Sand Mining And Impacts On River Ecology
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Temple and Pond- Padma theerthamTrivandrum
DR. T H RI V I K RAM J I K .P. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY (Re t d.) U N I V ERSI T Y OF K ERALA
Noise & Dust Pollution Scarred Surfaces Modified water regimes & Stream network Waste water Stony waste land
Build a Green-belt along perimeter of property with strip planting of fast growing tree species to reduce large volumes of dust & noise Wetting potential patches of dust with water. Clarify waste water prior to release Careful mine planning Restore land to near-natural configuration Locate possible mining areas out of site of community
SWM wave setup erodes and destroys beaches. Beach rebuilding in post erosion face lands offshore black sand on the beaches Upgrades black sand content in the newly built beach IRE gathers & Stock-pile sand with power shovels and trucks Gathering cannot go below MSL No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution Back filling by SWM
Mining area: Ancient beach/Dune fields No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution Shoveled and loaded onto trucks to sand separation plants Reject sand or gangue goes back to back filling Abandoned tracts not nearly restorable
Modernisation of Indian Society World class infrastructure, Modern housing with water and power supply and sanitation Infrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks and bridges Ports and harbours Modern runways & terminal buildings Schools, Hospitals & Playgrounds Power plants, transmission lines, etc .
Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 or 232.0 billion tones of ballast Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years
Shelf sand Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such other Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.
0.025
6.5
6.5
38.0
0.001 -0.25
0.25 1.5 or larger
Intrusive rocks, Standard section, Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)
Rock type Granite & Quartz monzonite Granodorite Quartz diorite Diorite Gabbro Others
Abundance, %
Mineral abundance (%), Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969) Mineral
Granite
G.diorite
Q.diorite
Diorite
Gabbro
Up.crust
Plagioclase
30
46
53
63
56
41
Quartz
27
21
22
2
--
21
P.feldspar
35
15
6
3
--
21
Amphibole
1
13
12
12
1
6
O.pyroxene
--
--
--
3
16
2
C.pyroxene
--
--
--
8
16
2
Olivine
--
--
--
--
5.
0.6
Magnetite Ilmenite
2
2
2
3
4
2
Apatite
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.
0.5
2
3
2
Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI) Roads, Types Express ways
Length, Rail road km 200 Total track
National Highways State highways
66,590 Double track 128,000
Major Dist. Roads
470,000
Rural & other
2,650,0 00
Length, km. 62195 12617
Tailing ridge, Kolachel, India
A talus of rubble readied for the crusher unit, Trivandrum Dist., India
Partial View of Crusher unit, Trivandrum, India
Old fashion house- no aggregate in use
Intensive aggregate use
A stonewall
no aggregate or cement
Gathered river sand in stock pile
Sea around India- courtesy National Geographic
Silent Valley National Park, Grass land and forest stands, Western Ghats -India
Periyar Valley, WG, India -Reminds Yosemite Valley
Glacial Boulder Delta, near Syracuse New York
Interstate 90, Kansas state
Reptile House, Trivandrum Zoo, India
Natural History Museum, Trivandrum, Zoo
Kovalam Palace, Trivandrum, India
Ballast stock yard, Eraniel, India
West nada, Fort, Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Brick wall using crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India - a close up
A modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Madurai, India
Temple gopuram- stone work, Madurai, India
Temple pond - stone work, Madurai, India
RESERV OI R I N CON T I N EN T AL SH ELF REGEN ERAT ED BY M ON SOON WAV ES SAN D COLLECT ED SAN S DRI LLI N G & BLAST I N G GEOLOGI CALLY EROSI ON PRON E COAST I M PLEM EN T COAST AL REGU LAT I ON Z ON E ACT & WELFARE OF DI SPLACED FAM I LI ES
River turned pond after removal of sand, Tamil Nadu, India
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec. 2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Bornhardt and Red sand deposits, foreground, TN, India
DR. T H RI V I K RAM J I K .P. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY (Re t d.) U N I V ERSI T Y OF K ERALA
Noise & Dust Pollution Scarred Surfaces Modified water regimes & Stream network Waste water Stony waste land
Build a Green-belt along perimeter of property with strip planting of fast growing tree species to reduce large volumes of dust & noise Wetting potential patches of dust with water. Clarify waste water prior to release Careful mine planning Restore land to near-natural configuration Locate possible mining areas out of site of community
SWM wave setup erodes and destroys beaches. Beach rebuilding in post erosion face lands offshore black sand on the beaches Upgrades black sand content in the newly built beach IRE gathers & Stock-pile sand with power shovels and trucks Gathering cannot go below MSL No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution Back filling by SWM
Mining area: Ancient beach/Dune fields No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution Shoveled and loaded onto trucks to sand separation plants Reject sand or gangue goes back to back filling Abandoned tracts not nearly restorable
Modernisation of Indian Society World class infrastructure, Modern housing with water and power supply and sanitation Infrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks and bridges Ports and harbours Modern runways & terminal buildings Schools, Hospitals & Playgrounds Power plants, transmission lines, etc .
Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 or 232.0 billion tones of ballast Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years
Shelf sand Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such other Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.
0.025
6.5
6.5
38.0
0.001 -0.25
0.25 1.5 or larger
Intrusive rocks, Standard section, Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)
Rock type Granite & Quartz monzonite Granodorite Quartz diorite Diorite Gabbro Others
Abundance, %
Mineral abundance (%), Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969) Mineral
Granite
G.diorite
Q.diorite
Diorite
Gabbro
Up.crust
Plagioclase
30
46
53
63
56
41
Quartz
27
21
22
2
--
21
P.feldspar
35
15
6
3
--
21
Amphibole
1
13
12
12
1
6
O.pyroxene
--
--
--
3
16
2
C.pyroxene
--
--
--
8
16
2
Olivine
--
--
--
--
5.
0.6
Magnetite Ilmenite
2
2
2
3
4
2
Apatite
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.
0.5
2
3
2
Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI) Roads, Types Express ways
Length, Rail road km 200 Total track
National Highways State highways
66,590 Double track 128,000
Major Dist. Roads
470,000
Rural & other
2,650,0 00
Length, km. 62195 12617
Tailing ridge, Kolachel, India
A talus of rubble readied for the crusher unit, Trivandrum Dist., India
Partial View of Crusher unit, Trivandrum, India
Old fashion house- no aggregate in use
Intensive aggregate use
A stonewall
no aggregate or cement
Gathered river sand in stock pile
Sea around India- courtesy National Geographic
Silent Valley National Park, Grass land and forest stands, Western Ghats -India
Periyar Valley, WG, India -Reminds Yosemite Valley
Glacial Boulder Delta, near Syracuse New York
Interstate 90, Kansas state
Reptile House, Trivandrum Zoo, India
Natural History Museum, Trivandrum, Zoo
Kovalam Palace, Trivandrum, India
Ballast stock yard, Eraniel, India
West nada, Fort, Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Brick wall using crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India - a close up
A modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Madurai, India
Temple gopuram- stone work, Madurai, India
Temple pond - stone work, Madurai, India
RESERV OI R I N CON T I N EN T AL SH ELF REGEN ERAT ED BY M ON SOON WAV ES SAN D COLLECT ED SAN S DRI LLI N G & BLAST I N G GEOLOGI CALLY EROSI ON PRON E COAST I M PLEM EN T COAST AL REGU LAT I ON Z ON E ACT & WELFARE OF DI SPLACED FAM I LI ES
River turned pond after removal of sand, Tamil Nadu, India
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec. 2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Bornhardt and Red sand deposits, foreground, TN, India
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