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PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION: 2nd Shifting Continuation of the Revolt Biak-na-Bato (1897-1898) • Arrival at Biak-na-Bato (June 24, 1897) • Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (November 1, 1897) - Intended to be effective for two years. o Based on Cuban Constitution (Jimaguayu Constitution). o AIM: Separation of the Philippines from Spanish Monarchy and formation of an independent state. o Isabel Artacho and Felix Ferrer wrote the provisional constitution. o Officials were inaugurated: President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President: Mariano Trias Secretary-Interior: Isabelo Artacho Secretary-Foreign Affairs: Antonio Montenegro Secretary-Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary-War: Emiliano Riego de Dios • Pedro Paterno was sent by Gov-Gen. de Rivera for peaceful negotiations with the revolutionaries. o Known as Pack of Biak-na-Bato. § Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong. 1. Program (December 14, 1897) § Gov. de Rivera paid 800K pesos to those in arms and would let Aguinaldo to retire in exile. 2. Act of Agreement (December 14, 1897) § Amnesty to those who would lay down their arms and privilege to move freely in the Philippines and abroad. 3. Indemnity (December 15, 1897) § Spain paid ~1.7 M pesos. § 800K from #1 and 900K for the damages. • On, December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo with Paterno went to Lingayen, Pangasinan where a Spanish merchant steamer took them to Hong Kong. o Uranus – sailed to Hong Kong. o Gen. Ricarte stayed behind to supervise surrended of arms by the revolutionaries. • Peace Pact (January 23, 1898) o Spaniards announced the end of hostilities. o Amnesty was declared. o After the peace pact, neither sides fully complied. • Makabulos Constitution (April 17, 1898) o Written by Gen. Makabulos. o To continue in force until a general government for the Republic was established. • Feliciano Jocson in Malabon, Bulacan incited patriots in Manila to continue the fight against the Spaniards. • Aguinaldo went into exile but did not end the fight to win independence against the Spaniards. • Pact of Biak-na-Bato (February 19, 1898) o To let the Filipino revolutionists rest and regain lost strength and return to combat. Spanish-American War (1898) • Factors that contributed to the United States’ decision to open hostilities to Spain: o Cuban struggle for independence; o American influence to be extended overseas; o Sinking of the U.S. warship Maine. • Cuban Revolt in 1895 – headed by Jose Marti. o Cuban rebels rejected Spain’s offer of autonomy, instead of complete independence.

Brutalities committed by the Spanish government in Cuba: § Rounding up of peasant population; § Placing them in concentration camps all to suppress local rebellion. § Thousands died due to illnesses. o New York Journal and New York World. § Gave rise to Manifest Destiny. • US divinely ordained duty to help troubled countries. America’s Open Support for the Cuban Revolution o Investments in Cuba’s sugar industry led involvement in this Spanish colony. U.S. Maine in Havana, Cuba (February 18, 1898) o Blowing up of U.S. battleship Maine. o US Maine was sent to protect the American citizens and their properties. o Death of 266 officers and men. o American authorities viewed the assault in Havana as an act of treachery. April 19, 1898 – U.S. Congress demanded the pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba. April 24, 1898 – Spain declared war against the U.S. April 25, 1898 – U.S. Congress declared war on Spain. o Commodore George Dewey – Commander of the Asiatic Squadron to proceed against the Spanish fleet anchored in Manila Bay. Question: Why send a U.S. naval squadron to the Philippines to end Spanish rule in Cuba? o American imperialism induced by supporters of Manifest Destiny. Conclusion: Victory of Americans; end of the Spanish colonial rule; rise of the U.S. as a global power. o

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Filipino-American Collaboration • Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore having negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt. o Americans to support the country against the Spaniards. o U.S. will recognize Philippine independence. • Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898 at 5:40 AM until noon) o Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties. § 160 killed, 210 wounded. § 12 ships with Reina Castilla were subdued. o U.S. naval squadron had no fatal casualties. o Commodore Dewey was made an instant hero. § Ships from Britain, France, Japan and Germany began to arrive in Manila Bay area. o Gen. Aguinaldo left Hong Kong on board the McCullough, Dewey’s dispatch vessel. § Arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898. § Proclamation of Aguinaldo upon his return to rise with the Americans against the Spaniards on May 21, 1898. o Gen. Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898. § Established a new government to revoke the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic. • Battle of Alapan (May 28, 1898) o Consultative Assembly met for the first time. o The Philippine Flag (The Sun and Stars Flag) was first unfurled at the battle. • Capture of Manila – principal objective of Gen. Aguinaldo. o Spaniards were trapped within the city walls without food and water supply. D

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION: 2nd Shifting The Birth of a Nation Proclamation of the Philippine Independence • Kawit, Cavite (June 12, 1898) o After 333 years of Spanish domination, the Philippines obtained her freedom. o The Sun and Stars flag was officially unfurled as the Philippine National March was played in public. • Philippine National Flag by Doña Marcela Mariño Agoncillo and daughter Lorenza, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad. o Designed by Gen. Aguinaldo. • Marcha Nacional Filipina – composed by Julian Felipe. o Republic Act 8491 provided the rules and guidelines on proper display and use of the Philippine flag and the singing of the National Anthem. • Julian Nakpil’s Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan was favored by Andres Bonifacio in 1896. • Anthem remained without words. Filipinas, poem in Spanish, was written by Jose Palma and was adopted as the lyrics. • The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence was written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. o Declaration was signed by 98 people. • Apolinario Mabini – adviser of Gen. Aguinaldo. o Gen. Aguinaldo as the President of the Revolutionary Government. • First convention of municipal presidents (August 1, 1898) – Bacoor, Cavite as the capital of the revolutionary government. The Incredulous Battle of Manila • Gen. Fermin Jaudenes succeeded Gen. Basilio Augustin as governor general of the Philippines. • Battle of Manila (August 13, 1898) o Naval gun bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad. o 11:20 AM, white flag was raised by the Spaniards. o Americans did not allow the Filipinos to enter the city and its suburbs; Spaniards insisted on the exclusion of the Filipinos in the capitulation area. • Establishment of a military government in the Philippines. o Philippines was ruled by the U.S. President; ended on March 2, 1901 when the U.S. Congress enacted the Army Appropriations Act. • Spooner Amendment – removed the U.S. President’s authority to govern; power exercised by the U.S. Congress. • Fall of Manila; Gen. Diego delos Rios – last Spanish governor general of the Philippines. • Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) • Teller Amendment – prevented the U.S. form taking Cuba. • U.S. paid $20M to Spain for Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. o Handed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to the Spanish commission member Jules Cambon. • Gen. Aguinaldo persuaded foreign countries to recognize Philippine independence by sending Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez to Paris, France. o Agoncillo was not permitted to attend the conference in Paris; worked against the ratification of the treaty in Washington; finally ratified on February 6, 1899. The Malolos Republic • Transfer of the government’s seat of power from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan (August 22, 1898) o Malolos Cathedral – Palacio Presidencial. • Aguinaldo refused to acknowledge foreign control in the country; already preparing the foundation of a republican state. • Revolutionary Congress (September 15, 1898) o Outside Barasoain Church.

Congress adopted the parliamentary rules of the Spanish Cortes. o Election of Officers: President – Pedro Paterno Vice President – Benito Legarda Secretary – Gregorio Araneta Secretary – Pablo Tecson (replaced Araneta) Secretary – Pablo Ocampo o 93 representatives took part in the congress. § 35 directly elected; holders of academic degrees from universities in Europe. § Pedro Paterno – bachelor of laws from the University of Salamanca; doctorate degree from the Universidad Central de Madrid. o Congress was a mere consultative body. It did not possess legislative powers (Mabini, 1898). § Felipe C. Calderon – necessary to show that the Philippines as a State to strengthen its claim to recognition of sovereign status. Constitutional Drafts – 19 members; Calderon as the chairman. o Mabini Plan – Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic; reject due to its basis on Statutes of Universal Masonry; advocating for women’s rights. o Paterno Plan – Spanish Constitution of 1868. o Calderon Plan – constitutions on France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil. Draft Constitutions until November 29, 1898. o Article 5, Title III – most debatable; refers to religion and the separation of Church and State. o Malolos Congress formally separated church and state. Malolos Constitution (January 21, 1899) o Fundamental law of the land; provided the executive, legislative and judicial branch of government. First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899) – inaugurated at the Barasoain Church; also known as the Malolos Republic. o Casa Real in Malolos became the National Treasury and National Printing Press. o El Heraldo de la Revolucion – official organ; first issue on September 29, 1898 o Al Heroes Nacional (To the National Hero) – poem composed by Don Cecilio Apostol. o Memorial Day (December 30) to honor Dr. Jose Rizal and many other Filipinos who suffered martyrdom. Malolos Congress also had set up educational institutions. o Burgos Institute – college for boys established under Enrique Mendiola; Bachelor of Arts. o Girls learned lessons at home under private tutors. o Universidad Literaria de Filipinas established with Joaquin Gonzales; replaced by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero. § Offered courses in law, medicine, pharmacy and notary public. o Military Academy of Malolos – Major Manuel Sityar as the director. Declaration of Philippine Republic (January 17, 1899) o Butuan, Mindanao. o Four flags were hoisted: § Tricolor flag of the Philippine Revolution. § White flag of surrender. § National flag of Spain. § Pontifical flag. Malolos Republic was the first republic in Asia. o Manifested the capability of the Filipinos to govern in the midst of turbulent times. “At a time when most of Asia was still under colonial power, the Philippines stood out as a beam of hope.” o

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Guys, I felt that.

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PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION: 2nd Shifting §

The American Rule War of Philippine Independence from the United States • Filipino-American relations deteriorated as the American military authorities took over Manila in August 1898. o Signing of the Treaty of Paris without consulting the Filipinos heightened the tension. • Supporters of Manifest Destiny believed that the U.S. had the God-given right to help oppressed countries and build democratic nations. • Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation (December 21, 1898) o Issued by U.S. President William McKinley. o U.S. shall exercise sovereignty over the country and must educate and uplift the conditions of Filipinos. § Abused and rationalized by Americans. • Counter-proclamation (January 5, 1899) o Issued by President Aguinaldo; forces were prepared to fight any attempt to take over – guerrilla warfare. • First Philippine Commission (January 20, 1899) o Appointed by U.S. President McKinley to make recommendations in the administration of the country. o Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman; declared the establishment of American sovereignty in the Philippines on April 4, 1899. • The Philippine-American War (February 4, 1899) o First shot by Private Robert Willie Grayson. § Philippine Insurrection by the Americans. o Site: Silencio corner Sociego St., Sta. Mesa, Manila. o February 5, 1899 – Gen. Arthur McArthur advanced against the Filipino troops without investigating the incident; Aguinaldo tried to avoid war. § Gov. Gen. Elwell Otis told Aguinaldo that the incident must go on to the grim end. •

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Wow. Grim end. Pride netong mga ‘to talaga eh. Haysz.

Seven-year Philippine-American War (1899-1906). Bates Treaty – signed by John Bates and Sultan Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu and three datus; provided that their rights and dignities shall be respected. § Panglima Hasan led a rebellion against Americans; ended on March 4, 1904. February 5, 1899 – bombarding of the fort north of San Juan del Monte. Gen. Antonio Luna prepared for a plan for the recapture of Manila by burning American occupied houses in Tondo and Binondo (February 22, 1899). Col. Harry O. Egbert died in action. March 30, 1899 – American army was in Malolos. § Aguinaldo has established the government headquarters in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. March 31, 1899 – capture of Malolos. April 23, 1899 – American cavalry under Major Bell suffered heavy loss under Gen. Gregorio del Pilar. § Col. John Stotsenberg was killed. April 25, 1899 – Calumpit fell into American hands. March 6, 1899 – Apolinario Mabini met with the Schurman Commission and requested for a temporary cease-fire but was refused. § San Isidro, Nueva Ecija (April 15, 1899) – a manifesto was issued urging Filipinos to continue the struggle for independence. Mabini resigned from his post as the President of the Cabinet; replaced by Pedro Paterno. Peace Cabinet – Paterno Cabinet; committee to negotiate peace with Americans which was headed by Felipe Buencamino.

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Gen. Luna opposed attempts of peace talks with colonizers; temper won him enemies. § Gen. Luna received a telegram from Aguinaldo in early June 1899. • Pedrong Kastila drew his bolo and hacked him; more than 40 wounds were found. • Col. Francisco Roman was also killed; Luna was buried in full military honors. the audacity of this president what the f? o Severino de las Alas – Secretary of the Interior informed the provincial chiefs of Luna’s death: § Luna’s insulting and assaulting of the President’s bodyguards; § Plan of Luna to take over the presidency. o November 12, 1899 – regular army was dissolved. o Capture of Aguinaldo – priority of the Americans. o Battle of Tirad Pass – passageway to Cordillera; possible shield for the Filipino troops. § Del Pilar with 60 riflemen were given the mission of the defending the pass. § December 2, 1899 – Major Peyton G. March and ~300 American troopers were repulsed by Del Pilar’s men (Huh. Weakshits.). § Gen. del Pilar was hit with a bullet that passed through his neck (I cried, friends). o Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger, fell into the hands of Gen. Frederick Funston. § Funston employed 80 Macabebe scouts, two former officers of Aguinaldo (Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido), three Tagalog natives and four other American officers for the capture of Aguinaldo. o Aguinaldo was arrested and taken aboard the Vicksburg and brought to Manila. § April 19, 1901 – Aguinaldo took oath of allegiance to the U.S. and appealed to accept U.S. sovereignty (gigil ako nito. So para saan pa ‘yung pagkamatay nila Gen. Luna and Goyo? Joke time, ganon.) . o Pacifados led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino founded Asociacion de Paz. § December 23, 1900 – renamed the league for peace the Partido Federal; Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as elected president. • Federalistas – were called proAmericans by the Nationalists. End of Philippine-American War as declared by President Theodore Roosevelt on July 4, 1902.

A Government Under America • Second Philippine (Taft) Commission (March 16, 1900) o Appointed by President McKinley. § Legislative and executive authority to put up a civilian government. o July 4, 1901 – American civil government was proclaimed with Judge William Howard Taft as the first civil governor. § Policy: The Philippines for the Filipinos laid the foundation of a democratic government. o High school system in the country. o The U.S. government paid the Vatican $7.2M for the friar lands held by religious orders. • Cooper Act – The Philippine Organic Act of 1902. o Provided the extension of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the Filipinos; also guaranteed the establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly. D

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Census Day (March 2, 1903) – total population of 7,635,426. Political Party in 1901: Partida Conservador; recognized American sovereignty under the Treaty of Paris. Political Parties in 1902: Partida Nacionalista, Partido Independista, and Partido Democrata. Balangiga Massacre, Samar (September 28, 1901) o Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed American soldiers. o 6:30 AM, the bells of Balangiga Church were rung, signaling the attack of ~400 men. o Gen. Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children above ten years of age (seriously guys, ang scary sa area na ‘to swear. Feel na feel ‘yung sufferings tuwing nadaan kami doon.) § “Howling wilderness.” § Smith was court-martialed for the cruelties by his troops and found guilty. o American forces took the church bells and a rare 1557 cannon as war booty and transported them to Wyoming. Gen. Miguel Malvar continued the fight for independence. o Constitution of Resistance to the American occupation dated July 31, 1901. o Gen. Franklin Bell used a zone of reconcentration. Anti-nationalist laws imposed on local inhabitants: o Sedition Law, Brigandage Act, Reconcentration Act, and the Flag Law. o Flag Law of 1907 prohibited the display of the Philippine flag used by the resistance against the U.S. Sedition Law on November 4, 1901 imposed death penalty or a long prison term on anyone who advocated separation from the U.S. even by peaceful means. o Tanikalagan Guinto (Gold Chains) by Juan Abad was closed after its performance on May 10, 1903. § Sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine of $2,000. o Hindi Aco Patay (I Am Not Dead) by Juan Matapang Cruz was also closed on May 8, 1903. § Red sun on a Katipunan flag rose behind the stage caused a riot inside the theater. § Cruz was arrested and later imprisoned. o Kahapon, Bukas at Ngayon (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) by Aurelio Tolentino was also regarded as seditious; last show on May 14, 1903. § Life imprisonment in 1905; pardoned in 1912. Brigandage Act on November 12, 1902 punished with death or with a prison term of not less than 20 years for members of an armed band. Reconcentration Act on June 1, 1903 gave the governor general the power to authorize any provincial governor to reconcentrate residents if outlaws were operated in some areas. Gen. Lucian San Miguel – supreme military commander in September of 1902. o Faustino Guillermo assumed leadership of the New Katipunan movement in Rizal and Bulacan. § Was arrested as a prisoner and turned over to Capt. Keithley. Tagalog Republic in CALABARZON – continuation of Bonifacio’s Katipunan led by Macario Sakay, Julian Montalan and Cornelio Felizardo. o Cooper Act of 1902 – peace and order. o Sakay and his men were trapped in a party and were charged with ladronism, robbery, rape, kidnapping and murder. o Gen. Macario L. Sakay and Col. Lucio de Vega was sentenced to die by public hanging.

Julian Montalan and Leon Villafuerte were given executive clemency. o Sakay’s resistance became the final chapter in the Philippine-American war. First Philippine Assembly (July 30, 1907) o Partido Federal ➝ Partido Nacional Progresista o Partido Nacionalista won a landslide majority due to its advocacy on immediate and absolute independence. o Inaugurated at the Grand Opera House, Manila on October 16, 1907. § Sergio Osmeña was chosen Speaker of the Assembly; Manuel L. Quezon became the majority floor leader. o Gabaldon Law – first bill passed by the assembly. § One million pesos for barrio schools. Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo represented the Philippines in the U.S. Congress; were not given the privilege to vote. Jones Law (August 19, 1916) o Signed by President Woodrow Wilson. o Upper House – the House of Senate (24 members). o Lower House – the House of Representatives (93 members). o Preamble declaring that independence would be granted to the Filipino people as soon as a stable government could be established. o Inaugurated on October 26, 1916. § Quezon as President of Senate. § Osmeña as Speaker of the House. § Nacionalistas dominated both houses. Leonard Wood – governor general in October 5, 1921 in replacement of Francis Burton-Harrison. Cabinet Crisis of 1923 o Filipino cabinet members resigned in protest of Gov. Wood’s handling of the Ray Conley case. Gov. Wood abolished the Board of Control – oversee and manage the ownership of stocks of government-owned and controlled corporations. o Manila Railroad Company, Manila Hotel and the Philippine National Bank. National Supreme Council was formed. Os-Rox Mission (December 1931) brought home the HareHawes Cutting Act which divided the Philippine Congress into the Antis, led by Senate President Quezon, and the Pros, led by Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas. o HHC Act – granting of Philippine independence but reserving military and naval bases for the U.S. Tydings-McDuffie Law (March 24, 1934) was passed and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. o 10-year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines. o Absolute and complete independence on July 4, 1946. o Annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America; o Control of currency, coinage, foreign trade and relations by America; and o Representation of one Filipino resident commissioner in America and vice versa. First election of the 1953 Constitution (September 17, 1935) o Candidates for President and Vice-President: § Coalition Party: Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña (WON). § National Socialist Party: Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza. § Republican Party: Bishop Gregorio Aglipay and Norberto Nabong. o

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PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION: 2nd Shifting The American Legacy • General Elwell Otis and General Henry W. Lawton. • Thomasites – American soldiers that helped in building roads and staffed the American public schools. • Bounding Billow – first American newspaper in the Philippines. • American Soldier – first American daily newspaper to be published in Manila. • Philippine Herald – first Filipino weekly paper in English founded by Senate President Manuel L. Quezon in 1902. • El Renacimiento – Teodoro M. Kalaw as the editor of the newspaper. • Carlos P. Romulo won Pulitzer Prize for international reporting in 1942 and Jose Garcia Villa was listed among the top writers in America in 1932. • Nicanor Abelardo – Filipino composer of kundimans, waltzes, marches and sonatas for piano and violin. o Francisco Santiago, Jovita Fuentes and Naty Arellano. o Santiago was known for his Anak Dalita and Madaling Araw. • Protestant Christianity was introduced in the country. o Bishop James M. Thoburn delivered the first Protestant sermon in the country. • Iglesia ni Cristo was founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo. • Seventh-Day Adventists bears the Christian Old Testament of worshipping on the Sabbath (Saturday). • Jehovah’s Witnesses rejected the concept of the Trinity. • Filipinos were permitted to honor and celebrate the anniversaries of the Filipino national heroes. o Bonifacio Day (November 30) o Rizal Day (December 30) • Americans also added some holidays. o Valentine’s Day (February 14) o Washington Day (February 22) o Glorious Fourth (July 4) o Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday of November) • MERALCO – established by Charles M. Swift. • Act No. 3436 in 1928 – Philippine Long Distance Telephone. • Philippine Constabulary School (Febuary 17, 1905). o Became the Philippine Military Academy. • Philippine General Hospital (1910) was established. • American Era also marked the improvement of infrastructure, transport and communication facilities and community services. • Guillermo Tolentino known for his masterpiece, the Bonifacio Monument. • The Americans used their stay in the Philippines to teach their way of life and the principles of democracy. o Organized the civil courts. o Superem Court with Cayetano Arellano as the first Filipino Chief Justice. Philippine Independent Church • Iglesia Filipina Independencia – campaigned by Isabelo de los Reyes in early 1901; breakaway from the Catholic Church; established in August 1902; Aglipayan Church. • Union Obrera Democratica (July 1902) also by de los Reyes. • Fr. Francisco Foradad exerted efforts to win back Aglipay to the Catholic fold but failed. • Fr. Joaquin Vilallonga of the Jesuits also supported the Philippine Independent Church. • January 18, 1903 – Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the bishops of Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan and Abra. • The Philippine Independent Church – Aglipayan Church. o Philippine census of 1918 – one and a half million Filipinos were members out of ten million.

The Colorums • Corruption of the Latin phrase, et saecula saeculorum (world without end) used at mass to end certain prayers. • Colorum was used to refer to rebel organizations with mystical characteristics – religious fanaticism, hero-worship and folksuperstitions. o Sociedad de la Confianza in Samar and Leyte. o Caballeros de la Sagrada Familia in Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. o Jose Rizal and Apo Ipe Salvador devotees in Tarlac. o Kapisanan Makabola Makarinag in Nueva Ecija. § Founded by Pedro Kabola. o Pedro Calosa in Pangasinan – anting-antings. Land Tenure System • Spanish feudal system was not dismantled. o Hacienda (estate) system kept the peasants in bondage. • Tenants were either inquilinos (cash tenants) who paid yearly rent; or kasamas (share tenants) who provided the labor on the hacienda where he shared the harvest on a 50-50 basis. • Low productivity, low standard of living. • Free trade reinforced the feudal agrarian system of Spain. • Rich landowners and investment capitalists took control of the economy – limited per capita income, inflation, poverty. • American goods increased the suffering of local producers. First Labor Groups • Union de Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas – first labor union established by Isabelo delos Reyes. o Became Union Obrera Democratica. o La Redencion del Obrero – official organ; voiced social demands and nationalistic feelings of workers. • Dr. Dominador Gomez succeeded De los Reyes, led a demonstration before Malacañang in May 1, 1903. o Replaced by Lope K. Santos. • May 1, 1913 – Labor Day was first officially celebrated. • Labor leaders organized the Congreso Obrero de Filipinas. o Eight-hour laboray day, child and women labor laws and an employer’s liability law; nacionalista party. • Asamblea Obrera – Vicente Sotto. • Federacion del Trabajo – Joaquin Balmori; democractic party. • Union ng Magsasaka in 1917. Jacinto Manahan formed his own group of same views in 1919. • Legionarios del Trabajo in 1919 was formed against the Manila Electric Company. • Partido Obrero de Filipinas in 1924 was established by Domingo Ponce and Cirilo Bognot. The Communist Party of the Philippines • Katipunan ng mga Anak-pawis ng Pilipinas established by Crisanto Evangelista and his group. o KAP wanted unity among workers, peasants and the exploited masses; advocated struggle against American imperialism, etc. • Communist Party of the Philippines (November 7, 1930) o Officers of the KAP were elected as members of the first Central Committee of the Philippines. • Communism – major resources and means of production are communally owned; equal sharing of benefits of production. o Advocates the revolution of the working masses to overthrow the capitalist society to achieve a classless society. • CPP declared an illegal organization by the Supreme Court on October 26, 1932. D

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION: 2nd Shifting Sakdalism • Benigno Ramos – leader of the movement, Sakdal. • Sakdal as the vehicle for bitter denunciations of the ruling oligarchy; exposure of the discontentment of the masses. o Also adopted that independence is not given but taken through the united action of the people. • Sakdalistas opposed colonial education and expressed opinion against American culture. • Sakdalism diminished after being disowned by their own leader. Commonwealth Period The Transition • Commonwealth of the Philippines (November 5, 1935) o Self-ruling government except in matters of treasury and foreign affairs. • Policy of Social Justice – refers to justice to the common tao by improving the conditions of the marginalized society. o Establishment of a Court of Industrial Relations; o Promotion of social justice as shown by the EightHour Labor Act and the Minimum Wage Law. • Commonwealth Act No. 1 – National Defense Act o Provided for the citizens’ army. • Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA) o Established April 14, 1937. o Grant of political independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946. • Anti-Dummy Law (May 1939) o Punished Filipinos who would allow themselves to be used as fronts by alien businessmen and investors. • Philippine Immigration Law (May 1940) o Limitation of 500 number of immigrants permitted annually to enter the country. • National Economic Protectionism Association (NEPA) and Consumers’ Cooperative League of the Philippines • Commonwealth Act No. 184 (1936) o Institute of National Language was established to make a study of the different Philippine languages for the purpose of evolving and adopting a national language. § Tagalog – basis of the national language. • Executive Order No. 134 (December 30, 1937) o The National Language of the Philippines was based on the Tagalog vernacular. • Commonwealth Act No. 570 (July 4, 1946) o National Language was declared one of the official languages of the Philippines. • Amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution o Tenure of the office of the President and VicePresident to four years with reelection for another term. o Establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. o Creation of an independent Commission on Elections composed of three members to supervise all elections. Decade of Unrest • United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) • Civilian Emergency Administration was organized. • The Philippine National Red Cross. • Peasant Organizations to realize objectives. o Kapisanan Panahon Na (The Time Has Come) o Dumating Na (It Has Come) o Oras Na (It Is Time) o Leader in Central Luzon: Pedro Abad Santos § Found the Socialist Party.

Entry of Japanese Imperial Forces • World War II (1939-1945) o Japanese assault was meant to cut America’s lines of communication in the Pacific. o Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) § Death of 2,897 men. o Gen. Masaharu Homma conducted air attacks in various places in the Philippines (December 8, 1941). § 10 hours after the attack in Pearl Harbor. § Destroyed air and naval defenses. o Lingayen, Pangasinan (December 22, 1941). § Arrival of the main Japanese forces under the command of Lt. Homma. o War Plan Orange 3 (WPO-3) or Rainbow 5 § Withdrawal of all island forces to Bataan peninsula – key to the defense of Manila Bay. o 2nd Inaugural Ceremonies of the Commonwealth § Held outside the Corregidor tunnel on December 30, 1941. o Bataan Defense Force (BDF) § North Luzon Forces were deactivated. § Established the advance Command Post at Signal Hill near Mt. Samat. o Main Line of Resistance (MLR) § 20 miles from Morong to Abucay. o President Quezon to flee to the U.S. for safety. § With his family aboard submarine Swordfish on February 18, 1942 and S.S. Pres. Coolidge on April 20, 1942. o Deactivation of USAFFE (March 11, 1942) § Constituted was the United States Army Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP). § Under Major. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright. § “I came through and I shall return.” (McArthur, 1942). • The Fall of Bataan (April 1942) o Capture of Mt. Samat, Bataan (April 9, 1942) § Japanese forces launched final offensive attacks on April 3, 1942 (Good Friday). § Resistance weakened on April 7, 1942. § Surrendered under Gen. Edward King. § Shrine of Valor – to commemorate the historic defense of Bataan. o Death March (April 10, 1942). § Bataan ➝ San Fernando, Pampanga. § Claimed ~10,000 lives. § Boxcars accommodated 50 people only but 100 were huddled in each. § San Fernando ➝ Capas, Tarlac. § Walked from Capas Tarlac ➝ Camp O’Donnel (prison camp). § ~56,000 soldiers reach the camp alive on April 15, 1942. o Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor § Voice of Freedom – radio station headed by Major Carlos P. Romulo. • To broadcast news to men in Bataan and in occupied areas in Manila. o Surrender of Corregidor (May 6, 1942) § American flag was lowered from the pole, replaced with the flag of surrender. § Surrendered by Wainwright. § Invalidated by Gen. McArthur after radioing with Gen. Sharp of the Visayan and Mindanaoan commands. D