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Review of related literature
According to Bartholomew (2005), Physical activity is an interesting research subject affecting both physical and psychological wellbeing. Ekkekakis (2003) added that including forming a positive body image, relieving depression, and increasing life satisfaction. In addition Rudolph (1995) said, there is evidence that physical activity promotes intelligence and brain development. In the sport research field, previous studies have examined the positive effects of physical activity on intelligence and brain development using various intelligence measurements
such
as
MRI
(Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging),
memory
test,
concentration test, and cognition test (Colcombe et al., 2006). For example, Corder (1996) found that complex fitness training during a 20-day program increased children’s intelligence test scores (i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) by analyzing 24 children aged 12–16 years old. Zervas et.al.,(1991) concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increased cognition among 26 children aged 11–14 years old. Additionally, Budde, et al. (2008) found that complex physical training programs increased concentration by stimulating brain function among 99 children aged 13–16 years old. Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world. Modern Technology has made it possible for the discovery of many functional and utility devices like the smartwatch
and
the
(AgingInPlace.org, 2019).
smartphone
that
made
our
lives
easier
and
better
Nowadays students are proficient with technology, using it daily in and out of the classroom ( Caswell 2011). Technology enables learning to take place outside of the classroom and the library wherein students use technology to meet, collaborate and create content virtually. In many case, technology helps students research subjects, share ideas and learn specific skills (Tausend, 2019). Students are completely dependent on technology. According to Kvavik (2019), the result of his study showed that students reported tha they use technology first for educational purposes followed by communication. 99.5% reported that they used computers for writing documents and emails. Followed by 97.2% surfing the internet for pleasure and 96.4% for classroom activities. In addition, Town et.al (2017), stated that the result of their study showed that students used smartphones most often at about 4.4 hours per day, followed by laptops at around 4 hours a day. The study participants indicated that they use their technology devices for recreation. According to Browne (2011), distance is another factor that contributes to this reliance on technology, which is affected by availability and convenience wherein users of networking sites enjoy the ability to stay in touch with their family and friends. With so many long distance relationships being established today, this technology is being used to maintain these relationships. This goes hand in hand with people's need or desire to stay connected with others, which can be considered another cause of the dependence.
Similarly, Siew (2011) stated that students’ strong desires to keep in touch with others through technology can be seen in the fact that they compare not having such connections to going without their family or friends. The findings of “Pew Internet Projects” showed that electronic devices are being used when a person is bored, while doing homework, before sleeping or as soon as they wake up and students update themselves for the weather forecast, events or even check their email ( UK Essay, 2018). Although learning through technology is helpful, it makes students over dependent on internet and removes good and essential habits like reading books and most of the outdoor activities or sports are getting subdued due to Internet (Learnpick, 2017). The increasing use of electronic media has an influence on the time spent Americans on living a healthier life and practicing healthier lifestyles and one of the main causes for sedentary lifestyles is the growing use of media and technology ( The Herald-Tribune, 2018). According to Adil (2018), one of the most and worse effect of technology dependency is obesity because most of the people spending time using technological devices. They play video games, watching videos or taking on phones with friends and eating unhealthy foods which result in increased obesity. Their activity level decreases due to these technological devices. When we’re using technology, we generally aren’t exercising. That’s why there’s an increasing body of research linking overuse of digital devices to a drop in exercise and fitness levels. Americans got 32% less exercise and were 43% more sedentary in
2009 than in 1965, researchers found. And in a study of college students, those who used their smartphones the most had poorer results on cardiorespiratory fitness tests than the less addicted (Northwest Primary care, N.D). According to Antoine-Chagar (2018) The development of technology has created great benefits to populations over the world, reducing physical hardships and increasing worker productivity, however this has had grave implications on the physical body. Without physical activity the human body cannot function in its optimal way leading to a diaspora of health problems. Second to smoking, physical inactivity is the second highest cause of preventable death in the world.
And according to the results obtained from Sahin et.al (2018) study, it was revealed that the individuals with more internet use had decreased physical activity levels. The main findings of this study were internet addiction increased, the level of physical activity decreased. This finding is similar to the work of Kim et al. (2015) that examines the relationship between smart phone addiction and physical activity, found out that individuals at risk are overweight and have less muscle mass due to smartphone addiction. However, According to Witten (2018), When you search for "technology makes us lazy" online you’re bombarded with lists of reasons why everyone believe tech may be holding us back, physically. However, some are not true because technology has also a positive impact in our health such as app that follows along these same lines
is Charity Miles. With this app, any time you log miles for walking, running, or cycling, money will be donated to your charity of choice. This technology positively impacts not only our health, but also our passions for meaningful causes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adil, Muhammad. (16 March 2018). What are advantages and disadvantages of modern technology on youth. Retrieved from: https://adilblog.com/advantages-disadvantages-technology-youth/ Antoine-Chagar, Cheyenne (2018 May 20). How much does technology mess with your physical health? Retrieved from: https://medium.com/digitalsociety/how-much-does-technology-mess-with-your-physical-health-f1d27f685283 Bartholomew JB, Morrison D, Ciccolo JT. (2005). Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16331126 Browne, Jack.(9 Mar 2011). "Of Technology and Social Need." Retrieved from: http://technologydependent.blogspot.com/ Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, Pietrabyk-Kendziorra S, et al. (2008) Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5909012/ Caswell,Wayne. (23 November 2011). How technology affects Students’ health.Retrieved from: https://www.mhealthtalk.com/technology-and-student-health/ Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. (2006).Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167157
Corder WO. (1966). Effects of physical education on the intellectual, physical, and social development of educable mentally retarded boys. Retrieved from: journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001440296603200601 Ekkekakis P. (2003).Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715726 Essays, UK. (November 2018). Role Of Technology In Teenagers Lives English Language Essay. Retrieved from : https://www.ukessays.com/essays/englishlanguage/role-of-technology-in-teenagers-lives-english-language-essay.php?vref=1
Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS (2015) Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. Retrieved from: https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/2006.4.2015.028 Kvavik, Robert. (2019). “ Convenience, Communications, and Control: How Students Use Technology”. Retrieved from: https://www.educause.edu/researchand-publications/books/educating-net-generation/convenience-communications-andcontrol-how-students-use-technology
LearnPick. (10 August 2017). How students are dependent on Technology and Why. Retrieved from: https://www.learnpick.com/how-students-are-dependent-ontechnology-and-why Northwest Primary care (N.D.) HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY USE AFFECT MEN’S & WOMEN’S HEALTH? Retrieved from: https://www.nwpc.com/howdoes-technology-use-affect-mens-womens-health/ Rudolph DL, McAuley E (1995).Self-efficacy and salivary cortisol responses to acute exercise in physically active and less active adults. Retrieved from: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-91392-001 Sahin, Metin, & Lok, Sefa. (13 April 2018). Relationship between Physical Activity Levels and Internet Addiction of Adults. Retrieved from: https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/2006.4.2015.028 Siew, Walden.( 7 March 2011)."Students suffer withdrawal when they can't text or surf, study shows." Retrieved from: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20100426/285679750636024 Tausend, Julie.(2019). How students use technology outside of the classroom. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/amp/s/edtechmagazines.com/higher/article/2013/08/howstudents-use-technology-outside-classroom%3amp The Herald-Tribune. (12 December 2018). Technology use vs. physical activity. Retrieved from:
https://www.batesvilleheraldtribune.com/news/local_news/technology-use-vs-physicalactivity/article_de97583d-0d0b-5a89-9b07-a9dfba598cd1.html Town Jr SD, Ory MG, Smith ML, et al. (18 September2017).Accessing physical activity among young adults attending a university: the role of sex, race/ethnicity/ technology use, and sleep. Retrieved from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4757-y Witten, Bekah (2018 June 26) Technology's Effect on Our Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Retrieved from: https://health.usf.edu/is/blog/2018/06/26/technologys-effect-on-our-health-the-good-thebad-and-the-ugly Zervas Y, Danis A, Klissouras V. (1991). Influence of physical exertion on mental performance with reference to training. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1961669
According to Bartholomew (2005), Physical activity is an interesting research subject affecting both physical and psychological wellbeing. Ekkekakis (2003) added that including forming a positive body image, relieving depression, and increasing life satisfaction. In addition Rudolph (1995) said, there is evidence that physical activity promotes intelligence and brain development. In the sport research field, previous studies have examined the positive effects of physical activity on intelligence and brain development using various intelligence measurements
such
as
MRI
(Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging),
memory
test,
concentration test, and cognition test (Colcombe et al., 2006). For example, Corder (1996) found that complex fitness training during a 20-day program increased children’s intelligence test scores (i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) by analyzing 24 children aged 12–16 years old. Zervas et.al.,(1991) concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increased cognition among 26 children aged 11–14 years old. Additionally, Budde, et al. (2008) found that complex physical training programs increased concentration by stimulating brain function among 99 children aged 13–16 years old. Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world. Modern Technology has made it possible for the discovery of many functional and utility devices like the smartwatch
and
the
(AgingInPlace.org, 2019).
smartphone
that
made
our
lives
easier
and
better
Nowadays students are proficient with technology, using it daily in and out of the classroom ( Caswell 2011). Technology enables learning to take place outside of the classroom and the library wherein students use technology to meet, collaborate and create content virtually. In many case, technology helps students research subjects, share ideas and learn specific skills (Tausend, 2019). Students are completely dependent on technology. According to Kvavik (2019), the result of his study showed that students reported tha they use technology first for educational purposes followed by communication. 99.5% reported that they used computers for writing documents and emails. Followed by 97.2% surfing the internet for pleasure and 96.4% for classroom activities. In addition, Town et.al (2017), stated that the result of their study showed that students used smartphones most often at about 4.4 hours per day, followed by laptops at around 4 hours a day. The study participants indicated that they use their technology devices for recreation. According to Browne (2011), distance is another factor that contributes to this reliance on technology, which is affected by availability and convenience wherein users of networking sites enjoy the ability to stay in touch with their family and friends. With so many long distance relationships being established today, this technology is being used to maintain these relationships. This goes hand in hand with people's need or desire to stay connected with others, which can be considered another cause of the dependence.
Similarly, Siew (2011) stated that students’ strong desires to keep in touch with others through technology can be seen in the fact that they compare not having such connections to going without their family or friends. The findings of “Pew Internet Projects” showed that electronic devices are being used when a person is bored, while doing homework, before sleeping or as soon as they wake up and students update themselves for the weather forecast, events or even check their email ( UK Essay, 2018). Although learning through technology is helpful, it makes students over dependent on internet and removes good and essential habits like reading books and most of the outdoor activities or sports are getting subdued due to Internet (Learnpick, 2017). The increasing use of electronic media has an influence on the time spent Americans on living a healthier life and practicing healthier lifestyles and one of the main causes for sedentary lifestyles is the growing use of media and technology ( The Herald-Tribune, 2018). According to Adil (2018), one of the most and worse effect of technology dependency is obesity because most of the people spending time using technological devices. They play video games, watching videos or taking on phones with friends and eating unhealthy foods which result in increased obesity. Their activity level decreases due to these technological devices. When we’re using technology, we generally aren’t exercising. That’s why there’s an increasing body of research linking overuse of digital devices to a drop in exercise and fitness levels. Americans got 32% less exercise and were 43% more sedentary in
2009 than in 1965, researchers found. And in a study of college students, those who used their smartphones the most had poorer results on cardiorespiratory fitness tests than the less addicted (Northwest Primary care, N.D). According to Antoine-Chagar (2018) The development of technology has created great benefits to populations over the world, reducing physical hardships and increasing worker productivity, however this has had grave implications on the physical body. Without physical activity the human body cannot function in its optimal way leading to a diaspora of health problems. Second to smoking, physical inactivity is the second highest cause of preventable death in the world.
And according to the results obtained from Sahin et.al (2018) study, it was revealed that the individuals with more internet use had decreased physical activity levels. The main findings of this study were internet addiction increased, the level of physical activity decreased. This finding is similar to the work of Kim et al. (2015) that examines the relationship between smart phone addiction and physical activity, found out that individuals at risk are overweight and have less muscle mass due to smartphone addiction. However, According to Witten (2018), When you search for "technology makes us lazy" online you’re bombarded with lists of reasons why everyone believe tech may be holding us back, physically. However, some are not true because technology has also a positive impact in our health such as app that follows along these same lines
is Charity Miles. With this app, any time you log miles for walking, running, or cycling, money will be donated to your charity of choice. This technology positively impacts not only our health, but also our passions for meaningful causes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adil, Muhammad. (16 March 2018). What are advantages and disadvantages of modern technology on youth. Retrieved from: https://adilblog.com/advantages-disadvantages-technology-youth/ Antoine-Chagar, Cheyenne (2018 May 20). How much does technology mess with your physical health? Retrieved from: https://medium.com/digitalsociety/how-much-does-technology-mess-with-your-physical-health-f1d27f685283 Bartholomew JB, Morrison D, Ciccolo JT. (2005). Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16331126 Browne, Jack.(9 Mar 2011). "Of Technology and Social Need." Retrieved from: http://technologydependent.blogspot.com/ Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, Pietrabyk-Kendziorra S, et al. (2008) Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5909012/ Caswell,Wayne. (23 November 2011). How technology affects Students’ health.Retrieved from: https://www.mhealthtalk.com/technology-and-student-health/ Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. (2006).Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167157
Corder WO. (1966). Effects of physical education on the intellectual, physical, and social development of educable mentally retarded boys. Retrieved from: journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001440296603200601 Ekkekakis P. (2003).Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715726 Essays, UK. (November 2018). Role Of Technology In Teenagers Lives English Language Essay. Retrieved from : https://www.ukessays.com/essays/englishlanguage/role-of-technology-in-teenagers-lives-english-language-essay.php?vref=1
Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS (2015) Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. Retrieved from: https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/2006.4.2015.028 Kvavik, Robert. (2019). “ Convenience, Communications, and Control: How Students Use Technology”. Retrieved from: https://www.educause.edu/researchand-publications/books/educating-net-generation/convenience-communications-andcontrol-how-students-use-technology
LearnPick. (10 August 2017). How students are dependent on Technology and Why. Retrieved from: https://www.learnpick.com/how-students-are-dependent-ontechnology-and-why Northwest Primary care (N.D.) HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY USE AFFECT MEN’S & WOMEN’S HEALTH? Retrieved from: https://www.nwpc.com/howdoes-technology-use-affect-mens-womens-health/ Rudolph DL, McAuley E (1995).Self-efficacy and salivary cortisol responses to acute exercise in physically active and less active adults. Retrieved from: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-91392-001 Sahin, Metin, & Lok, Sefa. (13 April 2018). Relationship between Physical Activity Levels and Internet Addiction of Adults. Retrieved from: https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/2006.4.2015.028 Siew, Walden.( 7 March 2011)."Students suffer withdrawal when they can't text or surf, study shows." Retrieved from: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20100426/285679750636024 Tausend, Julie.(2019). How students use technology outside of the classroom. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/amp/s/edtechmagazines.com/higher/article/2013/08/howstudents-use-technology-outside-classroom%3amp The Herald-Tribune. (12 December 2018). Technology use vs. physical activity. Retrieved from:
https://www.batesvilleheraldtribune.com/news/local_news/technology-use-vs-physicalactivity/article_de97583d-0d0b-5a89-9b07-a9dfba598cd1.html Town Jr SD, Ory MG, Smith ML, et al. (18 September2017).Accessing physical activity among young adults attending a university: the role of sex, race/ethnicity/ technology use, and sleep. Retrieved from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4757-y Witten, Bekah (2018 June 26) Technology's Effect on Our Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Retrieved from: https://health.usf.edu/is/blog/2018/06/26/technologys-effect-on-our-health-the-good-thebad-and-the-ugly Zervas Y, Danis A, Klissouras V. (1991). Influence of physical exertion on mental performance with reference to training. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1961669
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