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Timeline of the Philippine History (1900 – 2000)

1900 1902

1916

1934

1935

1941

1942

US US approvesEstablish- Japan attacksDeath the Phil. March By air Taft gov’t Tydings ment Commis-sion passes Jones -McDuffie Law Act of the Common-welt

1946

1951

1972

1986

1992

2000

treaty with Japan Martial The islands arePeace granted full signed independence Marcos declares People PowerUS Law closes Estrada’s ImpeachSubic ment Bay Naval Station Trials

Taft Commission September 1900 - August 1902: The Taft Commission replaces over three centuries of Spanish rule with the laws and institutions of a modern civil state. A code of law, a judicial system and elective municipal and provincial governments are established. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 extends the protections of the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and establishes a national bi-cameral legislature. The lower house is the popularly elected Philippine Assembly and the upper house is the Philippine Commission appointed directly by the president of the US.

US government passes Jones Law *The Jones Law or the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Philippine Bill of 1902) that served as the de facto initial constitution of the Philippine Islands after it was ceded by Spain to the United States by virtue of the Treaty of Paris. *It provided the Philippine Islands the framework for the creation of an autonomous government in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States Government. It also created a bicameral Philippine Legislature composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives *The Jones Law, enacted by the 64th Congress of the United States on August 29, 1916, contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States commitment to grant independence to the

US approves Tydings – McDuffie Act •The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence (from the United States) after a period of ten years. It was authored by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and Alabama Representative John McDuffie. • It provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines.

Establishment of the Commonwelt

•A plebiscite approves the establishment of the Commonwelt of the Philippines. • Manuel Quezon is its first president. • The Philippines is promised full independence within 10 years.

Japan’s Aerial Invasion •A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8, and on December 10, the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon. • General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), was forced to retreat to Bataan. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The fall of Bataan was on April 9, 1942 with Corregidor Island, at the mouth of Manila Bay, surrendering on May 6

Death March The march, involving the forcible transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Philippines from the Bataan peninsula to prison camps, was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse and murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted upon the prisoners and civilians along the route by the armed forces of the Empire of Japan. Beheadings, cut throats and casual shootings were the more common and merciful actions — compared to bayonet stabbings, rapes, disembowelments, numerous rifle butt beatings and a deliberate refusal to allow the prisoners food or water while keeping them continually marching for nearly a week (for the slowest survivors) in tropical heat.

The islands are granted full independent * On July 4, 1946 representatives of the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines signed a Treaty of General relations between the two governments. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946 and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands.

Peace Treaty signed with Japan * The Treaty of San Francisco or San Francisco Peace Treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan, was officially signed by 49 nations on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California. * This treaty served officially to end World War II, to end formally Japan's position as an imperial power and to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes.

Martial Law •On September 21, 1972, Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire nation under martial law. *Thousands of people including communists and activists were arrested and imprisoned without due process. *The 1935 Constitution was suspended and replaced in 1973. *During the martial law period, foreign investment terms were substantially liberalized, despite official rhetoric about foreign "exploitation" of the economy. A policy promoting "nontraditional" exports such as textiles, footwear, electronic components, and fresh and processed

People Power •The People Power Revolution (also known as the EDSA Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986) was a series of nonviolent and prayerful mass street demonstrations in the Philippines that occurred in 1986. • the triumph of this revolution was anchored upon people power, the ultimate demonstration of the citizens' solidarity in seeking to transform Philippine society, and to chart a new course for the country's history by linking arms and courageously asserting our democratic rights • the Filipinos astounded the world with feats of valor during the four historic days of the EDSA People Power Revolution on February 22-25, 1986 showing other captive people the way towards a peaceful political revolution of our time, thereby winning the respect and admiration of the world;

US closes Subic Bay Naval Station

November 24, 1992, the American Flag was lowered in Subic for the last time and the last 1,416 Sailors and Marines at Subic Bay Naval Base left by plane from NAS Cubi Point and by the USS Belleau Wood. This withdrawal marked the first time since the 16th Century that no foreign military forces were present in the Philippines.

Estrada’s Impeachment Trial •Impeachment proceedings start against Estrada on allegations of corruption, betrayal of public trust and violation of the constitution. • January 2001 – Impeachment trial is suspended on the 16th. There are mass street protests. The military withdraws its support. Estrada stands down on the 20th declaring he was innocent.