Rispiratory System & Circulatory System

RISPIRATORY SYSTEM & CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BY : DR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR

1

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Human body can be compared to Combustion

Engine.

In Combustion Engine Fuel O2 Co2 + Energy (Results in locomotion) In Humans FOOD O2 Energy(which causes muscles movement) + by products like CO2, H2O, Lactic acid, Urea, Creatinin.(They pass out through Lungs, kidneys, skin)  Digestive System provides the Fuel. (food Nutrients)  Respiratory System Provides O2  Factory is Cell 2

BREAHING CYCLE  Normal Breathing rate = 14/    

min at rest It increases during exercises, fever, nervousness. Inspiration _________during which air goes into lungs. Expiration_________ during which air goes out of lungs Then pause and the cycle repeats.

BREATHING CYCLE

INSPIRATION

EXPIRATION

3

ANATOMY  Nasal Cavity continues into a space behind    

the nose (Nasophyrnx) Nasophyrnx continues into Larynx (Top of wind pipe) Larynx is protected by Epiglottis which does not allow passage of food or water into wind pipe. In Larynx are vocal cords which help in speech and raising of voice. Larynx Trachea consists of incomplete cartilage ring. Divide

Two Bronchi (one for each lung) Bronchoile Alveoli (air sacs) single layered spaced lined outside by capillaries.  Lungs are lined outside by double layered closed space.(Pleural space)

4

HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS CO2 in the blood is stimulant for respiratory center in the brain. -Under order from brain, respiratory muscles act -Rib cage moves outwards -Diaphram lowers down  Events for Inspiration  Hence, the negative pressure in the Pleural Space pulls the elastic lungs outwards.  Negative pressure in lungs causes the air to ventilate the aveoli.  Air inhaled contains O2, CO2, and other dust particles etc.  Moisture and hair in the nasal cavity screens the dust particles.  Surface with in the nasal cavity is uneven. Air strikes against these uneven surfaces causes warning of air.  So , some what purified air passes down to air sack.  Here, -O2 goes out to blood -And CO2 comes into air sacs from the blood. O2 level in blood builds up and CO2 lowers down, so respiration stops.  Events for Expiration: Rib cage falls back Reduces chest space (Thorax) Diaphram Ascend  And air from alveoli is expelled.(Expiration)  So, CO2 is lost, and Heat lost is 10% of the total heat lost 

5

HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS



When ventilation requirements are high as in heavy physical exercises, then accessory respiratory muscles come into action.(1/ costal muscle stermocleidomaseoid Respiratory ___ rate / min_________ no of times the cycle is repeated= 14 / min It increases with temperature anxiety, fear, physical exercise. Respiratory Volumes = Spirometer

1.

Tidal Volume = air inhaled during quite breathing

 

-Pulmonary Ventilation = Tidal Volume x Respiration rate/ min -During light exercises_____ tidal volume Increases -During Heavy exercises _____ No doubt Tidal Volume is increased but frequency / min. It increases to 45 / min(Normal is 14/ min). So min volume can be increased from 5 litres to100 litres. 6

HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS 2.



3.

Vital Capacity = VC ___ the amount of air exhaled maximally after maximum inspiration. Normally ¾ of VC is expelled in 1st sec and the rest in next 2 seconds Health = FEV1/ VC = > 70 % FEV1____ largest volume which can be expired from full inspiration in one second Health => 3.5 L 75 % of force vital capacity. Residual Volume _____ the amount of remaining air after maximum expiration. TLV (Total Lung Volume) = Residual Volume + VC Normal persons= 6 Litres Females 10 % less than males Athletes 7 to 8 litres

7

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

   

O2 from lungs cells For Metabolism Nutrients(Carbohydrates, Proteins, fats) cells Use full parts become the part of the Body. Wasteful Products like CO2, H2O, Heat, Urea, Creatinin are excreted out through skin, lungs, kidney.



Water contents in our body  



60 % of total weight in Males. 50 % of total weight in Females.

Blood is 10 % of the total body Fluid Volume  

5.0 litres for Males 4.5 litres for Females

8

CONTENTS OF BLOOD  Watery Portion __________ Plasma Contains digested parts of food.  Solid Portion ___________1. RBC (Red Blood Cells) Carriers of O2, CO2 Hb___ four iron rings are attached to globin O2 is loosely and reversibly bound to it CO2 is bound to it CO has great affinity for Hb and binds to it very quickly(Engine exhaust coming into car, with windows closed) 2. WBC____ defense of Body 3. Platelet ___ help in clothing works. Blood Group

Antigen

Anti body

A

A

B

B

B

A

AB

AB

-

O

-

AB

 Blood groups are designated according to antigen present on RBC  Rh Factor ____ depending upon the presence/absence of this, each

group is further divided in to +ve and –ve (85 % and 15 %).

9

BLOOD CIRCULATION Two types 1. Systemic 2. Pulmonary. Systematic circulation is controlled by left side of the heart.  Pulmonary circulation is controlled by Right side of the heart.  Artery carries blood from Heart to other Body Parts,  Veins carries blood from Other Part of body to the Heart.  Lt and Rt halves of the Heart work simultaneously and normally, there is no mixing of unoxy-blood and oxy-blood at heart level.  

10 Next slide

11

12

BLOOD CIRCULATION UNOXYGENATED BLOOD UPPER HALF-SUPER VENA CAVA

LOWER HALF-INFERIOR VENA CAVA

RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID VALVE RIGHT VENTRICLE(PULMONARY VALVE) PULMONARY ARTERIES (UNOXYGENATED BLOOD) LUNGS (BLOOD IS OXYGENATED + CO2 WASHED OUT)

13

BLOOD CIRCULATION Lungs Pulmonary veins (OxyBlood) Lt Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral Valve) Lt Ventricle Aortic valve Aorta (Oxy Blood) Different parts of the body 14

BLOOD CIRCULATION Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

(single cell layered blood vessel, delivers O2 to the cells) a) nutrients __ CHo, Amino acid, fatty acid b) Secretion ____ Harmones Waste products__CO2,H2O,H(passed back to blood)

Venules Veins SVC

IVA

Rt Atrium 15

BLOOD CIRCULATION Heart Beat 75 / min each cycle 60 / 75= 0.8 sec/ cycle (contracts 0.3 sec and relax .5 sec) •

Heart Contract (Systole)___ pushes blood into arteries Aorta (Aortic valve) Pulmonary Arteries (Pulmonary Valve) Systole _____ Aortic valve opens, blood is ejected into Aorta, so pressure increases in Aorta. Since less volume of blood can escape from Aorta and its large branches, than what heart is pumping, this excess amount of blood in aorta is accommodated by its elastic property.

16

Heart circulation Left Side of Heart When heart has ejected its major portion of blood, Aortic valve closes, Heart relaxes(Diastole) ___ so blood from upper half (Atrium) is drawn into ventricle.  At rest = 50 % of blood contained in ventricle is ejected (each time) called stroke volume.  50 % remains in ventricle___ (Residual Volume)  When exercise ____ rate of Heart increases + stroke volume increases

At rest __rate of heart = 75/ min systole = 0.3 sec (0.8 sec / each diastole = 0.5 sec) When Heart rate increases= 150 / min systole = 0.2 (0.4 sec/ each diastole = 0.2) So increasing in heart rate occurs mainly by shortening of diastole. Right Side of Heart Same events Pressure in Pulmonary Arteries 1/5th of that of Aorta

17

ELECTRO CARDIOGRAPHY E.K.G 

      

Heart generates very small electrical potential, recorded at body surface by different electrodes, placed near chest and wrist and left ankle. When an electric impulse moves towards an electrode imprints +ve or upward wave When an electric impulse moves away from electrode____ -ve or downward wave. EKG is recorded over a standardized graph paper. It has large squares and small squares. Speed ____ 5 big square / sec so one big square ____0.2 sec Electric potential ___ when 1Mv potential given ___ needle deflects two big square upwards Atrium____ contract_____ P wave Ventricle events___________ QRST wave

Next slide

18

S.A. node

19

20

Cardiac output  Cardiac output :

Amount of blood ejected out per minute Stroke Volume x Rate  At rest = 5 liters / min  Exercise = 35 liters / min  Heart can pump much more blood what is needed…so if less blood is reaching is usually some fault in transporting vessels (Arteries which may narrow because of deposition of cholesterol, clot, etc, etc) 21

Cardiac output  Arteries

 

 

have muscular walls, hence maintains systolic pressure till it reaches consumer organs (cells). Veins ____ large cross section , so less resistance to flow. Blood from feet to heart ____ valve in veins directs and control upward flow. Calf muscles are called external heart contraction, squeezes blood upwards. When some muscles working simultaneously requires more blood. Such demand met by an increase in Cardiac output, diverting blood from less important organ, such as skin. 22

THANK YOU

23