waste management .He further expounded and map stakeholders inherent diversity and dynamism and propose for solid waste

privatization and core impediments to waste management. This literature is germane in the sense that the author has critical analysed the role of other actors other than the government in solid waste management. However, this literature has been confined in the household solid waste management thus the research to be conducted will cover a wide range of solid waste management not only household. • Solomon, explained that Household solid waste management is a severe problem in East Africa Capital Cities. She has also developed a new conceptual framework for analysing a role of households in solid waste management in East Africa’s capital cities. She also added to the scanty body of scientific knowledge of sustainable waste management by householders in East African countries. This literature is important as it provides more knowledge on sustainable management of household solid waste. However, the author has a little focus on the legal frame work and has been more specific to household solid waste therefore; the research to be conducted will address broadly the issue of solid waste management with regard to the legal framework.  Jumanne Daudi Shangaluka Kalwani 2009, explained that Morogoro municipality has not yet achieved effective CP in MSWM due to various reasons. First, it was due to lack of appropriate organization and coordination of local resources; and community empowerment.

Chapter 3

3: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: I. II. III.

To study the socio- economic condition of the respondents. To investigate the level of household awareness about the importance of domestic waste sorting, disposal and recycling. To find out the household participation in domestic solid waste disposal and management.

Statement of the problem; Solid waste disposal poses a greater problem because it leads to land pollution if it is openly dumped, water pollution if dumped in low lying area and air pollution if it is burnt. The quantity of municipal solid waste generated in Guwahati has been consistently rising over the years. This can be attributed to the rapid population growth, mass migration of population from rural to urban areas, increase in economic activities in general in the city and the change in the lifestyle of the people.

4: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The study adds knowledge to the expanding of literature regarding domestic solid waste reuse, recovery, recycle and reduction in the context of settlement in Narangi Guwahati city. Waste management is very important in order to maintain public health and sanitation condition in urban areas. Waste generated within the human living space has to be removed immediately in order to prevent risks of human health and environment pollution.The proper disposal of waste of any kind is essential for the preservation of the living environment and the maintenance of a high level of public hygiene. The effects on the environment of the treatment and disposal of waste therefore have enormous significance on the maintenance of quality of life and measures to reduce the problems of citizens.This knowledge contributes to the expanding research work on how to empower poor community with the appropriate skills, knowledge and technology to self-sustain community Base organisations involved in municipal solid waste management project.

5: METHODOLOGY: The research methodology refers to the principles and ideas on which researcher based their procedures and strategies. Methodology is the most important part of any research study in which enables the researcher to form blue print for the study undertaken. Research methodology involves the initial identification of the problem to its final conclusion. 5.1: Research Design:

This study is based on Descriptive andexplorative research designswhich will be used to describe the different aspects of household participation in domestic solid waste disposal and management. 5.2: Sampling Techniques: The researcher will use the convenience sampling for the study as only those respondents who are easily accessible and are willing to provide the necessary information will be included for the study. 5.3: Study setting: Guwahati is the capital city of Assam and gate way of the North east India (Map 1). The absolute location of the city extends approximately from 91038/ E to 91051/ E longitude and from 260 5/N to 260 12/N latitude. In the northern side, the city is bounded by mighty river Brahmaputra and in the southern side; the city is surrounded by hillocks which is the extension of Khasi hills. In the west and the south west there are in the Rani Reserve Forest, plain with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m above mean sea level. The topography of the city is made up of both high land and low land. At present the city municipalcorporation area consists of 60 wards covering an area of 216 sq. km with 809,895 population according to 2001 census. Though the topography of the city is not plain, the distribution of population is uneven. The population density is high in the plain area instead of hillock area [4]. (Map:1).

Map: 1 In the northern side the city is bounded by mighty river Brahmaputra and in the southern side the city is surrounded by hillocks which is the extension of Khasi hills. In the west and the south west there are the Rani Reserve Forest, Deepar Beel wetland and the alluvial tracts of the Brahmaputra plain. The city is situated on an undulating plain with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m above mean sea level. The city covering a municipal area of 216 square kilometer with 809,895 populations according to 2001 census. With the rapid growth of population the city is unable to keep pace with proper management of municipal solid waste.Guwahati, the historical Pragjyotishpur, is located in between the southern bank of the mighty Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau is the capital city of Assam and gate way of North East India. Guwahati is the business hub and largest city of Assam and North East. It is also the biggest commercial, industrial, educational and health centre of the region. For Look East Policy of Govt. of India, emerging importance of Guwahati will be phenomenal. For all these reasons there is a tremendous pressure of population in Guwahati city.The population distributional pattern in Guwahati is not even.

The undulating surface, rapid growth of population, different types of socio-economic activities is impact on distribution pattern of population. According to the 2001 census population in Guwahati was 8, 09,895 against the total population of 2, 66, 55,528 in our state, which is 3.19 percent of total population. The geographical area of Guwahati is 216 square kilometer against the total area of 78,438 km of our state which is only 0.28 percent of total geographical area.

5.4: Sample size: The sample of 40 respondents will be taken for the study. 5.5: Sourcesof Data collection:  The method for data collection will be both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data will be collected through face to face interactions with the respondents. The Secondary Data will be collected from Articles, Project Reports, Newspaper and Internet websites.

5.6:Tools of data collection The Data in the study will be collected through Observation, interview schedule and Questionnaire.

6.CONCLUSION: So, a modest attempt has made by the student researcher is to find out the proper disposal of waste and the preservation of the living environment and the maintenance of a high level of public hygiene. And the participation, cooperation and sense of belonging of human being, to make a place liveable, lovable and healthy.

7: REFERRENCES:              

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