Science Biodiversity Research (2)

Name:

MOHAMAD ADIB BIN RAHMAT MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN AZMAN SIVARAJ A/L RAVICHANDRAN

Class:

2 CEMERLANG

Teacher:

PN. JUNAIDAH BT. HASSAN Science~Biodiversity

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What is Biodiversity? •The wide variety of organisms on Earth in known as biodiversity or biological diversity. •The Variety of organisms can be classified using an appropriate classification method.

Classification of Organisms •A classification system is required to group living things methodically because of their large number and types. •Although they possess common characteristic, organisms from the same species still have distinctive characteristics which differentiate them from other species. •Classification is important to enable more in-depth scientific studies to be carried out for the improvement of the species themselves.

Classification of Animals •Groups of animals can be classified according to similarities in characteristics, features and structures. •Common characteristics are characteristics that are possessed by two or more types of species. •Common characteristics in animals include methods of reproduction, types of food habitats and physical features. •Classification of animals by common characteristics:

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Animals Vertebrates

Invertebrates

(with backbones)

(without backbones)

Amphibians

Birds Fish

Reptiles

Mammals

Characteristics of animal

Examples

Live in water & on land

crab, fish, shrimp, oyster, squid, cockle, jellyfish dog, chicken, cat, squirrel, mouse, elephant, tiger, deer Crocodile, frog, turtle, seal, otter

Reproduces by laying eggs

Hen, fish, bird, crab, duck, goose, cockroach

Reproduces by giving birth Carnivorous

Whale, dolphin, porcupine, pangolin, bat, rabbit, cow Rabbit, cow, goat, giraffe, squirrel, snail, grasshopper Lion, tiger, piranha, crocodile, snake, frog

Omnivorous

Chicken, duck, cat, cockroach, mouse, bear

Body covered with hair

Cat, dog, cow, rabbit, bear, bat

Body covered with feathers

Bird, penguin, chicken, duck

Body covered with scales

Fish, pangolin, lizard, snake, monitor lizard

Live in water Live on land

Herbivorous

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Animal Kingdom •Animal can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. •Differences between vertebrates and invertebrates are as follows: Vertebrates

With backbones

aspects

Invertebrates

Presence of backbones

Main support is endoskeleton Body Support which consists of bones

Without backbones

Main support is exoskeleton such as hard skin and fluid pressure

Vertebrates •Vertebrates can be divided into five groups, namely fish, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals. •The characteristics of vertebrates as follows:

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Fish ( Pisces ) backbone

Pectoral finDorsal fin scalesTail fin eye nostril Gill cover Ventral fin

Sensory line Anal fin

Characteristics: 1. Live in the water 2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) 3. Streamlined body, covered with slimy scales 4. Breathe with gills 5. Most lay eggs. A few such as sharks and seahorses give birth to young 6. Move using fins and tail

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Amphibians

backbone

eye

tympanic

nostril mouth

Soft, moist and exposed skin

Front leg Rear leg

Characteristics: 1. Can live on land and in the water the young live in water 2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) 3. Body is covered with moist skin 4. Breathe with lungs 5. Lay eggs 6. Move using limbs and tail

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Reptiles backbone

tail

eardrum eye

Rear leg

mouth Front leg

Characteristics: 1. Live on land and in the water 2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) 3. Have dry, hard scaly skin 4. Breathe with lungs 5. Lay eggs 6. Move using limbs and tail

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Birds eye wing

beak

tail

Hard scaly legs Sharp claw

Characteristics: 1. Live on land 2. Warm-blooded (homoeothermic) 3. Body is covered with feathers 4. Breathe with lungs 5. Lay eggs 6. Move using wigs and legs 7. Have beaks

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Mammals

ear eye tail leg

nail

Characteristics: 1. Some live on land and some live in water 2. Warm-blooded (homoeothermic) 3. Body is covered with hair or fur 4. Breathe with lungs 5. Give birth to young except platypuses and anteaters 6. Move using limbs 7. Young feed milk from the mother’s mammary glands

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Invertebrates •Invertebrates are animals without backbones. •The support system of invertebrates consists of: Exoskeleton such as hard shell. Examples are crabs, prawns and centipedes. Hydrostatic frame. Examples are earthworms, caterpillars and •Generally, the physical characteristics of invertebrates are planarians. simpler than

vertebrates •Most microorganisms are invertebrates. For examples, coelenterates (Hydra and jellyfish) and protozoa (Paramecium and Amoeba).

Classification of Plants

•Plants too can be classified according to their common characteristics. •Common characteristics of plants include propagation method, habitat and physical features. •Classification of plant plants by common characteristics: Characteristics of Examples Grow in water

Water lettuce, lemna, water lily, algae

Grow on land Shrub

Banana tree, durian tree, angsana tree, orchid, maize Casuarinas tree, pine tree, angsana tree, rambutan tree. Crotons, rose, orchid, chilly, screw-pine.

Flowering

Maize, grass, wild grass, sunflower

Non-Flowering

Fern, moss, algae

Have seeds

Papaya, orchid, maize, watermelon, hibiscus

Have spores

Fern, moss

Net-Veined leaves

Hibiscus tree, yam, sweet potato, African violet, rose Wild grass, sugar cane, maize, paddy

Woody stem

Parallel-Veined leaves

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Plant Kingdom •Different scientists classify plants by different characteristics. •Plants can also be grouped by the presence or absence of seeds as follows: Plants With seeds Flowering

Without seeds

Non-Flowering

(ferns, mosses, algae)

(Conifers) Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

•Plants can also be divided into flowering and non-flowering plants.

Flowering Plants •Flowering plants are plants that can produce flowers. •Flowers are reproductive organs of flowering plants. •Flowering plants can be divided into groups, the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons, depending on the number of cotyledons in the seeds. •Cotyledons is the main seed leaf for the germination of new seedlings. •Cotyledons contains starch as food for the seeds that are unable to make their own food. Science~Biodiversity

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Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Two Cotyledons

One Cotyledon

A maize grain cut in half

A green bean (split into two)

Example: Maize

Example: Balsam plant

Characteristics:

Characteristics:

•Seed has one cotyledon •fibrous root system, which consists of many roots of equal size. •Leaves have parallel veins. •Stem is non-woody and soft. •Examples: wild grass, orchid plant, maize, sugar cane, palm trees, paddy.

•Seed has two cotyledons •Tap root system, which consists of small roots that branch out of one main root. •Leaves have net veins •Stem is woody and hard. •Examples: rose tree, bougainvillea, angsana tree, balsam plant, guava tree.

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Non-Flowering Plants •Non-flowering plants are plants that do not produce flowers. •Non-flowers plants need to reproduce by other means, for example, through spores •Non-flowering plants can be divided into four groups, namely algae, mosses, conifers, and ferns.

Benefits of Biodiversity •Source of food •Source of materials •Source of medicine •Clean water •Air to breathe

Human Activities That Cause Animals & Plants Become Endangered •African elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks to make jewellery and ornaments. •Sharks are killed for their fins to make special delicacies. •Seabirds have been killed by oil spills. •Gorillas are killed and served as food. Their palms are used to make ashtrays.

Ways to Protect Endangered Wildlife •Setting up natural reserves. •Enforcing legislation: banning hunting, collecting or trading of these wildlife. •Protecting their habitats. •Breeding them in zoos to increase their number . •Increase awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity to the environment through education and campaigns. Science~Biodiversity 13

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