Sea Sand Mining
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- Pages: 69
Prof.(Dr.). Thrivikramji.K.P. [email protected]
.
TO SAVE KERALA RIVERS USE A COCKTAIL OF SEA SAND, MANUFACTURED SAND, CINDER & SLAG. OR FINE AGGREGATES GOK MODEL CITIZEN
0.025
6.5
6.5
38.0
0.001 -0.25
0.25 1.5 or larger
SEA SAND, Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such others Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.
Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI) Roads, Types Express ways
Length, Rail road km 200 Total track
National Highways State highways
66,590 Double track 128,000
Major Dist. Roads
470,000
Rural & other
2,650,0 00
Length, km. 62195 12617
Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 of ballast Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years
DREDGER IN OPERATION
DREDGER IN SHALLOW SEA
COARSE & FINE AGGREGTES NEEDED Modernisation of Indian Society World class infrastructure; Modern housing with water & power supply & Sanitation. Infrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks & bridges Modern Ports & harbours Modern runways & terminal buildings Schools, Hospitals & Playgrounds Power plants, transmission lines, etc .
INDIA: 7000 KM SHORELINE; 200 SEAMILES OF EEZ; ~210,000 KM2 CONTSHELF ;
SHELF AROUND INDIA
Courtesy:P.D.Komar
Sea level Change Curve: Holocene
SEDIMENT PLUME
SEA BED SEDIMENT
SEA BED SEDIMENT
PHYSIOGRAPHYKERALA
Courtesy: Geol.Soc.Ind.
BSP FORMATION:A MODEL GEOLOGY- KERALA PRODUCT Courstesy: K.Soman PAIRED GLASS-SAND-BLACK-SAND DEPOSITS IN ANCIENT COASTAL LAND MODERN BEACH FACE BSP FORMATION & MUD BANKS DURING EACH SW MONSOON SOURCES- PENULTIMATE ANCIENT BURRIED COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENT- MODERN SHELF SEDIMENT ANCIENT SHELF SEDIMENT SOURCES- ULTIMATE KHONDALITE & CHARNOCKITE, SGT &LATERITE OFFSHORE DELIVERY-VEHICLES EROSION OF LATERITISED OR CHEMICALLY WEATHERED SOURCE ROCKS - FLUVIAL TRANSPORT- DEPOSITION IN SINK ZONE WITH FLUCTUATING SEA LEVEL SINCE EARLY TERTIARY
GRANITE
Intrusive rocks, Standard section, Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)
Rock type Granite & Quartz monzonite Granodorite Quartz diorite Diorite Gabbro Others
Abundance, %
RATE OF FORMATION OF LATERITE Proposer
Region
Rate (m/ma)
Freyssinet & Farrah (2000)
French Guyana
3.0
Boeglin & Probst (1998)
Up.Niger basin
1.3- 3.7
Thomas (1994)
Tropical areas
22.0
LATERITE PROFILE
LATERITE COVER, KERALA (After: CGWB)
MICROCLINE
CHEMICALLY WEATHERED
SEDIMENT FANS, INDIAN SHELF
BOTTOM PROFILE, KERALA SHELF
BATHY CHART RATNAGIRI CAPE COMORIN
Note High quartz content off Kochi
MODERN CLASTICS, OFFSHORE
2004 DEC. TSUNAMI -INDONESIA
DAY 4, 2004 DEC. TSUNAMI - CHERIYAZEEKAL
DAY 4, 2004 DEC. TSUNAMI - CHERIYAZEEKAL
MINE SPOIL, MANAVALAKURICHI
MINE SPOIL, MANAVALAKURICHI
Mineral abundance (%), Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969) Mineral
Granite
G.diorite
Q.diorite
Diorite
Gabbro
Up.crust
Plagioclase
30
46
53
63
56
41
Quartz
27
21
22
2
--
21
P.feldspar
35
15
6
3
--
21
Amphibole
1
13
12
12
1
6
O.pyroxene
--
--
--
3
16
2
C.pyroxene
--
--
--
8
16
2
Olivine
--
--
--
--
5.
0.6
Magnetite Ilmenite
2
2
2
3
4
2
Apatite
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.
0.5
Regional erosion rates (Menard,1961)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ton/acre/yr
Ton/km2/yr
M3/km2/yr
0.55 0.50 0.74 0.10 2.62 12.00
135.85 123.5 182.0 247.0 647.14 2964.0
51.264 46.60 68.697 9.32 244.2 118.47
- Geologic (1) and modern (2) deposition rates in Mississippi basin- the rates are nearly same - Deposition rates (3) in the Appalachian region in geologic past and modern day (4) - Geologic deposition rate (5) in the Himalayan region and modern day rate (6)
Ratio of dissolved load to suspended load, minor river basins, Kerala (Thrivikramji & Joseph, 2003)
Basin
Vamanapuram Ar
Sept.Dec.85Jul.86, OctOct., 85 Feb.86 SW Nov.86 NE Summer Monsoon NE Monsoon monsoon 1.6
4.6
20
2
Ithykara Ar
1.01
18
28
2.9
Kallada Ar
1.56
3.4
3.8
3.1
Achankovil Ar
1.97
20.5
3
3
SEASAND FORMATION:A MODEL PRODUCT PAIRED GLASS-SAND-BLACK-SAND DEPOSITS IN ANCIENT COASTAL LAND MODERN BEACH FACE BSP FORMATION & MUD BANKS DURING EACH SW MONSOON SOURCES- PENULTIMATE ANCIENT BURRIED COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENT- MODERN SHELF SEDIMENT ANCIENT SHELF SEDIMENT SOURCES- ULTIMATE KHONDALITE & CHARNOCKITE, SGT &LATERITE OFFSHORE DELIVERY-VEHICLES EROSION OF LATERITISED OR CHEMICALLY WEATHERED SOURCE ROCKS - FLUVIAL TRANSPORT- DEPOSITION IN SINK ZONE WITH FLUCTUATING SEA LEVEL SINCE EARLY TERTIARY
If you cannot grow it or buy it, you got to mine it
P R O G R E S S I V E W E A T H E R I N G
PROGRESSIVE WEATHERING
Sediment plume, off Bharathapuzha
SEDIMENT PLUME
SEDIMENT PLUME
RAW BEACH SAND
RAW BEACH SAND
BATHY CHART, OFF S.KERALA
SEA OFF KARUNAGAPALLY
LAGOON MOUTH BAR
GANGES DELTA & SHELF
DUNES, THAR DESERT
HAMLET, THAR - A CLOSE UP
LATERITE
UP CLOSE
SOLUTION OR INITIATIVE SAVE RIVERS BY USING: MANUFACTURED SAND; SEA SAND; CINDER & SLAG. GOK MODEL CITIZEN
.
TO SAVE KERALA RIVERS USE A COCKTAIL OF SEA SAND, MANUFACTURED SAND, CINDER & SLAG. OR FINE AGGREGATES GOK MODEL CITIZEN
0.025
6.5
6.5
38.0
0.001 -0.25
0.25 1.5 or larger
SEA SAND, Manufacture aggregates from overburden and waste of strip and subsurface mines, slag and such others Reprocess rubble of demolished buildings into aggregates.
Road and Rail road network, India (website, GOI) Roads, Types Express ways
Length, Rail road km 200 Total track
National Highways State highways
66,590 Double track 128,000
Major Dist. Roads
470,000
Rural & other
2,650,0 00
Length, km. 62195 12617
Aggregates make 85% of cement concrete Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0 billion m3 of ballast Maintenance consumes for at least 1/3rd of the above once in three years
DREDGER IN OPERATION
DREDGER IN SHALLOW SEA
COARSE & FINE AGGREGTES NEEDED Modernisation of Indian Society World class infrastructure; Modern housing with water & power supply & Sanitation. Infrastructure: Multi-lane express ways, dedicated-high speed rail tracks & bridges Modern Ports & harbours Modern runways & terminal buildings Schools, Hospitals & Playgrounds Power plants, transmission lines, etc .
INDIA: 7000 KM SHORELINE; 200 SEAMILES OF EEZ; ~210,000 KM2 CONTSHELF ;
SHELF AROUND INDIA
Courtesy:P.D.Komar
Sea level Change Curve: Holocene
SEDIMENT PLUME
SEA BED SEDIMENT
SEA BED SEDIMENT
PHYSIOGRAPHYKERALA
Courtesy: Geol.Soc.Ind.
BSP FORMATION:A MODEL GEOLOGY- KERALA PRODUCT Courstesy: K.Soman PAIRED GLASS-SAND-BLACK-SAND DEPOSITS IN ANCIENT COASTAL LAND MODERN BEACH FACE BSP FORMATION & MUD BANKS DURING EACH SW MONSOON SOURCES- PENULTIMATE ANCIENT BURRIED COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENT- MODERN SHELF SEDIMENT ANCIENT SHELF SEDIMENT SOURCES- ULTIMATE KHONDALITE & CHARNOCKITE, SGT &LATERITE OFFSHORE DELIVERY-VEHICLES EROSION OF LATERITISED OR CHEMICALLY WEATHERED SOURCE ROCKS - FLUVIAL TRANSPORT- DEPOSITION IN SINK ZONE WITH FLUCTUATING SEA LEVEL SINCE EARLY TERTIARY
GRANITE
Intrusive rocks, Standard section, Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)
Rock type Granite & Quartz monzonite Granodorite Quartz diorite Diorite Gabbro Others
Abundance, %
RATE OF FORMATION OF LATERITE Proposer
Region
Rate (m/ma)
Freyssinet & Farrah (2000)
French Guyana
3.0
Boeglin & Probst (1998)
Up.Niger basin
1.3- 3.7
Thomas (1994)
Tropical areas
22.0
LATERITE PROFILE
LATERITE COVER, KERALA (After: CGWB)
MICROCLINE
CHEMICALLY WEATHERED
SEDIMENT FANS, INDIAN SHELF
BOTTOM PROFILE, KERALA SHELF
BATHY CHART RATNAGIRI CAPE COMORIN
Note High quartz content off Kochi
MODERN CLASTICS, OFFSHORE
2004 DEC. TSUNAMI -INDONESIA
DAY 4, 2004 DEC. TSUNAMI - CHERIYAZEEKAL
DAY 4, 2004 DEC. TSUNAMI - CHERIYAZEEKAL
MINE SPOIL, MANAVALAKURICHI
MINE SPOIL, MANAVALAKURICHI
Mineral abundance (%), Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969) Mineral
Granite
G.diorite
Q.diorite
Diorite
Gabbro
Up.crust
Plagioclase
30
46
53
63
56
41
Quartz
27
21
22
2
--
21
P.feldspar
35
15
6
3
--
21
Amphibole
1
13
12
12
1
6
O.pyroxene
--
--
--
3
16
2
C.pyroxene
--
--
--
8
16
2
Olivine
--
--
--
--
5.
0.6
Magnetite Ilmenite
2
2
2
3
4
2
Apatite
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.
0.5
Regional erosion rates (Menard,1961)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ton/acre/yr
Ton/km2/yr
M3/km2/yr
0.55 0.50 0.74 0.10 2.62 12.00
135.85 123.5 182.0 247.0 647.14 2964.0
51.264 46.60 68.697 9.32 244.2 118.47
- Geologic (1) and modern (2) deposition rates in Mississippi basin- the rates are nearly same - Deposition rates (3) in the Appalachian region in geologic past and modern day (4) - Geologic deposition rate (5) in the Himalayan region and modern day rate (6)
Ratio of dissolved load to suspended load, minor river basins, Kerala (Thrivikramji & Joseph, 2003)
Basin
Vamanapuram Ar
Sept.Dec.85Jul.86, OctOct., 85 Feb.86 SW Nov.86 NE Summer Monsoon NE Monsoon monsoon 1.6
4.6
20
2
Ithykara Ar
1.01
18
28
2.9
Kallada Ar
1.56
3.4
3.8
3.1
Achankovil Ar
1.97
20.5
3
3
SEASAND FORMATION:A MODEL PRODUCT PAIRED GLASS-SAND-BLACK-SAND DEPOSITS IN ANCIENT COASTAL LAND MODERN BEACH FACE BSP FORMATION & MUD BANKS DURING EACH SW MONSOON SOURCES- PENULTIMATE ANCIENT BURRIED COASTAL PLAIN SEDIMENT- MODERN SHELF SEDIMENT ANCIENT SHELF SEDIMENT SOURCES- ULTIMATE KHONDALITE & CHARNOCKITE, SGT &LATERITE OFFSHORE DELIVERY-VEHICLES EROSION OF LATERITISED OR CHEMICALLY WEATHERED SOURCE ROCKS - FLUVIAL TRANSPORT- DEPOSITION IN SINK ZONE WITH FLUCTUATING SEA LEVEL SINCE EARLY TERTIARY
If you cannot grow it or buy it, you got to mine it
P R O G R E S S I V E W E A T H E R I N G
PROGRESSIVE WEATHERING
Sediment plume, off Bharathapuzha
SEDIMENT PLUME
SEDIMENT PLUME
RAW BEACH SAND
RAW BEACH SAND
BATHY CHART, OFF S.KERALA
SEA OFF KARUNAGAPALLY
LAGOON MOUTH BAR
GANGES DELTA & SHELF
DUNES, THAR DESERT
HAMLET, THAR - A CLOSE UP
LATERITE
UP CLOSE
SOLUTION OR INITIATIVE SAVE RIVERS BY USING: MANUFACTURED SAND; SEA SAND; CINDER & SLAG. GOK MODEL CITIZEN
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