Ruminal Acidosis/rumen Overload For Vet. Students /ali Sadiek

Diseases of Digestive System By Dr. Ali H. Sadiek Prof. of Internal Veterinary Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Dept. of Animal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University- Assiut, EGYPT

E-mail: [email protected]

Diseases of the Ruminant stomach It composed of: 1-Forestomach: Reticulo-rumen & Omasum 2- True stomach: “Abomasum”

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Reticulorumen • Occupies entire left half of abdominal cavity • 90 kg capacity • Nerve supply is Vagus nerve = parasympathetic • Four specialized contraction patterns – Primary or mixing cycle – Eructation (secondary) cycle – Rumination/cud chewing – Esophageal groove closure Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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numerous papilae

polygo nal cells

numerous papillae

broad longitudinal fold

Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Microorga nism, catches hardware

full of folded tissue water absorpti on pepsin HCl

•Digest roughages to VFA, •make protein, make Vit. K and B CPX

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Reticulo-Rumen • Motility controlled by gastric center in Med. oblongata • Frequency of 1ry contractions = rough indication of overall health of the ruminant – Primary cycle contractions = 60/hour – ▼ to 50/hour during rumination – ▲105/hour during feeding Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Diseases of the Rumen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ruminal Acidosis Simple indigestion Tympany/ Bloat Traumatic reticuloperitonitis TRP Vagus Indigestion.

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1-Ruminal acidosis Synonym 1. Ruminal impaction 2. Ruminant Carbohydrate Engorgement 3. 4. 5. 6.

Grain overload /Grain engorgement Lactic acidosis Carbohydrate intoxication Founder Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Ruminal acidosis • Access to highly fermentable feedstuffs – by unaccustomed animals, or – in larger than normal amounts • Rapid clinical course of acute ruminal acidosis because of excessive prod. Of lactic acid in the rumen. • It is ch. By: Toxemia, Dehydration, Ruminal atony, Recumbency and Deaths Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Daily diet for High producing cows

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What feeds can cause carbohydrate engorgement? • • • •

Cereal grains Indust. byproduct (brewers grains, sugars) Fruits, Tubers (potatoes, sugar beets) Finely ground feeds with large surface area promote rapid fermentation

• Hay and grass are not highly fermentable due to cellulose and large particle size • Corn silage usually not a problem because much of CHO already reduced to VFAs in ensiling process and also due to large particle size Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Pathogenesis

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Pathogenesis • Histamine levels increase • Ethanol, methanol, tyramine, tryptamine production contribute to CNS depression • Thiaminase production may result in development of polioencephalomalecia • Death of Gram – bacteria can cause endotoxin release

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Clinical signs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Abdominal pain Dehydration (6-12 %) Diarrhea – fluid, fetid Splashy rumen, bloat Depression Lameness Scleral injection

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Clinical signs 8. TemperatureL: Elevated initially, may be subnormal when presented 9. HR = 80-140 bpm 10. RR elevated (blow off CO2) 11. Rumen fluid analysis – pH < 5 – sour odor – protozoa dead, predominance of gram +

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P.M: Consequences of Ruminitis 1- Ruminal ulcer and perforation 2- Mycotic infection 3- Hepatic abscess. 4- Laminitis

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Consequence of Ruminitis

Mycotic infection

Rumen ulcers & perforation

damages mucosal surfaces Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Dry impacted R. content

Normal R. mucosa

Ruminitis

Mycotic ruminitis

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Laboratory findings I-Blood: Metabolic acidosis Increased PCV, Glucose, Phosphate, BUN, creatinine , anion gap Decreased pH <7.0 and calcium II-Ruminal fluid: Decreased pH< 5.0 Decreased activity of microflra & fauna. III-Urine: Decreased pH proteinuria Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Diagnosis Case history: Sudden access to excess CHO Clinical signs: Impaction, depression, toxemia. Laboratory findings: •Blood: CBC, BUN, blood gas.

•Rumen fluid analysis. •Urine pH and sp. Gr.

Differental Diagnosis: •Milk fever (incidence, decreased ca) •Liver disease (jaundice & liver function). •Lead and arsenic toxicity (Acuteness & nervous signs) Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Therapy I- Evacuation of rumen • Kingman tube –Rumenotomy –Ice water administration

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Therapy II- Medicinal therapy: 1-Anti-inflammatory agents –flunixin meglumine (Banamine) 2-Antibiotics:Procaine pen G (10 million IU, P.O.) 3-Antimycotic therapy (Fungicid) III- Supportive therapy 1-Fluid and electrolyte replacement IV 2-Rumen transfaunation 3-Thiamine and B-complex vitamins Prof. Dr. Ali Sadiek

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Control • Make dietary changes very gradually – Addition of antibiotics – ionophore antibiotics e.g Monensin (Na+) and Ionomycin (Ca++) ) to the feed have been beneficial but do not replace – HCO3- (Antacid) – Good management.

• Rumen adaptation may take 6 weeks

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