Resume.pdf

Name : Salwa Nurafifah

NIM

: 4401416004

Resume The emergence of the discourse of mapping and compiling all the genes that make up humans seems to be seen as an impossible thing to do. Efforts that have never been done before are considered to be time consuming. But it turned out unexpectedly, this project called the genome project turned out to run faster than predicted by biologists. With the emergence of the latest genetic roadmap, forcing geneticists to reexamine the theories they make about the functioning of several human chromosomes. Researchers speculate that the human genome contains more genes than expected. This is supported by many new discoveries that are assisted by the process because there is a comprehensive gene sequencing project. The genome project itself involves three more detailed DNAs to be known in the cell. The first is a genetic linkage map, which shows the relative distance between markers on the chromosome. The second is a physical map, which places the same genetic landmarks but the actual number of nucleotide base species, or DNA subunits, between them. The ultimate map is a sequence of bases in chromosomes that describe the genes and proteins they make. The technique of mapping DNA used by Cohen and Page is actually the same, that is, through a process called mapping tag sites, they determine the sequence of sequences of small markers on the chromosomes. . They then chop the chromosomes into about one million long bases of DNA pieces and connect the pieces into the DNA of yeast to produce an artist chromosome, which can be measured easily. By searching for markers on artificial chromosomes, the researchers conclude how to put them together, like puzzle pieces. Some segments of human chromosomes are missing from this map, but they are not believed to contain any genes. Chromosome 21 which has been linked to Downs syndrome, some forms of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders, a clearer picture of its genetic content is expected to have great medical relevance. However, in the short term, the Y chromosome may get the most benefit from a new map because the human

chromosomes are the least unique and in many ways at least understood. We are trying to make these chromosomes respected, said Page. The Y chromosome is considered by Page to be the final dumping site for a few genes associated with spermatogenesis and some typical male functions. Many people consider Y to be the male chromosome. One proof is the discovery by the mapping team that 25 percent of the Y region was studied homologically, or very similarly, to parts of the X chromosome. At X, several important genes for both sexes were found in this area. Other studies also found similarities in gene sequences on two chromosomes. One indication of this resemblance that male files have only one copy of all genes on X is wrong. This makes Page to rethink the function X not only functions Y. How important the genes on the Y chromosome still need to be known. In spring 1992, Robert Waterston from the University of Washington School of Medicine and John Sulston from the Medical Research Council in Cambridge, England, and their colleagues published a sequence of more than 120,000 bases in the DNA of C. elegans. That only represents one tenth of the total genome, but the sequencing rate is getting faster: Waterston reports that they have now sequenced about one million bases and hope to produce two million other bases a year. Meanwhile the European consortium of 145 scientists has sequenced chromosomes from the general yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Last May, this group published a complete sequence of chromosomes III. According to Stephen G. Oliver of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, who acted as the DNA coordinator in the project, the yeast XI chromosome is now about two thirds complete, and chromosome II is almost half completed; extensive work has also been done on chromosomes I and VI. An endangered gene. The human genome project is carried out to map the human genome to the nucleotid level or base pair and to identify all genes in it. This project is considered the biggest breakthrough in the field of genetic research. All genetic codes that have been identified will be useful and become a bank until the researches that need them in the future. It is hoped that later a wider catalog of human genes will enable experts to reconstruct human evolution. Their goal later is to take samples of genes from people who live before they assimilate so that they can be used as a source of knowledge in the future.

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