Salai Tin Mg Oo

cw G af 'gi;f w@kd e@J twl awmiyf ecf wfcJw h Jh tjriyhf sH atmucf si;f iu S ?f qvikd ;f wiaf rmiOf ;D ? qvdkif;upf (yf) (csif;jynf) “- - - -- - - awmifcdk;rsm;a0r_dif;aom/ awmifZvyf yef;rsm;qifoaom/ pdr;f aom/ jymndK haom (csif;jynfr)S atmufcsi;f iSufonf opPm&Sdjcif;/ nDnGwfpnf;vHk;jcif;/ at;csrf;jcif;aw;oHudk oDqdkusL;&ifh ygapownf;?” - pgqdkawmf}uD; '*k%fwm&m -

[wuUodkvfrsm; &efukef/ csif;r*~Zif; 1982-83 rS aumufE_wfcsuf?]

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1974-75 pmoifESpf? jynfol@ta&;awmfyHk=uD;&J@ xGef;ajymifwJhordkif;rSwfwdkifwck? tJ'DESpfu pgoifESpfpwmeJ hausmif;om;awGwv_yv f _yfw¶G¶GeJ hxl;xl;jcm;jcm;¶SdvSw,f? 1974 ZEM0g&Dv (3) &uf? ESpftprSm rqvppftpdk;&u olwdk@&J@ zGJpnf;tkyfcsLyfyHktajccHOya' qdkwm=uD;udk twif; t"rR twnfðyvdkuf}u w,f? ydkjyD;pdwfv_yf¶Sm;apwmu z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkta&;eJ@ tzrf;cHcJh=u&wJh csif;jynfe,fu ppfzuf/ e,fzuf/ rqvygwDu vl=uD;wcsdK@ eJ@ csif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@ axmifuvGwfvm=uwm ylylaEG;aEG;? wjcm; trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkta&;eJ@ tzrf;cHcJh=u&wJh acgif;aqmifawGvnf; xdkenf;4if;bJ rdrdwdk h rw&m; tusOf;cscHcJh&wJh axmiftoD;oD;uae vGwfvm=uw,f? 1974 *Gsefv (6) &ufeJ@ (7) &uf? ESpftprSm rqvppftpdk;&u twif;t"rR twnfjyKvdkuf}uwJh zGJpnf;tkyfcsLyf yHktajccHOya' yk'fr (9) rSm tvkyf orm; eJ@ v,form;awG&J@ tiftm;udktajccHxm;wJh vkyfom;jynfolwdk@&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk EkdifiHawmfu umuG,f apmifhavsSmufxm;a=umif; twdtvif;qdkxm;ygw,f? twnfðyjyXmef;vdk@ 6 vbJ &Sdao;w,f/ 'DOya' 'Dyk'frudk pdefac:prf;oyfwJh taxGaxGtvkyform;oydwf=uD; ay:aygufcJhw,f? 1974 ck taxGaxGtvkyform;oydwf =uD;rSm wjynfvHk;puf&kH tvkyf&kH 100 ausmfyg0ifcJhjyD; *Gsefv (6) &ufaeh eJ@ (7) &ufae@ awGrSm tvkyform; trsm; tjym;eJ@ twlausmif;om;wcsKd@vnf; aoG;ajruscJh=u&w,f/ wcsKd@vnf; xGufajy;wdrf; a¶SmifcJh=u&w,f? 'Ddvdk pdwfv_yf¶Sm;p&m EkdifiHa&; &moDOwkawG=um;xJrSmbJ wuUodkvfrsm;&efukef/ 1974-75 pgoifESpf/ csif;pgay ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ qyfaumfrDwD (cp,) a¶G;aumuf&mrSm ta&;tygqHk;jzpfwJh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ae&m a¶G;aumuf&ef tajctaewif;rmaecJhw,f? txpftaighawGjzpfaecJhw,f? t&ifpgoifESpfu ra=uvnfcJhwJh vufusef jyoemwck&@J uGif;quf? wzufeJ@wzuf tay;t,lrwnfhcJh? cp, twGif; pnf;vkH;r_vnf;cdkifrmr_r&Sd/ a&mh&JaecJhw,f? 'Dtpnf; ta0;&J@ xl;jcm;csufwckuvnf; 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk rxifr&Sm;vlodrrsm;ao;wJh t&SdK/ajrjyef@csif; ausmif;om; wOD; jzpfwJh qvdkif;wifarmifOD; qdkol wOD;yg0ifwufa&mufaewmjzpfw,f? ol@udk cp, tpnf;ta0;udk ac:vmjyD; trsm;eJ@ rdwfqufay;vdkufwmuawmh oleJ@twlaxmifuvGwfvmwJh tJ'DwHk;uaq;ausmif;om;/ aemufydkif; 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm csif;trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@ ta&G;aumufcHtrwf jzpfvmwJh a'gufwmZavSxef; bJjzpfygw,f? -2-

wwdkif;vHk;wjynfvHk; EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawG tkwftkwfusufusufjzpfaejyD; txufygaz:jycJhwJh ta=uif;w&m; tcsuftvufawGeJ@ jynfhpHkaewJhtcsdef/ cp, twGif; acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emuae&kef;xGufr&/ vdyfcJwnf;vnf; jzpfaewJhtcsdef? 'Dtpnf;ta0;&J@ axmifhwae&mrSm jidrfjidrfoufoufem;pdkufaxmifaecJhwJh qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk,fwdkifuvnf; wdkif;a&;jynfa&;OD;xdyfxm;cJhjyD; ausmif;om;ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifygwfoufcJhwJhtwGuf 1974 ZEM0g&Dv (3) &ufrSm zufppfae0if;ppf tkyfpk&J@ tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm tusOf;us&muae ylylaEG;aEG; vGwfvmwJh csif;ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfaejyefygw,f? tcsdeftcg&J@ awmif;qdkr_udkem;vnfjyD;jzpfwJh qvdkif;wifarmifOD; [m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf a&;qdkif&mol&J@ t,ltp tawG;tac: awGeJh acwftcsdeftcg&J@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; awmif;qdkr_ pwmawGudk tpnf;ta0;&J@ ta&S@udkxGufjyD; &kd;&kd;om;om;wifjycJhw,f? &Sif;vif;jywfom;wdkawmif;aomfvnf; jyD;jynfhpkHvSwJhol&J@ wifjycsuftjyD;rSmawmh tpnf;ta0;crf;r wckvHk;wc%wmjidrf oufoGm;jyD;tm;vHk;&J@ tm&kH[m ol@tay: udka&mufoGm;=uw,f? vwfwavmrdrdwdk@&ifqdkif =uHKawG@ae&wJh acgif;aqmifr_jy\em&J@ wckwnf;aom tajzudkolwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ pdwfoEWmefxrJ Smtxif;om; ay:vmovdkygb/J 1974-75 pgoifESpf/ cp, taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;* tjzpf qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udkuef@uGufoltvsOf;r&Sd wcJeufwifajrSmufvdkuf=ujyD; cdkifrmwJhpnf;vHk; r_udk wnfaqmufjzpfcJh =uygw,f? acwfordkif;wdk@rnfonf/ tcsdeftcg&J@ awmif;qdkr_t& ol@tcsdefol@tcgeJ@ udkufnDwJh acgif;aqmifwdk@udk arG;xkwfay;avh&Sdygw,f? cp, taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpftjrifhysH atmufcsif;iSufwdk@&J@ tpOftvmwm0efawGudk wufwuf=uG=uG pwifxrf;aqmifaewkef;/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmbJ Adkvfae0if; ppftkyfpk&J@ rw&m;ojzifh&,lwnfaqufxm;wJh zufppf tm%m&SifpHepfudk zdef@zdef@wkefatmifpdefac: rJh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef@ psmye ta&;tcif;udk tajcðyjyD;ay:aygufcJhwJh jynfol@ta&; awmfyHk=uD;udk wpfjcm;&J&JawmufcGwfa'gif; &JabmfawGeJ@twl qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk,fwdkifyg0ifjyD; OD;aqmifr_ ay;jzpfcJhygw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (5) &uf? “jrefrmjynfolawGav;pg;wJ/h urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csLyfa[mif; OD;oef@ [m/ urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&; Adokum=uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? ol@udk urBm@ jynfolawGuvJ tpOfojzifhav;pg;ae=urSmjzpfygw,f?” OD;oef@ &kyfuv†yf xm;&Sd&m usdK@uUpHuGif;qDudk OD;wnfjyD; wef;pDcsDwufvm=uwJh axmifeJ@aomif;eJ@csDwJh wuUodkvfaygif;pHkrS ausmif;om; wef;udk aoufa&eJ@ iSufaysmoD;rsm;a0iSay;aewJh pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;iSm;xm;wJh a'gh*spfum;ay:uae toHcsJ@pufeJ@ ajymaewJhtoHygbJ? toHcsJ hpufrS r=umc%qdkovdk OD;oef@ psmye udkpnf;urf;ao0wfpGm vdkufyg=uzdk@ eJ@ urBmjidrf;csrf;a&;Adokum=uD;udk aemufqHk;*g&0jyK=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;wJ@toHrSty csDwufaewJh ausmif;om;ausmif;ol awG[mvJ txl;pdwfv_yf&Sm; wuf=uGae=uayrJh wpHkw&matmfjcif;[pfjcif;r&Sd/ csDwuf&mrSm pnf;urf;ao0wfr_ &Sd=uygw,f? usdK@uUpHuGif;rSm OD;oef@ udk aemufqHk;*g&0jyKzdk@eJ@ vGrf;ol@yef;acGcszdk@ a&mufESifhaewJhaomif;eJ@ csDwJh rdbjynfol&[ef;&Sif vlawGeJ@ csDwufvmwJhausmif;om;xkwdk@ aygif;pyfrdcJh=uygw,ff? urBmh jidrf;csrf;a&;Adou k m =uD;vnf;jzpfwJh urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csLyfa[mif; OD;oef@ udk*g&0jyK=ujyD; udk=unf0if;/ qvdkif; wifarmifOD; tp&SdwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGu qufvufjyD;OD;oef@ psmyeudk ausmif;om;rsm;u qufvuf wm0ef,loGm;rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf OD;oef@&J@ &kyfuv†yf vHkjcHKa&; wm0ef,lxm;=uwJh =uufajceDtzGJ@tm; z,f&Sm;ay;&ef arwWm&yfcH vdkufygw,f? =uufajceDtzGJ@ z,f&Sm;ay;jyD;wmeJ@ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; vdkufygvmwJha'gh*spfudk OD;oef@ &kyfuv†yfteD;qDudk armif;wufvmjyD; 1962 ckESpf (7) &uf *sLvdkifrSmusqkH;cJhwJh ausmif;om;rsm;udk wrdepf jidrfoufpGm tav;jyK=uygw,f? wqufxnf;rSmbJ urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csLyfa[mif; OD;oefh&J@ psmyeudk EkdifiHawmf psmyem tjzpfxdkufxdkufwefwefwcef; wem;usif;yjyD; OD;oef@&J@ &kyfuv†yfudkvnf; OD;oef@ AdARmefwnfaqmufum *loGif;oò*dk[fzdk@ jynfolawG&J@ qENudkppftpdk;&u qef@usifjiif;qefjyD; omrefvlawG oò*dk[fwJh -3-

=uHawmocFsdKif;rSm jrSKyfESHoò*dk[fzdk@ pDpOfxm;wmudk ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if jynfolvx l kuvufrcHEkdifa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh OD;oef@ psmyeudk jynfol@psmyemtjzpfusif;yjyD;/ ol@&J@ &kyfuv†yfudkvnf; AdARmefwnfaqmuf *loGif; oò*dk[fzdk@ awmif;qdkcsufudk ppftpdk;&uvufcHvdkufavsmwJhtxd &efukefwuUodkvf0if;xJrSm trsm;jynfolwdk@ *g&0jyKEkdifatmif xm;&SdrSm jzpfwJhta=umif; a=ujimvdkufygw,f? a=ujimcsuftjyD;rSmawmh jynfolvlxkuvJ aomif;aomif;zszs vufckwfwD;&if;/ toJvSKduf&if vSKdufaysmf&¸if0rf;ajrmufpGm =obmay;=uygw,f? tJ'Daemuf/ OD;oef@ &J@ &kyfuUvyfudk um;ay:wifjyD; “OD;oef hAdARmef wnfaqmufa&;/ 'dk@ta&;? wygwD tm%m&SifpHepf/ tvdkr&Sd?” ponfjzifh a=uG;ausmfjyD; &efukew f uUodkvfqDudk OD;wnfo,faqmifvm=uw,f? bGJ@ESif;obifcrf;rrSm OD;oef@&J@ &kyfuv†yfudk trsm;jynfolwdk@ ae@pOfvma&muf *g&0jyK=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmutp vlxkvlwef;pg;aygif;pHkyg0if=ujyD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if; xJrSmvnf; ae@pOfeJ@trSs ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; w&m;a[majymyGJawGudk wuUodkvfbGJ@ESif; obifcrf;ra&S hrSm jyKvkyf=u ygw,f? OD;oef@ udk *g&0jyK&if;/ EkdifiHa&;w&m;rsm;udk em;axmiftm;ay;=uwJh vlxky&dowfrSm &efukef0dZ…m ESifh ody`HwuUodkvf0if; wckvHk;ae@pOfESifhtrSs odef;*%ef;ru&SdcJhygw,f? wuUodkvfaq;&kHeJ@ &efukew f uUodkvf0if;t=um; wuUodkvfvrf;wpfavsmuf b,fzufnmzufESpfzufpvHk;rSmvJ bl;oD;ausmfqdkifrsm;/ vBu&f nfqdkifrsm;eJ@ yGJaps;wef; wckvdkpnfum; odkufjrdKufcJhygw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (8) &uf? ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ ausmif;om;eJ@ jynfolawG&J hawmif;qdkcsufrsm;teuf OD;oef@ psmyeudk EdkifiHawmf psmyetjzpf usif;yzdk@udk aemufqHk;tcsdefxdjiif;qefcJhw,f? OD;oef@ &kyfuv†yfudkawmh uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm AdARmefwnfaqmuf *loGif;zdk@oabmwla=umif;xkwf jyefa=ujimwJhtxdjzpfcJhygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;/ oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh psmyeaumfrDwDwGif; rJcGJqHk;jzwfcsufcs=u&mrSm uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm Adrmefwnfaqmuf*loGif;zdk@ rJay;oltrsm;pkjzpfcJhygw,f? 'Dzifbmv (8) &ufrSmaemufqHk;*g&0jyKzdk@ wuUodkvfausmif;0if;twGif; Adkvfae0if; rdkif; axmifzsufpD;cJhwJh ,cifausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;&Sd&m ajruGufvyfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;wnfaqmufaewJh jidrf;csrf;a&;AdARmeftkwf*lqDudk o,faqmifvmjyD;OD;oef@ &kyfuv†yfudk uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm Adrmefwnfaqmuf*loGif; rnfjzpfa=umif;xkwfjyefa=ujimwJhtcgrSm odef;*%ef;ruwJh ausmif;om;jynfol&[ef;&Sifvl/ vlxky&dwfowfu ausmif;om;rsm; aqmufxm;wJh jidrf;csr;f a&;AdrmefrSmbJ *loGif;oò*õ[fzdk@ wpfcJeufawmif;qdk=uwJhtwGuf tJ'DrSmbJ *loGif;oò*õ[fvdkuf=ujyD; jidrf;csrf;a&;Adrmefudk qufvufwnfaqmufcJh=uygw,f? OD;oef@ Adrmefwnfaqmufzdk jynfolawGvSLwef;wJh aiG[mvnf;usyfaiG (3) odef;xd ausmif;om;awGu aumufcH&&Sd cJh=uygw,f? OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;=uD;[m ckESpf&ufwygwftxd jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_eJ@ t&Sdefjrifhoxuf jrifhvmwmeJ@trSs rqvygwDwGif;/ aumifpDwGif;/ wyfrawmfwGif;/ axmufvSef;a&;wyfrsm; ponfjzifhjynfolawG bufudk enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yl;aygif;yg0ifvm=uygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh ygwDXmecsKyf/ axmufvSef;a&; tp&Sdonfwdk@uae tpdk;&&J@ twGif;owif;awGay;ydk@vm=uw,f? 'DtwGif;owif;awGudkrSDjyD; ppfaxmufvSef;a&; 300 avmufudk wuUodkvf0if;xJrSmwif ausmif;om;eJ@ jynfolwdk@ yl;aygif;jyD; az:xkwf zrf;pD;EkdifcJhw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (11) &uf? 'DvdkeJ h'Dzifbmv (11) &ufae@ tvkyform;xkyg0ifvmjyD; vlxw k dkufyGJt&SdefudkjrSifhwifzdk@ vkyfaecsdef/ reuf (2) em&DrSm ppfwyfeJ@ vkHxdrf; yl;aygif;jyD; &efukefwuUodkvfudk 0ifpD;ygawmhw,f? ausmif;om;/ &[ef;&Sifvl &meJ@csDtowfcHcJh&jyD;/ qENjyol 3000 cef@udk zrf;qD;um tif;pdefaxmifrSmtusOf;cscJh=uygw,f? OD;oef@ &kyfuv†yfudkvnf; t"rRord f;ydkuf vdkufjyD; eHeufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefrSm a&$wd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;/ uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm&SdwJh ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; tkwf*leJ@ uyf -4-

&ufrSmoò*õ[fvdkuf=uygw,f? xl;jcm;wmuawmh OD;oef@ Adrmefudk ausmif;om;rsm;aumufcH&&SdwJh trsm;jynfol vSL'gef;cJh=uwJh aiGawGeJ@ wnfaqmufcJhygw,f? 'g[mvnf;ausmif;om;eJ@ jynfolpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_&J@ trSwfoauFw wckygbJ? 1962 ckESpf *sLvdkifv (7) &ufae@ ausmif;om;awGudk aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfcJhjyD; aemufwae@ rSmbJ ordkif;0ifausmif; om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk Adkvfae0if;eJ@taygif;yg ppftkyfpku rdkif;axmifazgufcGJjyD;/ aemif ppftm%mudkrzDqef 0ef@atmif/ zsufpD;ypfcJh=uw,f? OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;&J@tprSm qvdkif;wifarmifOD; tygt0if ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif awG&J@ OD;aqmifr_eJ@twl 1962 ckESpf*sLvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSm usqHk;cJhwJh ausmif;om;awGudk jynfolawGeJ@twl tav;jyKcJh=uw,f? OD;oef@ ta&;tcif; tqHk;owfoGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh OD;oef@ AdrmefqdkwJh taqmuftODwck[m xD;xD;rm;rm; ay:xGufvmcJh ygw,f? jynfwif;&if rif;rcHEdkifqdkwmudkjyovdkufwmjzpfw,f? jynfol hta&;awmfyHk=uD;&J hxGef; ajymifwJho rdkif;rSwfwdkifwck? 1975-76 pmoifESpf? jyD;cJhwJhpmoifESpfawGrSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; qlqlylyljzpfcJh=uwmudkbJ ausmif;om;awG&J@ ae@pOf ausmif;wGif; ausmif;jyif/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;rSm pm;a&;aomufa&;up tqifrajywmawGa=umifh vdkvdk ppftpdk;&&J@ r=unfvifwJh okH;oyfcsuft&ynm a&;0ef=uD;OD;cifarmif0if; udk wuUodkvftoD;oD;udk vSnfhvnfjyD; ausmif;om;awGeJ@ tjyef tvSefar;jref;aqG;aEG;zdk@ apv¸wfcJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&taeeJ@u ausmif;om;awG&J@ ae@w'l0 vdktyfcsufawGudk jznfh pnf;ay;Edkif&if wuUodkvfausmif;om; rsm;qlql ylyl jzpfcJh=uwmawG jidrf;at;oGm;r,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf cJhyHk&ygw,f? 1975 *Gsefv (6) &uf? rSwfro d avmufuawmh ynma&;wuUodkvfrSm yGJOD;xGufaqG;aEG;yGJ wckvkyfjyD; 1975 *Gsefv (6) &ufae@ rSmbJ wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk ynma&;0ef=uD;udk,fwdkif vmzdk@ tvSnfh=uHK ygawmhw,f? wdkufwdkuf qdkifqdkifvdk@ qdk&wmu tJ'aD e@[m t&ifESpfu jzpfysufcJhwJh taxGaxGtvkyform;oydwf=uD;&J@ ESpfygwfvnfae@=uD; jzpfaeygw,f? qifrvdkufoabFmusif;/ ordkif;jcnfr#ifESifhtxnfpuf&kH ponfwdk@rSm tvkyform;tajrmuftjrm;eJ@ twlausmif;om;wpfcsdK@ 1974 *Gsefv (6) eJ@ (7) &ufae@ rsm;rSm aoG;ajrustoufpaw;cJh=uwm ylylaEG;aEG; bJ&Sdaeyg ao;w,f? ydkjyD;qdk;wmu &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf rqv &J@ vrf;pOfvli,ftzGJ@xJu ausmif;om;awGudk wdwfwpdwf =udKwifnSdE_dif;xm;=ujyD; b,foljyD;&ifb,fol bmawGajymr,fbmawG wifjyaqG;aEG;r,fqdkwmawG Zmwfwdkufxm; =uwJhowif;[m pufr_wuUodkvfausif;aqmifawGrSm owif;jyef@ESH@aejyD; rqv acwfwckvHk;rSm rqv &J@ vkyf&kd; vkyfpOftwdkif; 'Dvdk[efjy twkta,mif aqG;aEG;0dkif;usif;yjyD; ausmif;om;xkudk vdrfnmap:um;zdk@ =uHpnfr_tay: ausmif;om;xk[m a'golykefxae=ujyD;jzpfw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJudk pufr_wuUodkvf crf;rxJrSmusif;ycJhjyD; pifjrifhay:rSm awmh &efukepf ufr_wuUodkvfygarmuQcsKyf a'gufwmatmif=uD;/ ynma&;0ef=uD;a'gufwmcifarmif0if; eJ@ EkdifiHawmf aumifpD0ifa'gufwmvS[ef wdk@ tzGJ@uae&m,lxm;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh rqv twGufrSef;csufeJ@ ESrf;xGufrudkuf jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh yGJOD;xGufajymzdk@ vrf;pOfvli,fu Zmwfwdkufa&G;cs,fxm;wJh ausmif;om; wpfcsdK@ omajymvdkuf&jyD; aemufydkif;ausmif;om;xkxu J wpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,muf ppftpdk;&udkwpfwpfcGcG pwif a0zefajymqdkvdkuf=uwm tm;vHk; ausmif;om;ta,muf oHk;q,favmufuajymjzpfcJh=uygw,f?

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“tvkyform;awGu qefawmif;w,f/ cifAsm;wdk huusnfqefay;w,f?” - udkodrf;vGi/f pufr_? “ausmif;om;tjcif;jcif; aoG;0rf;uGJatmif wpfa,mufew J pfa,muf r,HkouFmjzpfatmif tjyeftvSefaxmufvSrf; cdkif;wmawG &yfwef;u&yfay;yg” - udkpdk;&ef/ vSsyfppf? “ausmif;om;awG qENjywdkif; csif;ppfom;awGu jypfw,fvdk@ xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif/ csif;vufeufudkifwyf&if; awG&J@ trSwfwHqdwfeJ@ ppfom;awGudkoHk;cJhw,f/ 'g[m wdkif;&if;om;jcif;pdwf0rf;uGJatmif vkyfwmjzpfw,f? 'Dvdk vkyf&yfawGudk &yfwef;u &yfay;yg?” - qvdkif;upf (yf)/ Adokum? rqv&J@ twkta,mif aqG;aEG;yGJ=uD;[m ausmif;om;xk&J@ &J&aJ wmuf &ifzGifh=uwJh 'Drdkua& pD[pfwdkiftoGifukd ajymif;oGm;jyD;” “aqG;aEG;yGJ=uD;” jyD;qHk;oGm;w JhtcsdefrSmbJ qENjyyGJpwifygawmhw,f? trSefrSmawmh ynma&;0ef=uD; OD;cifarmif0if; [m pufr_wuUodkvf “aqG;aEG;yGJ=uD;” jyD;&if/ ordkif;ausmif;aqmifawGpDudk oGm;a&mufjyD; ausmif;om; awGeJ@ qufvuf “aqG;aEG;” zdk hygbJ? 'gayrJh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf ausmif;om;awG&J@ 'Drdkua&pD [pfwdkifu ay;vdkufwJh 'g%f&m'g%fcsufawGa=umifh ol@cjrmrSm ordkif;ausmif;aqmifawGpDu ausmif;om;awGudk r&ifqdkif &Javmufatmif jzpfoGm;&jyD;/ tJ'D “aqG;aEG;yGJ=uD;” udkzsufodrf;wdrf; a&SmifoGm;cJhw,f? wpfenf;tm;jzifh ol[m tifrwef uHaumif;oGm;w,fvdk@qdkEkdifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@ vJqdkawmh OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;rSm rqvaxmufvSrf;a&; awGu trdrzrf;EdkifcJhwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;[m 0ef=uD;vmrJhordkif; ausmif;aqmifu tm;upg;&kHrSm =udKwifa&mufESifh apgifhpdkif;aecJhvdk@ygb?J qvdkif;wifarmifOD; [m OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;jyD;awmh ajray: wpfvSnfh ajratmuf wpfvSnfh jynfolawG=um;rSm wdr;f a&Smifykef;atmif;aecJhwm jzpfjyD;aoG;pGe;f cJhwJh*Gsef (6) &ufeJ@ (7) &uf tvkyform;a&;tcif; ESpfygwfvnfae@ txdrf;trSwfqENjyyGJudk zefwD;OD;aqmifzdk@ twGuf pGrf;tm;tjynfheJ@ ajray: udkjyefvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? ynma&;0ef=uD; OD;cifarmif0if; ordkif;ausmif;aqmifawGpDudkvmzdk@ tpDtpOfzsufodrf;vdkufjyD; 'Drdkua&pD[pfwdkifu aeatmifyGJcHcJh=uwJh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; wpfcsdK@ a&mufvm=uwJhtcgrSm tiftm;pkESpfck aygif;pyfoGm; jyD;ausmif;om;qENjyyGJ t&SdefjrifhvmcJhygw,f? t&ifESpftvkyform;ta&;tcif;tjyD;rSm ordkif;ausmif;aqmifrsm; uae ordki;fcsnfrsSifESifh txnfpuf&kHrsm;&J@ tvkyform;0if;&Sd&m &efukeftif;pdefvrf;rudk xGufwJhvrf;udk ppftpdk;&u aemifudk ausmif;om;eJ@ tvkyform;tvG,fwul raygif;rdatmif &nf&G,fjyD; tkwfww H dkif; wnfaqmufum&HcJh ygw,f? qvdkif;wifarmifOD; [m ausmif;om;xktiftm;eJ@ tJ't D kwfwHwdkif;udk jzdKcGJjypfvdkufw,f? jyD;awmhqENjy ausmif;om;xkudk OD;aqmifjyD; &efukeftif;pdefvrf;rqDudkf ac:aqmifvmcJhw,f? qENjyausmif;om;awG[m &efukef 0dZ…meJ@ ody`H wuUodkvf bGJ@ESif;obifcrf;rrSm oydwfpcrf;zGifhjyD; qufvufqENjy=uygw,f? aemufydkif; &ufawGrSmawmh tvkyform;wpfcsKd@vJ yg0ifyl;aygif;cJh=ujyD; ausmif;om;tajrmuftjrm;udk tusOf;csxm; wJh tif;pdefaxmifpDudk csDwuf=uygw,f? “tif;pdefaxmif udk csJ@yp/f csJ@ypf?” “taruarG;/ axmifuauGs;”qdkwJhppf tm%m&SifawG&J@ jynfolukd jcdrf;ajcmuftkyfcsKyf&mrSm xdxad &mufa&muf toHk;jyKcJhwJh “axmif” qdkwJhzdESdyfa&; ud&d,mudk ra=umufbl;qdkwm jyocJh=uygw,f? &J&Jawmuf a=uG;ausmfoHawGeJ@ avmuwcGifvHk;udk yJhwifxyf apcJhygw,f? axmifxJutvkyform;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGuvnf; tm%m&SifawG&J@ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJh tusOf; axmifxJrSm tnSif;yef;tESdyfpufcHae=u&ayrJh trSefw&m;twGuf a=umufw&m;uif;rJhwmudk jyojyD; vdkufvH a=uG;ausmf=uygw,f? qENjyausmif;om;awGuvnf; tif;pdefaxmifudkzGifhay;zdk@ olwdk@udk zrf;zdk@ awmif;qdkcJhwmjzpf w,f? -6-

qENjyausmif;om;awG[m naeydkif;rSm oydwfpcrf;udk a&¸wd*Hkbk&m;ay:odk@ a&G@=ujyD; wnvHk;qENjycJh=uw,f? reuf vif;tm;=uD;csdefrSm ppfwyfu ppfzdeyfawG rcGswfyJa&Gwd*kHbk&m;ay:udk &kdif;&kdif;pdkif;pdkif;wufvm=ujyD; ausmif;om;awGudk rw&m; zrf;pD;cJh=uw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk ppfavmf&Dum; (8) pif;wdkufjyD; tif;pdefaxmifudk ac:aqmifoGm;=u ygw,f? vrf;wav#mufrSm tzrf;cHausmif;om;awG[m ppftpdk;& qef@usifa&;a=uG;ausmfoHawGudk r&yfrem; a=uG;ausmfoGm; =uw,f? ausmif;om; 150 cef@ tzrf;cHcJh&jyD; tif;pdefaxmift0ifrSmawmh t0ifvrf; [dkzuf'DzufrSm axmif0gwmawGu =udKwifapgifhae=ujyD; eHygwfwkwfe@J &uf&ufpufpuf0dkif;&dkuf=uygw,f? 1976 rwf v (23) &uf? ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&J@ &mjynfharG;ae@ txdrf;trSwftjzpf a&¸wd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;u ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&J@ tkwf*lqDudkcsD wuf*g&0jyK=uzdk@ ajratmufausmif;om;or*~ wuUodkvfrsm;&efukef u pDpOfxm;jyD;jzpfovdk wpfjcm;ausmif;om; tzGJ@tpnf;awGuvnf; olwdk@enf;olwdk@[efeJ@ pDpOfxm;=uw,f? ajratmufausmif;om;or*~ wuUodkvfrsm; &ef ukef[m wdkufyGJtawG@ t=uHKawG&if@ usufchw J J@ 0g&if@ cGwfa'gif; (udkae0ifharmf) udk,fwdkif OD;aqmifcJhjyD; trsm;tm;jzifh tJ'DumvrSm armfpudkjyefvdk@ a&yef;pm;orkwfac:a0: =uwJh OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;rSm tzrf;cH=u&jyD; tif;pdefaxmif uaejyefvGwfvm=uwJh wuUodkvfaygi;f pHku axmifxGufawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wmjzpfw,f? 1975 *Gsefv umv ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm vuf0Jausmif;om;or*~qdkwJh trnfatmufrSmv_yf&mS ;cJh=uwJh olawGjzpfygw,f? ocifudkawmfrd_if;&mjynfh&uf eD;vmwJhtcgrSm pufr_wuUokdvfu tpOftvm=uD;rm;cJhwJh cGwaf 'gif; &JabmfuAsmq&m udkwifat;=uL wdk@tkypf keJ@ aygif;rdcJh=uygw,f? uavmiftrnf ndkr_dif;vGif jzpfwJh udkwifat;=uLudk ausmif;om; avmurSm rd_if;=uD;vdk@ vlord sm;cJhygw,f? udkwifat;=uL [m 1974 *Gsefv (6) &uf tvkyform; wdkufyGJrSmwufwuf =uG=uGyg0ifcJhjyD; aemufydkif;rSm aysmufqHk;aecJhwJhtwGuf cGwfa'gif;&JabmfawGu tvkyform;wdkufyGJrSm usqHk;oGm; cJhw,fvdk@,lqcJh=uw,f? rd_if;=uD;trSwfw& uAsmawGpufr_wuUodkvfrSmv_d@ 0Sufjzef@a0jyD;*k%fjyKcJh=uw,f? r_dif;&mjynfheD;umrS udkwifat;=uL wpfa,mufbGm;ueJ@ jyefay:vmawmhtm; vkH;tHhtm; vJoifhaysmfvJ aysmfcJh=u &ygw,f? 'DumvawGrSm udkwifat;=uL [mjynfolawG&J@ &ifcGifxJrSmcdkv_Hwdrf; a&SmifaecJhw,f qdkwmudk od&awmh 0rf;yrf;wom=udKqdkvdkuf =uygw,f? rwfv (23) &ufae@ reufapmapm &Spfem&Davmufup/ pgawGydk@pu'fawG =udKwifjzef@a0jyD;wyfvSef@ xm;jyD;jzpfwJht wdkif; pufr_wuUodkvf&J@ pif0ifatmufrSmausmif;om;xk pk&kH;ae=ujyDjzpfw,f? ausmif;om;xkxJrmS awmh csDwufyGJudk OD;aqmifzdk@ a&G;cs,fxm;jyD;jzpfwJh udkwifat;=uLeJ@ twl udkoef;vif;/ udk0if;jrifh/ udkarmifarmif (rEWav;)/ udkwifh atmif eJ@ uGsefawmfwdk@wpfawG ae&m,lxm;=ujyD;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dreuf pufr_wuUokdvf&J@ pif0ifatmufrSm pk&kH;vm =uwJh ausmif;om;xk[m ausmif;pif0ifatmuf&Sd tJ'Dae@xkwf tpdk;&xkwfowif;pmawGudk 0dkif;tkefzwf&_&if;/ pdwf v_yf&mS ;=u&wJh ta=umif;wckuawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifO;D eJ@ udkjrifhpdk; wdk@udk ocifudk,f awmfrd_if;&mjynfh csDwufqENjyyGJudk zefwD;OD;aqmifzdk@ twGufajratmuf uaejyeftvmrSm qENjyyGJrSm toHk;jyKzdk@ twGufvkyfxm;wJh acgif;pD;rsm;eJ@twl t&ifnu zrf;qD;&rda=umif; "mwfyHkrsm;eJ@twl owif;pmacgif;=uD;ydkif;rSm ygvmwmjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;xkxJu awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u acgif;aqmifawGtzrf;cH&vdk@ csDwufyGJ=uD;b,fvdk jzpfr,fqdkwm a0cGJr&jzpfaecsdefrSmbJ/ owfrSwfxm;wJh tcsdefa&mufawmh udkoef;vif; u pwifjyD; a=uG;ausmfoHawG udkpwifjzef@a0vdkufwJhtcsdefrSm tm;vHk;tkwftkwfusufusufjzpfoGm;=uw,f? udkwifat;=uL u pwifjyD;a=uG;ausmf oHawGudk zwf=um;oGm;jyD;/ ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;tkwf*lqDudk csDwuf=u&mrSm tcka0iSxm;wJha=uG;ausmfoHrsm;udkom a=uG;ausmf=uzdk@eJ@ wpfjcm;a=uG;ausmfoHrsm; tqdkwifoGif;vdkol&Sdygu tqdkoGif;=uyg&ef zdwfac:vdkufygw,f? ausmif;om;xJu wpfpHkwpf&mtqdkwifoGif;r_ r&SdwJhtwGuf jzef@a0xm;wJh a=uG;ausmfoHawGudk twnfðyjzpfoGm;jyD; udkwifat;=uL u wdkifwnfjyD; pwifa=uG;ausmf=uygw,f? a=uG;ausmfoHawGuawmh ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;udk*g&0 jyKwJh -7-

a=uG;ausmfoHrsm;omjzpfjyD; ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifwJh a=uG;ausmfoHawG wrifoufouf csefvSyfxm;wmjzpfw,f? =udKwifpDpOfjyD;om; jzpfwJhtwdkif; [D;Ekd;bmpfum;awGudkwm;jyD; &efukef0dZ…meJody`HwuUodkvf zufudk OD;wnfjyD;wpfpif; jyD;wpfpif;xGufcGmoGm;=uygw,f? &efukef0dZ…m eJ@ ody`HwuUodkvfrSmawmh qvdkif;wifarmifO;D &J@ nDrjzpfol rdkifydkydk** u OD;pD;jyD;ausmif;om;awGudk pk&kH;xm;wmrdk@ &efukepf ufr_wuUodkvfu ausmif;om;awGta&mufrSm tiftm;pkESpfckyl;aygif;oGm;=uygw,f? rdkifydkydk uawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu txufwef;ausmif;ol jzpfayrJh ol@tpfudk qvdkif;wifarmifOD; tzrf;cH&wmudk tJ'Dae@xkwf owif;pmrSm zwfvdkuf&awmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tzrf;cH&vdk@ rd_if;&mjynfhcsDwufqENjyyGJ tpDtpOf=uD;ysufpD; oGm;rSmudk r=unfh &ufEkdifwmrdk@ oludk,fwdkif &efukef0dZ…meJ@ody`HwuUodkvf 0if;xJudk0ifjyD; ausmif;om;awGudk rd_if;&mjynfhyGJcsDwuf=uzdk@ ajymifajymifwif;wif; pwifpnf;&kH;cJhygw,f? yxrydkif;rSmawmh EkEke,fe,f rdef;uav;wpfOD;&J@ wdkufyGJac:oHudk pdwf0ifwpm;om em;axmifae=ujyD; yg0ifvmwmr&Sdao;bJ Za0Z0gjzpfae=uygw,f? ausmif;aqmif ay:uaeqif;jyD; vdkuf&aumif;Ekd;Ekd; rvdkuf&aumif;Ekd;Ekd;jzpfaewJh ausmif;om;awGudk ol[mEkEke,fe,f rdef;cav; wpfOD;jzpfayrJh 'DwdkufyGJudk ppftpdk;&uzrf;xm;vdkufwJh ol@tpfudk qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk,fpm;ol@vdkbJ owWd&Sd&Sd OD;aqmifEkdifw,fqdkwm jyozdk@ twGuf “&Sifwdk@ owWdr&Sd&if usrxrdefukd0wf=u” qdkjyD; ol@ xrdefudkcGswfjyD; v¸ifhjypf vdkufygw,f? tm;upm;abmif;bDwdk tjzLa&mifudk 0wfxm;wJh rdkifydkydk [mausmif;om;awGudk tm;rmeftjynfheJ@ qufvufjyD; rd_if;&mjynfhyGJ csDwuf=uzdk@ zdwfac:cJhw,f? 'DtcsdefrSmawmh rdkifydkydk&J@ owWed J@ av;eufwJh wdkufyGJac:oHawG udk todtrSwfjyKvm=ujyD; ausmif;om;awGpwifpk&kH; vm=uygw,f? rdkifydkydk[m udkwifat;=uL tp&SdwJh wpfjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@twl vufwGJjyD;csDwufyGJ=uD;udk ta&S@qHk;u aeOD;aqmifoGm;ygw,f? ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;udk *g&0jyK=ujyD; ausmif;om;awG[m0dZ…meJ@ody`HwuUodkvfudk jyefvm=u ygw,f? bGJ@ESif;obifcrf;ra&S@udk a&mufvm=uwJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awGu vuf&Sdrqvppftpdk;&udk qef@usif a=umif;a=ujimjyD; ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;a=uG;ausmfoHawGudk pwifa=uG;ausmf=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&utJ'Dn (8) em&D rSm jrefrmhtoHuaea=unmjyD; wuUodkvfausmif;rsm;udk ydwfvdkufygw,f? aemufwae@ ausmif;om;awG vlpkuGJoGm; wJhtcgrSm udkwifat;=uL/ udkoef;vif;/ udk0if;jrifh pwJhausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk ppftpdk;&uzrf;pD;vdkufygw,f? wqufxJrSmbJ qvdkif;wifarmifOD; &J@ nDr rdkifydkydk tjyifolwdk@&J@ rdbESpfyg;udkygrusef rw&m;zrf;pD;um axmifcsvdkuf =uyg w,f? 1976 ck/ *Gsefv 26 &ufae@ (eHeuf 4em&D) tif;pdefaxmifrSm ppftpdk;&u qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk ppfckef&kH;eJ@ tusOf; enf;ppfaq;jyD; vSKd@0SufpGm =udK;ay;owfjzwfcJhw,f? ppftpdk;&u qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk=udK;ay;owfvdkufwJhtcgrSm ol@udk xm;cJhwJh =udK;wdkufeH&Hay:rSmawmh “nDrav; rdkifydkydk twGuftpfudk=uD; *k%f,lygw,f” qdkwJhpmwef;av;[m txif;om;usef&pfcJh ygw,f?

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rSwcf su?f 'Daqmif;yg;udk ppftpdk;&u qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk =udK;ay;owfvdkufwJh tESpf (30) ajrmuftxdrf; trSwftjzpf a&;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? qvdkif;wifarmifOD; eJ@wuG jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; ta&;awmfyHk=uD;twGuf toufay;vª paw;oGm;cJh=uwJh cGwfa'gif;&Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'Daqmif;yg;eJ htav;jyKvdkufyg w,f? 0efcHcsuf? 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;om;&mrSmvGefcJhwJhtESpf (30) avmufutjzpftysufawGudk rSwfrdoavmuf eJ@ tcsuftvufawG jyefvnfpkaqmif;&mrSmvnf; vufvSrf;rSDoavmufom pkaqmif;EdkifcJhjyD; pdwf&Sdwdkif; us,fus,f jyefhjyefhrpkaqmif;EdkifcJhyg? pkapmif;&orSs tcsuftvufawGudk wdusrSefuefr_&Sdatmif twwfEdkifqHk; =udK;pm;xm; aomfvnf; jyD;jynfhpHkonf[k r,lqapvdkyg? aus;Zl;wifpum;? ay;cJh=uwJh udkodrf;vGif

'Daqmif;yg;udka&;om;&mrSm rdrdwdk@&J@rSwfn%fb%fwdkufrS tcsuftvufrsm;eJhtultnD udkaÏ;0if; (Germany)/ Mang Za Mung (Australia)/ Khup Khan Thang (USA)/ Dr. Za Hlei Thang (USA), Nang Lian Thang (Japan) eJ huGsefawmh&J hvufOD;q&m a'gufwmaumif;nGef@ (New Zealand)/wdk htm;txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;rSwfwrf;wifvdkufygw,f? 'DZdkif;o&kyfaz:eJ@ ygwfoufjyD; vdktyfcsufawGudk ulnDcJh=uwJh Khaipi, Cincin, Mary Huai, Hang, eJ@ qvkdif;iGef wkd@udkvnf; txl; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;az:jyvdkygw,f? (Thailand)

zdwaf c:csuf? 'Daqmif;yg;eJ hygwfoufjyD;a0zefaqG;aEG;jcif;/ tcsuftvufrsm;jznfhpGufjcif; ponfwdk@udkv_dufvd_uf vSJvSJzdwfac:ygw,f? qufoG,f&ef? [email protected] (*1974-75 pmoifESpf/ cp, tr_aqmiftzGJ hrsm;teuf RASU Forestry Department rS ygarmuQ Ral Lian Sum u OuUX jzpfyD; Nang Lian Thang u wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfygw,f?) (**vdktyfaeao;aom ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jznfhpGufrSwfwrf;wifEkdifa&;twGuf rdik yf ykd kd eJ htquftoG,f &&Sda&;ulnDay;=uyg&ef?)

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