Role Of Environment In Urban Transportation Planning
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Role of Environment in Urban Transportation Planning (UTP) Term Report Presentation MS- Transportation Engineering Course – Urban Transportation Planning Submitted to: Dr. Asif Shiekh Prepared By: Syed Azhar Ali CE-042, Session 2005-06
Sequence of Presentation Urban Transport's" Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development
and Transport Environmental/Ecological Sustainability Air Pollution
Effects, Contribution by transportation, NAAQS Karachi Statistics, Developing countries studies
Noise Pollution Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on
Greenhouse Gas Emission Success Stories
Urban Transport’s “Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transport
Environmental/Ecological Sustainability
Air Pollution
Transportation % Contribution to Air Pollutants
Karachi Statistics
Karachi Statistics 1. REGISTERED VEHICLES
14,63,691 (UPTO 31-03-2003) 2. CARS 3. MOTOR CYCLES 4. AUTO RICKSHAWS 5. TAXIS 6. BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6% 7. TRUCKS 8. OTHERS 9. TRACTORS 10.VEHICLE GROWTH PER ANNUM 11.ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000
NONFATAL FATAL
45.3% 37.0% 2.8% 3.8% 1.7% 7.5% 0.3% 10% 1089 531 558
Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2000) Type of Vehicles
%age comp. *
Total Vehicles
Average Run/day
Units #
Particulate Kg /Unit#
SO2 Kg/Unit#
NOx Kg/Unit#
CO Kg/Unit#
Light duty (Cars)
39.6
405108
28 km
1000 km
3743
907
36298
453728
Motorcycles/ Scooters
31.9
326337
10 km
1000 km
652
65
229
55483
Light duty Rickshaws
17.1
174933
100 km
1000 km
5773
1399
55979
699732
Heavy duty Diesel Powered Bus/Trucks
9.3
95139
100 km
1000 km
7136
14271
199792
120826
Other (Light duty diesel power etc.) Total
2.1
21483
50 km
1000 km
484
419
1063
1182
10,23,000
Karachi Air Pollution Map
Pollutants Concentration /Exposure
Global Pollution
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle
Poor Emission Characteristics or their relatively intensive use
Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” Mexico City
Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” Interpretations
Noise Pollution
Noise Pollution in Pakistan Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan
120
NEQS Standard lim it for Noise Level is 85 dB
Sound Level (Mean of Max.)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Karac hi
Lahor e
Pesh aw ar
Quett a
Raw al pindi
Islam abad
1st Cycle
79.5
87
84.5
74.3
68.3
74.9
2nd Cycle
92
91
81
85
85
79
3rd Cycle
99
93.8
85
83
89
82
Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emission
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Ecodrive programme — Netherlands
The objective of the ecodrive programme
The programme has successfully led to
implemented in the Netherlands is to 'stimulate individual drivers, professional chauffeurs and fleet owners in more energy-efficient purchase and driving behaviour, leading to a reduction in CO2 emission' (van den Hoed et al., 2006). Specific targets were to reduce CO2 emission
increased fuel efficiency, and hence reduced emissions. For example, using higher gears is more fuel efficient compared to using lower gears for longer periods of driving — therefore by moving up the gears at lower speeds fuel consumption and hence CO2 emission decreased.
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Speed control — Rotterdam
The speed at which a vehicle travels has
The speed restrictions implemented on the A13
a strong correlation with fuel consumption, and hence the level of emissions and concentration of various pollutants. By imposing more restrictive speed limits on certain roads, emissions can be reduced and ancillary benefits achieved.
in Overschie were successful in reducing traffic speeds. The average speed over a 24-hour period fell from 93 kph to 70 kph (A13 east) and from 89 kph to 72 kph (A13 west). This reduction resulted in calmer and more homogenised traffic and reduced downstream bottlenecks and congestion
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Congestion Charging — London
Congestion charging and road user
In terms of the scheme's objectives, the
charging schemes aim to reduce vehicle use by charging users to pay for entering or traveling in a specific zone, or for using a particular stretch of road.
London congestion charging scheme can be considered a success as it has reduced congestion by 26 % compared to 2002 levels and hence emission reduced
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Environmental zone — Prague
Prague aimed to curb negative impacts of traffic on the environment by almost doubling existing larger 6 tonne limit zone (maintaining the 3.5 tonne limit zone within the city centre area).
Compliance levels in the new part of the environmental zone were estimated at roughly 50 %. A shift in heavy goods traffic was seen, with associated reductions in vehicle emission in the zone. The measure was successful in reducing heavy vehicle traffic by up to 85 % on the busiest routes
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Freight Construction Consolidation Centre — London
The key aim of an urban freight consolidation centre is to 'reduce the number of separate deliveries to one place by providing facilities where deliveries can be collected together and then a high load vehicle can make one large delivery into the target area
The LCCC has been successful in reducing the number of construction vehicles entering the City of London, and in reducing the number of vehicles delivering to other sites served by the LCCC. It is thought that the number of vehicles has been reduced by 68 %.
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Teleconferencing (ICT) — the United Kingdom
Teleconferencing is the substitution of physical meetings by electronic ones through the use of audioconferencing, videoconferencing and web conferencing. This reduces dead time in transport, reduces the uncertainty of potential travel
Recent survey has shown that conferencing has been successful in reducing the total amount of business travel undertaken by BT employees.
Sequence of Presentation Urban Transport's" Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development
and Transport Environmental/Ecological Sustainability Air Pollution
Effects, Contribution by transportation, NAAQS Karachi Statistics, Developing countries studies
Noise Pollution Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on
Greenhouse Gas Emission Success Stories
Urban Transport’s “Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development and Transport
Environmental/Ecological Sustainability
Air Pollution
Transportation % Contribution to Air Pollutants
Karachi Statistics
Karachi Statistics 1. REGISTERED VEHICLES
14,63,691 (UPTO 31-03-2003) 2. CARS 3. MOTOR CYCLES 4. AUTO RICKSHAWS 5. TAXIS 6. BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6% 7. TRUCKS 8. OTHERS 9. TRACTORS 10.VEHICLE GROWTH PER ANNUM 11.ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000
NONFATAL FATAL
45.3% 37.0% 2.8% 3.8% 1.7% 7.5% 0.3% 10% 1089 531 558
Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2000) Type of Vehicles
%age comp. *
Total Vehicles
Average Run/day
Units #
Particulate Kg /Unit#
SO2 Kg/Unit#
NOx Kg/Unit#
CO Kg/Unit#
Light duty (Cars)
39.6
405108
28 km
1000 km
3743
907
36298
453728
Motorcycles/ Scooters
31.9
326337
10 km
1000 km
652
65
229
55483
Light duty Rickshaws
17.1
174933
100 km
1000 km
5773
1399
55979
699732
Heavy duty Diesel Powered Bus/Trucks
9.3
95139
100 km
1000 km
7136
14271
199792
120826
Other (Light duty diesel power etc.) Total
2.1
21483
50 km
1000 km
484
419
1063
1182
10,23,000
Karachi Air Pollution Map
Pollutants Concentration /Exposure
Global Pollution
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per Vehicle
Poor Emission Characteristics or their relatively intensive use
Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” Mexico City
Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” Interpretations
Noise Pollution
Noise Pollution in Pakistan Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan
120
NEQS Standard lim it for Noise Level is 85 dB
Sound Level (Mean of Max.)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Karac hi
Lahor e
Pesh aw ar
Quett a
Raw al pindi
Islam abad
1st Cycle
79.5
87
84.5
74.3
68.3
74.9
2nd Cycle
92
91
81
85
85
79
3rd Cycle
99
93.8
85
83
89
82
Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emission
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Ecodrive programme — Netherlands
The objective of the ecodrive programme
The programme has successfully led to
implemented in the Netherlands is to 'stimulate individual drivers, professional chauffeurs and fleet owners in more energy-efficient purchase and driving behaviour, leading to a reduction in CO2 emission' (van den Hoed et al., 2006). Specific targets were to reduce CO2 emission
increased fuel efficiency, and hence reduced emissions. For example, using higher gears is more fuel efficient compared to using lower gears for longer periods of driving — therefore by moving up the gears at lower speeds fuel consumption and hence CO2 emission decreased.
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Speed control — Rotterdam
The speed at which a vehicle travels has
The speed restrictions implemented on the A13
a strong correlation with fuel consumption, and hence the level of emissions and concentration of various pollutants. By imposing more restrictive speed limits on certain roads, emissions can be reduced and ancillary benefits achieved.
in Overschie were successful in reducing traffic speeds. The average speed over a 24-hour period fell from 93 kph to 70 kph (A13 east) and from 89 kph to 72 kph (A13 west). This reduction resulted in calmer and more homogenised traffic and reduced downstream bottlenecks and congestion
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Congestion Charging — London
Congestion charging and road user
In terms of the scheme's objectives, the
charging schemes aim to reduce vehicle use by charging users to pay for entering or traveling in a specific zone, or for using a particular stretch of road.
London congestion charging scheme can be considered a success as it has reduced congestion by 26 % compared to 2002 levels and hence emission reduced
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Environmental zone — Prague
Prague aimed to curb negative impacts of traffic on the environment by almost doubling existing larger 6 tonne limit zone (maintaining the 3.5 tonne limit zone within the city centre area).
Compliance levels in the new part of the environmental zone were estimated at roughly 50 %. A shift in heavy goods traffic was seen, with associated reductions in vehicle emission in the zone. The measure was successful in reducing heavy vehicle traffic by up to 85 % on the busiest routes
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Freight Construction Consolidation Centre — London
The key aim of an urban freight consolidation centre is to 'reduce the number of separate deliveries to one place by providing facilities where deliveries can be collected together and then a high load vehicle can make one large delivery into the target area
The LCCC has been successful in reducing the number of construction vehicles entering the City of London, and in reducing the number of vehicles delivering to other sites served by the LCCC. It is thought that the number of vehicles has been reduced by 68 %.
Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Teleconferencing (ICT) — the United Kingdom
Teleconferencing is the substitution of physical meetings by electronic ones through the use of audioconferencing, videoconferencing and web conferencing. This reduces dead time in transport, reduces the uncertainty of potential travel
Recent survey has shown that conferencing has been successful in reducing the total amount of business travel undertaken by BT employees.
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