Science & Technology And Music By Rowena Guevara

The Impact of S&T on Music and the Way We Listen to Music

Rowena Cristina L. Guevara Science, Technology & Society January 9, 2007

Music and S&T

My Favorite Things • MS thesis: Transcription of Monophonic Music • PhD dissertation: Modal Distribution Analysis & Sum of Sinusoids Synthesis of Piano Sounds • 2 years at the College of Music (Comp & Piano) • Piano playing for the past 40 years

Music and S&T

Music & IQ

Music and S&T

Sound & Music Sound is created by changes in the air pressure around us The corresponding sensation in the human hearing system, consisting of the ear and the brain, is our perception of sound Structured sound creates Music

Music and S&T

Representation of Sound & Music v(t) = 5 sin(2πfot) + 0.2 sin(2πf1t) V

Va

t

T

tT

v(n) = {0.5 1 2 2.5 2 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -2 -2.5 …}

Music and S&T

ComputerAudio: Discrete-Time→16-bit Integers COMPUTER AUDIO HARDWARE

0.2

0.15

0.1

Sample Value

0.05

Sound: Time → Pressure

0

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2 0

0.5

1 time, milliseconds

1.5

Music and S&T

2

Outline of Presentation a. Recordings from different eras and technologies b. Listening Exercise c. Impact of S&T on the artists d. Impact of S&T on the listeners e. Impact of S&T on the music business

Music and S&T

References • Wikipedia – free encyclopedia on the Internet • Sound on Sound – December 2006 • Popular Science – September, December, 2006, January 2007

Music and S&T

Before Recording Technologies • Music compositions were copied by hand • Music performances were always live • Music performances of the same composition were varied • Musical experiences were for the privileged few • Musical artists were only as good as their last performance Music and S&T

George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) An American composer who wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder brother lyricist Ira Gershwin. George Gershwin composed both for Broadway and for the classical concert hall. He also wrote popular songs with success. His first job as a performer was as a piano pounder for Remick's, a publishing company on Tin Pan Alley. His 1917 novelty rag "Rialto Ripples" was a commercial success, and in 1919 he scored his first big national hit with his song "Swanee". 1916 was the year he started working for Aeolian Company and Standard Music Rolls in New York, recording and arranging piano rolls. He produced dozens if not hundreds of rolls under his own and assumed names (pseudonyms attributed to Gershwin include Fred Murtha and Bert Wynn.) He also recorded rolls of his own compositions for the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano of M. Welte & Sons, Inc. of New York City, the inventor and first producer of reproducing pianos. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now George Gershwin piano roll, 1930s

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Player Piano The player piano is a type of piano that plays music automatically without the need for a human pianist. Instead, the keys are struck by mechanical, pneumatic or electrical means. Steinway Welte-Mignon reproducing piano (1919)

Player and control unit of Yamaha Disklavier Mark III

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Music rolls & MIDI Files Music rolls for pneumatic player pianos, often known as piano rolls, consist of continuous sheets of paper, about 11 1/4 inches wide and generally no more than 100 feet in length, rolled on to a protective spool, rather like a large cotton reel. The paper is perforated with numerous small holes, which control the pattern of the notes to be played as the roll moves across a tracker-bar. On reproducing rolls, additional holes control the volume level, accents, pedals, etc., to faithfully recreate the original performance.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface, or MIDI, is an industry-standard electronic communications protocol that defines each musical note or event in an electronic musical instrument or show device such as a synthesizer, precisely and concisely, allowing electronic musical instruments, computers and other show equipment to exchange data in real time. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Sample Piano Roll

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Sample MIDI File // jst.mid mthd version 0 // single multichanneltrack // 1 track unit 1920 // is 1/4 end mthd

mtrk(1) // track 1 metaevent 127 $43 $73 end metaevent smpteofs 3 00:00:00:0:0 tact 4 / 4 24 8 beats 80.00000 /* 750000 microsec/beat */ metaevent 127 $43 $73 $0A $00 $04 $01 end metaevent

GMReset 1/4;XGReset sysevent $43 $10 $00 $01 end sysevent volume 127 hbank $00 lbank $7A program GrandPno reverb 0 portamentotime 64 2/4;+g5 $18; 1850;hold 24 125;hold 40 120;hold 56 65;hold 72 50;hold 88 40;hold 104 65;hold on 2395;+c5 $2C; 75;-g5 $00;

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Other uses of MIDI Files • • • • • • •

show control theatre lighting special effects sound design recording system synchronization audio processor control computer networking, as demonstrated by the early firstperson shooter game MIDI Maze, 1987 Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: LP / Phonograph Record A gramophone

record (also phonograph record,

or simply record) is an analogue sound recording medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed modulated spiral groove starting near the periphery and ending near the center of the disc. Gramophone records were the primary technology used for personal music reproduction for most of the 20th century. They replaced the phonograph cylinder in the 1900s The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side of the disc, running from the outside edge towards the centre. Since the late 1910s, both sides of the record have been used to carry the grooves. The recording is played back by rotating the disc clockwise at a constant rotational speed with a stylus (needle) placed in the groove, converting the vibrations of the stylus into an electric signal, and sending this signal through an amplifier to loudspeakers. The terms LP record (LP, 33, or 33-1/3 rpm record), 16 rpm record (16), 45 rpm record (45), and 78 rpm record (78) each refer to specific types of gramophone records. LPs, 45s, and 16s are usually made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and hence may be referred to as vinyl records or simply vinyl. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now That Old Feeling sung by Adelaide Hall in the 50’s

That Old Feeling sung by Diana Krall in 1997

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: 8-Track Cartridge The 8-track cartridge is a magnetic tape technology for audio storage, popular from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s. The 8-track was created by Bill Lear in 1964 at the Lear Jet Corporation, after he heard Earl "Madman" Muntz's 1962, 4-track tape system, called Stereo-Pak. Stereo-Pak, in turn, had been inspired by the 1959 Fidelipac 3-track system (invented by George Eash in 1954) used by radio broadcasters for commercials, jingles, and single song hits. The original format for magnetic tape sound reproduction was reel-to-reel audio tape recording, first made available after World War II in the late 1940s. However, the machines were bulky and the reels themselves were more difficult to handle than vinyl records. Born from the desire to have an easier-to-use tape format, the enclosed reel mechanism was introduced in the mid-1950s.

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now Ryan Cayabyab’s Tsismis (16 voices) 1981

Alistair Riddle’s Legend (10 voices) 1995

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Cassette Tape Philips introduced the compact audio cassette medium for audio storage in Europe in 1963, and in the United States in 1964, under the trademark name Compact Cassette. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers. Compact Cassettes consist of two miniature spools, between which a magnetic tape is passed and wound. These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. Two stereo pairs of tracks (four total) or two monaural audio tracks are available on the tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction and the second pair when moving in the other direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement ("auto-reverse").

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Walkman The Walkman is a popular Sony brand used by the company to market its portable audio players. The original Walkman brought about a change in music listening habits, allowing people to carry their own choice of music with them. The original Walkman was released in 1979 as the Walkman in Japan and Soundabout abroad. The device was created by audio division engineer Nobutoshi Kihara for Sony co-chairman Morita, who wanted to be able to listen to operas during his frequent transpacific plane trips.

1979

Music and S&T

1984

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Compact Disk

Media type:

optical disc

Encoding:

Two channel PCM audio at 16 bit/44100 hz

Capacity:

up to 800 MiB

Read mechanism: Developed by: Usage:

780 nm wavelength semiconductor laser

James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disk system. However, the compact disk came into popularity when it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.

Sony & Philips audio and data storage

A CD is a simple piece of plastic about 1.2 millimeters thick. It has a single spiral track of data circling from the inside of the disk to the outside. The data stored on the disc can be read by the laser head. Most of the CD consists of an injection-molded piece of clear polycarbonate plastic. During manufacturing this plastic is impressed with microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous, extremely long spiral track of data. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Discman

Discman was the nickname given to Sony's first portable CD player, the D50, which was the first on the market in 1984 (at Y50K), and adopted for Sony's entire portable CD player line. In Japan, all Discman products are referred to as "CD Walkman" and the name was adopted worldwide in 2000 along with a redesigned "Walkman" logo. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now Computer Music on Tape, 1975

Alto Saxophone & Computer Music on Tape, 1991

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: DAT / R-DAT Digital Audio Tape (DAT or R-DAT) is a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony and Philips in the mid 1980s. In appearance it is similar to a compact audio cassette, using 4 mm magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. As the name suggests the recording is digital rather than analog, DAT converting and recording at higher, equal or lower sampling rates than a CD (48, 44.1 or 32 kHz sampling rate, and 16 bits quantization) without audio data compression. This means that the entire input signal is retained. If a digital source is copied then the DAT will produce an exact clone, unlike other digital media such as Digital Compact Cassette or MiniDisc, both of which use lossy data compression.

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format, designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent audio, yet still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a team of German engineers who worked in the framework of the EUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991. Music and S&T

Let’s Check Your Ears Pitch

a. Low-High

Rhythm

a. 4/4

Volume

a. Soft-Loud

b. High-Low

b. 3/4

c. 5/4

b. Loud-Soft

Timbre a. White Noise d. Pink Noise

b. Trumpet e. Bell

c. Electric Guitar e. Synthesized Drum Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests • • • •

Two Tones Two Tones vs Beats Sinusoid in Noise with varying SNR Missing Fundamental

Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests

Sinusoid & Noise at Different SNRs -49 dB SNR

-43 dB SNR

-37 dB SNR

-31 dB SNR

-25 dB SNR

-19 dB SNR

a.

b.

time

time Music and S&T

Psychoacoustic Tests

Sum of Harmonics with and without fundamental sinusoid Fo=261.62 Hz

Fo=130.82 Hz

Fo=55 Hz

Fo=32.7 Hz

a. With – without fundamental

Fo=65.41 Hz

b. Without – with fundamental

Music and S&T

Let’s Check Your Ears

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists • Beethoven wanted huge piano sounds – In an orchestra there are 70 musicians 20 violins/violas 6 cellos 4 contrabass 12 flutes 8 oboes 4 bassoons 4 trumpets 3 trombones 2 tubas 2 french horns 4 percussion sets 1 harp

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists Recording Technology and New Artists Recording Artists versus Live Artists Acoustic versus Electronic Music Instruments Multimedia performances Analog music editing vs Computer-based music editing

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Acoustic Piano

A grand piano, with the lid up. Most pianos are about 150 cm wide. Grand pianos such as the "baby grand" pictured are about as long as they are wide, but a Concert Grand can measure up to 3 m perpendicular to its keyboard.

A schematic depiction of the construction of a pianoforte.

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: E-Piano •

An electric piano (e-piano) is an electric musical instrument whose popularity was at its greatest during the 1960s and 1970s. Many models were designed to replace a (heavy) piano on stage, while others were originally conceived for use in school or college piano labs for the simultaneous tuition of several students using headphones. Unlike a synthesizer, the electric piano is not an electronic instrument, but electromechanical. Electric pianos produce sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned into electronic signals by pickups.

•

The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929 Neo-Bechstein electric grand piano was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was Lloyd Loar's Vivi-Tone Clavier.

•

An electronic piano is an entirely electronic musical instrument designed to simulate the timbre of a piano (and sometimes a harpsichord or an Organ) using analog circuitry. Electronic Piano was also the trade name used for Wurlitzer's popular line of electric pianos, which were produced from the 1950s to the 1980s. This article describes the true electronic piano. For information on the Wurlitzer instrument, see Wurlitzer electric piano.

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: D-Piano The CVP-208 is an 88-key Graded Hammer keyboard in a woodgrain cabinet with a dark rosewood finish. It features 858 different voices including a high-quality Advanced Wave Memory (AWM) piano voice. An extra-large, full-color VGA display shows notation, lyrics, and more in incredible detail. Natural!, Sweet!, Cool!, and Live! Voices recreate woodwinds, brass, and guitars with realism. Organ Flutes! include an adjustable organ tone bar. Karaoke with Vocal Harmony functionality makes it fun to sing along with the music. A 16-track sequencer with extensive editing controls can be used to create advanced compositions. A USB interface connects the Clavinova easily to a personal computer, or the built-in 3.5" floppy drive can be used for educational software or to store recordings. The CVP-208 is designed for the musician who is looking for a wide variety of voices, a huge number of features, and a large, easy-toread display. Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Synthesizer •

A synthesizer (or synthesiser) is an electronic musical instrument designed to produce electronically generated sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM, physical modelling synthesis, phase distortion, or Scanned synthesis.

•

Synthesizers create sounds through direct manipulation of electrical voltages (as in analog synthesizers), mathematical manipulation of discrete values using computers (as in software synthesizers), or by a combination of both methods. In the final stage of the synthesizer, electrical voltages generated by the synthesizer cause vibrations in the diaphragms of loudspeakers, headphones, etc. This synthesized sound is contrasted with recording of natural sound, where the mechanical energy of a sound wave is transformed into a signal which will then be converted back to mechanical energy on playback (though sampling synthesizers significantly blur this distinction).

•

Synthesizers typically have a keyboard which provides the human interface to the instrument and are often thought of as keyboard instruments. However, a synthesizer's human interface does not necessarily have to be a keyboard, nor does a synthesizer strictly need to be playable by a human. Different fingerboard synthesizer or ribbon controlled synthesizers have also been developed. (See sound module.) Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Computer-based Synthesizer Digidesign's Advanced Instrument Research produced the Xpand! software sound module, Pro Tools universe, and Hybrid - analogue-style synth with some neat user interface innovations. Next off the production line is Strike, a plug-in dedicated to helping you create convincing sample-based drum tracks. Realistic drumming performances are stored as patterns, which can played back using high-quality, multisampled drum kits. Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Guitars Classical guitar

Classification String instrument (plucked) Playing range

Related instruments •Guitar family (Steel-string acoustic guitar, Electric guitar, Flamenco guitar, Bass guitar) •Lute (distantly related)

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Percussion The Drum kit

A Boss DR-202 Drum Machine 1 Bass drum | 2 Floor tom | 3 Snare | 4 Toms | 5 Hi-hat | 6 Crash cymbal and Ride cymbal

A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums and/or other percussion instruments.

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Drum Machine

Sonar 6 produced the Session Drummer 2 which uses velocitysensitive multisampled drum sounds triggered by MIDI drum patterns, and the plug-in comes provided with a variety of different drum kits and MIDI patterns in a range of musical styles. These are organised into a series of 'style' presets that, when loaded, include both the drum samples and eight different MIDI patterns. Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Computer-based Music Editor Carillon rackmount case - a "breakthrough in personal audio computing", Carillon's new TI systems are about 'Total Integration‘, combining hardware and software in a way specifically designed to suit musicians moving over to computerbased music production for the first time, or those who already use computers but want an optimised 'off-the-peg' audio machine. There are two systems: the TI, at £799, and the TI Plus at £1099. Both feature a custom desktop interface to make life easier for those new to Windows, and also include custom audio hardware providing a mic, guitar and line preamp, headphone amp, eight-knob MIDI controller, and transport controls to supplement the system's Emu 0404 soundcard. Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now Kiss the Girl from Little Mermaid

New Version

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners • Acoustic properties of venues • Storage Devices and Formats: Grammophone, LP, cassettes, 8-track, CD, DAT, MP3 • Portability: Walkman, DiscMan, iPOD

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

is the trade name of a high-fidelity sound reproduction system for theatrical movie theaters, screening rooms, home theaters, computer speakers, gaming consoles, and car audio systems. THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at George Lucas's company Lucasfilm in 1983 to ensure that the soundtrack for the third Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi, would be accurately reproduced in the best venues. • The THX system is not a recording technology, and it does not specify a sound recording format; all sound formats, whether digital (Dolby Digital, SDDS) or analog (Dolby SR, Ultra-Stereo), can be "shown in THX." THX is mainly a quality assurance system. When a film's producer has it mixed in THX, this means the film's soundtrack will sound, when shown in THX-certified theaters, exactly as the mixing engineer intended. Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners Interactive Acoustic Modeling for Virtual Environments

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple

Computer and launched in 2001. Devices in the iPod range are primarily music players, designed around a central scroll wheel — although the iPod shuffle has buttons only. The full-sized model stores media on an internal hard drive, while the smaller iPod nano and iPod shuffle use flash memory. Like many digital audio players, iPods can also serve as external data storage devices. In addition to playing music, iPods with display screens can display photos, calendars, contact information, and text files. Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability.

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006 Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners Portability of Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

Portability of Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

Portability of Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners Brüel and Kjaer Microphones DPA Microphones 4000 series of small-diaphragm condenser mics, cardioid 4011 and the omnidirectional 4006 with high-voltage, high-headroom versions of both (the 4003 and 4012 espectively), standard and high-voltage versions of a sub-cardioid model (4015 and 4016), and a new,transformerless version of the 4006, the 4006 TL. These class-leading microphones are all back-electret designs- the fundamental advantage is that the stored static charge produces a voltage between the backplate and diaphragm of around 250V — far higher than most 'true' capacitor mics can achieve. This enables the spacing between backplate and diaphragm to be increased without losing sensitivity, and reduces the ratio of diaphragm movement to overall distance — which translates directly into lower distortion and higher SPL capability.

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners At work Desktop Theater

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners At play

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners How much do people spend on a good sound system?

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business • • • • •

MTV MTV mode in movies TV series Copyright Royalty Wearable Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business Misrepresentation in the Music Industry

Milli Vanilli Country

Germany

Years active

1988–1990

Genres

Dance, Pop

Labels

Hansa Records, BMG, Arista Records

Members

John Davis, Brad Howell, Charles Shaw

Fronted by

Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus

All Or Nothing was repackaged, remixed and retitled Girl You Know It's True for its U.S. release, and spun four hit singles: the title track, and the group's three #1 hits, "Girl I'm Gonna Miss You," "Baby Don't Forget My Number" and "Blame It On The Rain." Milli Vanilli won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist on February 22, 1990 for Girl You Know It's True (1990 in music). July 1989, during a live performance recorded by MTV at the Lake Compounce theme park in Connecticut, the recording of the song "Girl You Know It's True" jammed and began to skip, repeating the line "Girl, you know it's-" over and over. This was not unusual, as many popular artists used the same technique. The fame of this event may have been amplified by the fact that the word "true" was poetically omitted by the whim of the playback device. This was a prime example of the kind of happenstances that could make Milli Vanilli poster boys for the entire range of misrepresentation in the music industry. As a result of American media pressure, Milli Vanilli's Grammy was withdrawn on November 19, 1990

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business

Storage Device &/or Format and Music Business

1963 1900

1955

2001 1980

1985

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business

NAPSTER Napster is an online music service which was originally a file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning. Napster was the first widely-used peer-to-peer (or P2P) music sharing service, and it made a major impact on how people used the Internet. Its technology allowed music fans to easily share MP3 format song files with each other, thus leading to the music industry's accusations of massive copyright violations. Although the original service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for decentralized P2P file-sharing programs such as Kazaa, Limewire, and BearShare, which are now used for many the same reasons and can download music, pictures, and other things. The popularity and repercussions of the first Napster have made it a legendary icon in the computer and entertainment fields. Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business Internet-based record shops

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business Cellular phone-based music business

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Business

THE TOUCHLESS IPOD REMOTE With a small radio tag in your glove, you can control your music on the slopes with a simple swipe of your hand

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business Even sports companies are riding on portable music

Music and S&T

The Impact of S&T on Music and the Way We Listen to Music Predictions: The premium on live performances will start going up as more music artists realize the futility of relying on income from recorded music Multimedia compositions will become very popular in the next 10 years Music and S&T

The Impact of S&T on Music and the Way We Listen to Music

Rowena Cristina L. Guevara Science, Technology & Society January 9, 2007

Music and S&T