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FIRST AID Objectives: After 5 hours of lecture-discussion, and demonstration, the level III students will be able to: 1. define the following terms: 1.1 accidents 1.2 bandaging 1.3 Bites 1.4 Burns 1.5 Dislocation 1.6 Emergency care 1.7 Fainting 1.8 First aid 1.9 hematoma 1.10 infarction 1.11 injury 1.12 joints 1.13 poisoning 1.14 seizures 1.15 shock 1.16 splinting 1.17 sprain 1.18 strain 1.19 tourniquet 1.20 trauma 1.21 wound care 2. state the importance of first aid 3. identify the purpose of first aid 4. site the roles and characteristics of a first aider 5. explain the different scientific principles involved in first aid 6. state the general guidelines for giving first aid 7. discuss the first aid interventions for the following” 7.1 poisoning 7.2 burns 7.3 bites 7.4 fractures 7.5 sprains 7.6 dislocations 7.7 strains 7.8 wounds 7.9 shock 7.10 epistaxis 7.11 shock 8. show materials needed in first aid 9. demonstrate beginning skills in performing first aid

Definition of terms 1. Accidents - an unforeseen occurrence especially one that endanger one’s life

2. Bandaging – the act of applying bandage on the skin. It is also used to hold a dressing in place. It helps to support, immobilize and protect an injured part of the body.

3. Bite- injuries produce by animals, insects which may cause punctures, lacerations and avulsions

4. Burns - an injury that results from heat, chemical agents, electricity or radiation in which the content of the injury is determined by the agent and the nature of the agent. It may vary in size, depth and severity, causing injury to the cells in the affected area.

5. Dislocation – an injury to the capsule and ligament of a joint that results in displacement of a bone and of joint - The displacement of a bone end from a joint

6. Emergency care- is the care, packaging, extrication and transportation of an injured individual by trained personnel unit definite treatment has began or continued at a medical facility

7. Fainting- a partial or complete loss of consciousness due to temporary insufficiency of blood supply to the brain - Also called as syncope

8. Fracture- is a complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force. -is a broken bone. The bone may be completely broken with the pieces separated, or it may be only cracked. Types: open fracture- there is an open wound at the fracture site, and bone may protrude through the wound Closed fracture- the skin is not broken

9. First aid – is the temporary and immediate care given to a person who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill

10. Hematoma- a collection of blood in a tissue, organ or space due to break in the wall of a blood vessel - A collection of blood beneath the skin

11. Hemorrhage- excessive loss of blood from the vascular system

12. Infarction- the death of a part of the whole of the organ that occurs when the artery carrying its blood supply is obstructed by a blood clot or embolus - Death of a section of tissue because the blood supply has been shut off.

13. Injury- harm to any part of the body which arises from a wide variety of individual physical influences or causes

14. Joints – site of the junction or union of two or more bones of the body

15. Poisoning- is the ingestion, inhalation, and absorption across the skin of harmful substances - A state produced by the introduction of a poisonous substance into the body

16. Seizures- hyper excitation of neurons in the brain leading to a sudden, violent function series of contractions of a group of muscles that may be paroxysmal and episodic - An involuntary, sudden change in sensation, behavior, muscle activity or level of consciousness that results from irritation or over activity of brain cells.

17. Shock – a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body - A dangerous condition in which not enough oxygen-rich blood is reaching vital organs in the body.

18. Splinting- applying devices used to immobilize fractures in the legs, arms and or body parts of the body in order to prevent further injury and helps reduce pain or shock.

19. Sprain- an injury to a joint, ligament or muscle tendon in the region of a joint - An injury in which ligaments are stretched and partially or completely torn

20. Strain- an injury to a muscle that results in overstretching

21. Tourniquet- an apparatus for the temporary compression of the blood vessels of a limb

22. Trauma- a wound injury caused by external force or violence

23. Wound care- the use of first aid intervention including stabilizing, Cardiopulmonary

function, promoting homeostasis, cleaning the

wound from further injury -

Involves cleaning and dressing a wound to prevent infection and protect the wound so that healing can occur.

IMPORTANCE OF FIRST AID •

To minimize, if not, totally prevent accidents

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It alleviates suffering

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It renders proper immediate care necessary to save lives

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To train people to do the right thing at the right time

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As a form of self-help

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A preparation for disaster and emergencies

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It prevents added injury or danger

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It prolongs life

AIMS OF FIRST AID •

Preserve life – the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives.

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Prevent further injury – also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.

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Promote recovery- first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A FIRST AIDER Being a first aider First aid is based on knowledge, training expertise. A first aider will have completed a practical training course under the supervision of recognized first aid organizations. Roles of a first aider: a.) Communicator - The first aider is the one who seeks information to know the condition of the victim. He serves as a communicator of the victim to the medical services. b.) Caregiver - The first aider is the first link in providing emergency care. He is the first one to provide rescue to the victim to prevent further injury, thus he must be a trained first aider in order for him to give proper care. c.) Decision maker - the first aider takes the responsibility on the victim immediately after a consent was given to him, as to what is needed to do to the victim based on establishing guidelines for administering first aid care. d.) Comforter - The victim and the people around the victim becomes anxious and uncomfortable during the situation. The first aider can lessen their tensions knowing that someone who is trained is there to provide assistance. e.) Protector - The first aider provides assistance and safety to the victim and should be careful not to cause further damage or injury to the patient.

QUALITIES and CHARACTERISTICS of a FIRST AIDER A First Aider must: Be Trained Be Observant Be Sympathetic Be Understanding Be Resourceful Be Tactful Be Calm Be Gentle Be Efficient Have a common sense Have initiative

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN FIRST AID ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY -knowledge on the structure of the human body, the functions of its parts and the physical and chemical factors and processes

BODY MECHANICS -The first aider must maintain good body alignment and balanced throughout the procedure so as not to tire or give undue strain to his muscles and back.

PHYSICS - First aid involves the application of the pressure which is another natural influence in bleeding

CHEMISTRY - An understanding on the nature and compositions of substances help the first aider to detect the effect of harmful substances that caused the injury and what to apply on injured areas.

PSYCHOLOGY - The physiological effect of knowing that a life was solved would mean a great sense of fulfillment and achievement to the part of the rescuer. The victim would feel the sense of importance and worth.

SOCIOLOGY - Effective communication and cooperation between the first aider and the victim constitutes a desirable first aid action

MICROBIOLOGY - Aseptic procedures must be well observed in order to prevent infection. The use of sterile equipment also prevents contamination. Wound cleansing must be from inner to outer surface.

GUIDELINES FOR GIVING FIRST AID -

Never use tourniquet

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Control bleeding with pressure

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Keep a first aid checklist

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Protect the most seriously injured first followed by the others

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Keep victim quiet and comfortable

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Loosen tight clothing

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Don’t touch the wound

First aid intervention for: A. EPISTAXIS •

Apply direct pressure by pinching the soft fleshy part of the nose to promote blood

clotting. Pressure should be firm and be applied for at least 10 minutes while keeping the head in the neutral position and spitting out any blood which flows into the mouth. •

Apply cold compress; if bleeding continues, seek medical assistance. A physician

may be needed to cauterize the bleeding point.

B. BITE

INSECT BITES •

Wash the affected areas thoroughly with soap and water

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Apply an antiseptic to prevent infection

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to reduce swelling and help soothe the itching, apply a paste made from one teaspoon

baking soda mixed with one teaspoon water

DOG AND CAT BITES •

Wash and irrigate a new wound with copious amounts of soap and water.

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if the wound is more than 8 hours, wash well with soap and water.

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Apply loose dressing.

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Topical antibiotics may be applied

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If the bite is deep as puncture wound and the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply

pressure with crepe bandage or clean and dry cloth to stop the bleeding

SNAKE BITES •

Calm, reassure and lay the child down. Move the affected parts as little as possible.

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Wash the wound

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Tourniquet above wound if poisonous

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Keep the bitten area below the level of the heart

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Get medical help and receive anti-venom

SPIDER BITES •

The wound should first be encourage to bleed to wash out any foreign material and

debris •

Topical antiseptic such as Isodine should be applied on the off change that the bite

introduced some virus or microbe

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Application of an ice pack to control inflammation

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The application of aloe vera to soothe and help control the pain,

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If serious symptoms appear, provide prompt medical care

C. WOUND •

Apply cold compress to constrict blood vessels in the immediate area

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Elevate injured part to reduce circulation to the area

D. BURNS •

If burn injury happened and the victim’s clothing is on fire, douse him with non-

flammable liquid. Don’t remove burnt clothing that’s may stuck to the skin •

Don’t immerse large burns in cold water for it can cause shock

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Check the victim (breathing, coughing or movement), if he is going into shock and

loses consciousness then there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) •

Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage, clean, moist cloth; or moist towels to over the

area of the burn. •

To help ease the suffering of a burn victim, they may be placed in a special burn

recovery bed which evenly distributes body weight and helps to prevent painful pressure points and bed sores. •

Once the burning process has been stopped, the patient should be volume

resuscitated.

E. POISON

INGESTED POISONING •

Check victims ABC’s

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If the victim start’s having seizure protect him from injury; give first aid for

convulsions •

If the victim throws up, protect the airway

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Calm and reassure the victim and keep him comfortable, call for medical help

immediately

INHALED POISONING •

Remove the victim from the source of the poison, if possible; otherwise, call the fire

department or a rescue team •

If the victim is in a closed room, take a deep breath and hold it before entering the

room. Quickly turn off the source of the poisonous gas and pull the victim outside or to a place where there is fresh air •

Have oxygen brought to the scene and call for medical help immediately

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Loosen victim’s has stopped breathing, give CPR

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Treat the victim for contact poisons or chemical burns

INJECTED POISONING •

Check the victim’s ABC’s

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Calm and reassure the victim, anxiety will increase circulation of the poison

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Remove the stinger from the skin and wash with soap and water, apply cold

compress to reduce pain and swelling •

Remove any constricting items such as rings since the injured area will swell

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Give first aid for allergic reactions if developed

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Call for medical help immediately

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Stay with the victim for at least an hour after the sting occurred and continue to

monitor for ABC’s

SKIN CONTACT POISONING •

Remove contaminated clothing

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Drench and flush the skin immediately with large quantities of water

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Apply soothing skin lotion, calamine for itching

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Do not rub or apply pressure on the affected area

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Call for medical help immediately

F. CHOKING CONSCIOUS VICTIMS: •

Ask if the patient is choking

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If he is, perform abdominal thrust ( Heimlich maneuver) until the obstruction is

cleared or the victim becomes unconscious •

Seek medical attention immediately

UNCONSCIOUS VICTIMS: •

Check for responsiveness

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Position the victim

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Check for ABC’s

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Seek medical attention immediately

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Perform the tongue-jaw lift followed by finger sweep to remove object if visible

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Open airway and try to ventilate; if obstructed, reposition head and try to ventilate

again •

Give up to 5 abdominal thrusts

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Repeat procedure until victim resumes breathing

G. DISLOCATION •

Splint and immobilize the affected joint in the position in which it was found

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apply a sling if appropriate; elevate the affected part if a limb is involved

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Seek medical attention immediately

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never attempt to reduce dislocation or to correct the deformities near a joint since

often extensive tearing of the joint capsule has occurred.

H. STRAINS •

Protect the strained muscle from further injury

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Rest the strained muscle. Avoid the activities that cause the strain and other activities

that are painful. •

Ice the muscle area for 20 minutes every hour while awake

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Compression can be a gently applied with an Ace or other elastic bandage. Do not

wrap tightly. •

Elevate the injured area to decrease swelling.

I. SPRAIN •

Rest

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Ice; ice should be applied 20-30 minutes

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Compression

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Elevation above heart

J. FRACTURES •

Immobilization of the affected area is required

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Keep the patient still and support the injured area.

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for arm fractures a sling can be made to support and immobilize the affected area,

which can be hung around the neck using triangular bandage or cloth. •

Splints can be used for support and immobilization

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In case of leg fractures the patients both legs can be tied together.

Open fractures- control the bleeding with sterile dressing and pressure if required.

K. SHOCK

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Immediately to give comfort position to the victims if they are conscious.

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If you are alone, call for help. If not, send someone to call for help and have someone

stay with the victim •

Ensure airway patency and assess breathing. If possible, place the victim in the

recovery position. •

Apply direct pressure to the wound if there is any bleeding.

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Cover him with a blanket or jacket, but not too thick to cause vasodilatation.

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do not give him a drink; moisten his lips if requested.

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If you notice the legs are uninjured, elevate them 20-30 cm

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Reassure the victim, as they will be very anxious, frightened, frightened and possibly

nauseated. •

Prepare for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

First Aid Kit Every household should have a first aid kit. Kit items should be well stocked and the disposable ones replaces as they are used. Keeping first aid kit will ensure preparedness in dealing with any emergency. After all, accidents do occur even in the safest situations.

Materials inside the FIRST AID KIT: Absorbent cottons

Triangular bandages

Adhesive strip plasters

Safety pins

Adhesive tape calamine lotions

sterile eye pads

Cotton tipped swabs

Bandages

Rubbing alcohol

Bandages – may be made from flannel, cotton elastic net or special paper Types: a.) triangular bandages b.) narrow bandages c.) elastic bandages Dressings- should be sterile and able to restrict entry of germs or microorganisms while allowing air to reach the wound. Types: a.) Adhesive- is often called plasters. They consist of a pad of absorbent gauze or cellulose with an adhesive backing which, if perforated, allows seat to evaporate b.) Prepared sterile dressing- consists of layers of gauze covered by a pad of cotton wool and come with a roller bandage to tie to them in position c.) Plain gauze dressing- comes in variety of sizes. They tend to stick to wounds but his can help in clothing d.) Vaseline gauze dressing- is sold in squares in sealed packs. They are available in many different sizes and they do not stick to wounds