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Main topics of discussion
Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum
Technical & regulatory problems of Geostationary Orbit
The underlying problem
The orbits of Geostationary communication satellites are concentrated in a narrow band, 22300 miles above the equator.
The spacing between satellites is critical – because the radio transmission when made on the same frequencies, will cause interference.
Need for a Regulatory Body
To deal with scarcity in various applications,
To prevent the interference by giving the users particular frequencies to transmit, we need a Regulatory Body.
Functions of a Regulatory Body
Allocations of frequencies
Allotment of frequencies
Types of Regulatory Body
National or Domestic Regulators If radio transmission starts & ends within the borders of a single country
International Regulators If radio transmission is not confined to a single country.
So, a combination of national & international regulators is required to do allocation & the allotment of frequencies.
International Radio Frequency Management
ITU, the international regulator, establishes technical standards to govern:
The power Modulation techniques Radio Emissions Allocation of frequencies Allotment of frequencies among the nations
Allotment of Frequencies
The allotment of frequency bands to the particular nations is done within the allocations to overcome the threat of interference. International allotments are necessary only when there is a possibility of international interference. Allotment of frequencies is the work of several organizations like: – ITU – CEPT – ETSI
Two Approaches for Frequency Allotment
a priori approach:
This approach allots the spectrum among the users according to a certain plan. 3.
a posteriori approach: In this approach the rights are given to those who claim them first. The a priori approach is more popular in less developed countries because of the fear of exhaustion of spectrum before they are in a position to use it, while the a posteriori approach is popular in more developed countries.
International Frequency Registration Board In 1947, an approach called the
“Engineered Spectrum” was created by the ITU to review all frequency uses & develop a equitable allotment of spectrum among nations.
To monitor the engineered spectrum, the ITU created the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB).
Functions of the IFRB
The IFRB would maintain a Frequency Register (MIFR) of all frequency assignments.
Reported assignments that corresponds to the ITU’s frequency allotments would be recorded in 2a column and would have the maximum protection from interference.
Nonconforming assignments that do not violate the regulations and do not cause any interference are placed in the 2b column.
Nonconforming assignments that cause any harmful interference would not be registered in the MIFR.
Column 2d contains the frequencies to which no allotment plan has been devised. Column 2d assignments are at the centre of ITU’s a posteriori, notice-and-recordation procedure.
Notice and Recordation Procedure 1.
3.
5.
Countries that intend to use particular frequencies notify the IFRB. Then IFRB determines that registrations is in accordance with its regulations & whether it causes any interference. Then it is entered in the MIFR and the registrant gains a priority over the other users who may wish to transmit interfering signals on those
Management of Orbit used by the Geostationary Satellites
Technical Problems of Geostationary Orbits.
Regulatory Problems of the Geostationary Orbits.
Technical Problems of the GSO
Transponders uplinks as well as downlinks, in order to keep a satellite restricted from interfering with its own transmission, the uplink and downlink are transmitted at different frequencies.
The Frequency bands
C-band (4 GHz – 6 GHz) Most communication satellite are operating in the C-band of frequencies, they receive uplink signals in 6 GHz and transmit downlink signals in 4 GHz range.
Ku-band (12 GHz – 14 GHz) The most recent generation of satellites use the first portion of K-band called as the Ku-band, receive uplink at 14 GHz and transmits downlink at 12 GHz.
Interference is avoided by the orbital spacing.
C-band satellites are typically spaced b/w 3 – 5 degrees or 2200 – 3600 Km.
Latest improvements in the antenna have permitted spacing of 3 degrees or 1500 Km.
Regulatory Problems of Geostationary orbit
3. 4. 5. 6.
Space War ITU intervention and the development phases Formative phase(1959 to 1977) Political phase(1977 to 1979) Pragmatic phase(1979 to 1988) GSO under-pressure(1988 to 1995)
Formative Phase (1959 to 1977 )
World Administrative Radio conference (WARC),1959 Extraordinary Administrative Radio conference (EARC),1963 World Administrative Radio conference for space Telecommunications (WARC-ST), 1971 Geneva ITU’s Plenipotentiary conference,1973
Political Phase (1977 to 1979 )
6. 7.
Equal rights for developing nations 1977 Plan 1979 WARC Dispute of 14.5Ghz to 15.35Ghz Why USA 1979 WARC plan? Lack of flexibility and 12Ghz spectrum band Solution to the posed problem
End of Political Era
Pragmatic Phase (1979 to 1988 )
1983 Plan 1985-1988
GSO Under pressure (1988 to 1995 )
ITU’s effort to make countries coordinate China APT operator Kingdom of Tonga Solution by ITU
Low Earth Orbit Satellites
The disadvantage of LEO’s.
However, military research devised a method of sending data from one satellite to another.
A network of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage.
It requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO and the LEO satellite needs less powerful amplifiers for successful transmission, LEO is still used for many communication applications.
Big LEO’s operate above 1GHz that will provide voice, data communication and mobile communication.
Little LEO’s operate below 400MHz that will provide low speed digital communication.
In WRC (in 1995), US mobile satellite industry urged for additional spectrum for mobile satellite systems (LEO).
Main topics of discussion
Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum
Technical & regulatory problems of Geostationary Orbit
The underlying problem
The orbits of Geostationary communication satellites are concentrated in a narrow band, 22300 miles above the equator.
The spacing between satellites is critical – because the radio transmission when made on the same frequencies, will cause interference.
Need for a Regulatory Body
To deal with scarcity in various applications,
To prevent the interference by giving the users particular frequencies to transmit, we need a Regulatory Body.
Functions of a Regulatory Body
Allocations of frequencies
Allotment of frequencies
Types of Regulatory Body
National or Domestic Regulators If radio transmission starts & ends within the borders of a single country
International Regulators If radio transmission is not confined to a single country.
So, a combination of national & international regulators is required to do allocation & the allotment of frequencies.
International Radio Frequency Management
ITU, the international regulator, establishes technical standards to govern:
The power Modulation techniques Radio Emissions Allocation of frequencies Allotment of frequencies among the nations
Allotment of Frequencies
The allotment of frequency bands to the particular nations is done within the allocations to overcome the threat of interference. International allotments are necessary only when there is a possibility of international interference. Allotment of frequencies is the work of several organizations like: – ITU – CEPT – ETSI
Two Approaches for Frequency Allotment
a priori approach:
This approach allots the spectrum among the users according to a certain plan. 3.
a posteriori approach: In this approach the rights are given to those who claim them first. The a priori approach is more popular in less developed countries because of the fear of exhaustion of spectrum before they are in a position to use it, while the a posteriori approach is popular in more developed countries.
International Frequency Registration Board In 1947, an approach called the
“Engineered Spectrum” was created by the ITU to review all frequency uses & develop a equitable allotment of spectrum among nations.
To monitor the engineered spectrum, the ITU created the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB).
Functions of the IFRB
The IFRB would maintain a Frequency Register (MIFR) of all frequency assignments.
Reported assignments that corresponds to the ITU’s frequency allotments would be recorded in 2a column and would have the maximum protection from interference.
Nonconforming assignments that do not violate the regulations and do not cause any interference are placed in the 2b column.
Nonconforming assignments that cause any harmful interference would not be registered in the MIFR.
Column 2d contains the frequencies to which no allotment plan has been devised. Column 2d assignments are at the centre of ITU’s a posteriori, notice-and-recordation procedure.
Notice and Recordation Procedure 1.
3.
5.
Countries that intend to use particular frequencies notify the IFRB. Then IFRB determines that registrations is in accordance with its regulations & whether it causes any interference. Then it is entered in the MIFR and the registrant gains a priority over the other users who may wish to transmit interfering signals on those
Management of Orbit used by the Geostationary Satellites
Technical Problems of Geostationary Orbits.
Regulatory Problems of the Geostationary Orbits.
Technical Problems of the GSO
Transponders uplinks as well as downlinks, in order to keep a satellite restricted from interfering with its own transmission, the uplink and downlink are transmitted at different frequencies.
The Frequency bands
C-band (4 GHz – 6 GHz) Most communication satellite are operating in the C-band of frequencies, they receive uplink signals in 6 GHz and transmit downlink signals in 4 GHz range.
Ku-band (12 GHz – 14 GHz) The most recent generation of satellites use the first portion of K-band called as the Ku-band, receive uplink at 14 GHz and transmits downlink at 12 GHz.
Interference is avoided by the orbital spacing.
C-band satellites are typically spaced b/w 3 – 5 degrees or 2200 – 3600 Km.
Latest improvements in the antenna have permitted spacing of 3 degrees or 1500 Km.
Regulatory Problems of Geostationary orbit
3. 4. 5. 6.
Space War ITU intervention and the development phases Formative phase(1959 to 1977) Political phase(1977 to 1979) Pragmatic phase(1979 to 1988) GSO under-pressure(1988 to 1995)
Formative Phase (1959 to 1977 )
World Administrative Radio conference (WARC),1959 Extraordinary Administrative Radio conference (EARC),1963 World Administrative Radio conference for space Telecommunications (WARC-ST), 1971 Geneva ITU’s Plenipotentiary conference,1973
Political Phase (1977 to 1979 )
6. 7.
Equal rights for developing nations 1977 Plan 1979 WARC Dispute of 14.5Ghz to 15.35Ghz Why USA 1979 WARC plan? Lack of flexibility and 12Ghz spectrum band Solution to the posed problem
End of Political Era
Pragmatic Phase (1979 to 1988 )
1983 Plan 1985-1988
GSO Under pressure (1988 to 1995 )
ITU’s effort to make countries coordinate China APT operator Kingdom of Tonga Solution by ITU
Low Earth Orbit Satellites
The disadvantage of LEO’s.
However, military research devised a method of sending data from one satellite to another.
A network of satellites is required to provide continuous coverage.
It requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO and the LEO satellite needs less powerful amplifiers for successful transmission, LEO is still used for many communication applications.
Big LEO’s operate above 1GHz that will provide voice, data communication and mobile communication.
Little LEO’s operate below 400MHz that will provide low speed digital communication.
In WRC (in 1995), US mobile satellite industry urged for additional spectrum for mobile satellite systems (LEO).
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