Research Exam 8 3p

RESEARCH EXAM THIRD PERIOD EIGHTH GRADE TEACHER: CARLOS ANDRÉS LLANOS Name: ______________________________________ Grade: ____ Date: __________

ACHIEVEMENT: To identify and describe the nine reasons that justify knowledge ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS: -

Arguments the validity of each of the nine reasons Relates each reason with an entity in his/her life Identifies the nine reasons in a cultural artifact Produces a cultural artifact that shows the nine reasons in action

LIST and DESCRIBE the nine reasons for justification of knowledge 1._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why we need reasons to justify our knowledge? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Match the next concepts 11. Jesus Christ 12. Syllogism 13. Epiphany 14. Pareidolia 15. Tautology

a. Logic b. Sensory perception c. Revelation d. Faith

16. Define fallacy _________________________________________________________________________________________ The next questions should be answered after reading the attached text 17. Bessies’s Mother has a. Dog b. Faith c. Arm d. Intuition

a strong

18. Little Bessie is analyzing the facts using a. Authority b. Religion c. Faith d. Logic. 19. When Bessie`s Mom says “I don't want you to listen to anything he says." She’s trying to impose her a. Consensus b. Popularity c. Authority d. Intuition 20. When Bessie`s Mom says “But it's a thing that everybody knows." She’s referring to a a. Truth b. Consensus c. Authority d. Revelation 21. Give an example of any other reason for justification of knowledge that you can find in the text _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. An unnecessary or unessential repetition of meaning is a a. Sentence b. Truth c. Lie d. Tautology 23. Merleau Ponty affirmed that perception is a. useless for science and knowledge b. The basis of all science and knowledge c. the basis of all lies and misunderstanding d. perception. 24. Anarchy is opposed to a. All forms of faith b. All forms of revelation c. All forms of authority d. All forms of anarchy 25. Faith does not require or even asks for a. Religion b. Content c. Evidence d. God Say if is true or false 26. Revelation and Faith are primarily related to religion ______ 27. Intuition requires a thinking process

______

28. Memory is not perfect or definitive, it can be changed _____ 29. Consensus reflects the thinking of most people 30. Humans are the only creatures who are self-aware

_____ ______

Little Bessie Would Assist Providence Little Bessie was nearly three years old. She was a good child, and not shallow, not frivolous, but meditative and thoughtful, and much given to thinking out the reasons of things and trying to make them harmonize with results. One day she said -"Mamma, why is there so much pain and sorrow and suffering? What is it all for?" It was an easy question, and mamma had no difficulty in answering it: "It is for our good, my child. In His wisdom and mercy the Lord sends us these afflictions to discipline us and make us better." "Is it He that sends them?" "Yes." "Does He send all of them, mamma?" "Yes, dear, all of them. None of them comes by accident; He alone sends them, and always out of love for us, and to make us better." "Isn't it strange!" "Strange? Why, no, I have never thought of it in that way. I have not heard any one call it strange before. It has always seemed natural and right to me, and wise and most kindly and merciful." "Who first thought of it like that, mamma? Was it you?" "Oh, no, child, I was taught it." "Who taught you so, mamma?" "Why, really, I don't know -- I can't remember. My mother, I suppose; or the preacher. But it's a thing that everybody knows." "Well, anyway, it does seem strange. Did He give Billy Norris the typhus?" "Yes." "What for?" "Why, to discipline him and make him good." "But he died, mamma, and so it couldn't make him good." "Well, then, I suppose it was for some other reason. We know it was a good reason, whatever it was." "What do you think it was, mamma?" "Oh, you ask so many questions! I think; it was to discipline his parents." "Well, then, it wasn't fair, mamma. Why should his life be taken away for their sake, when he wasn't doing anything?" "Oh, I don't know! I only know it was for a good and wise and merciful reason." "What reason, mamma?" "I think -- I think -- well, it was a judgment; it was to punish them for some sin they had committed." "But he was the one that was punished, mamma. Was that right?" "Certainly, certainly. He does nothing that isn't right and wise and merciful. You can't understand these things now, dear, but when you are grown up you will understand them, and then you will see that they are just and wise." After a pause: "Did He make the roof fall in on the stranger that was trying to save the crippled old woman from the fire, mamma?" "Yes, my child. Wait! Don't ask me why, because I don't know. I only know it was to discipline some one, or be a judgment upon somebody, or to show His power." "That drunken man that stuck a pitchfork into Mrs. Welch's baby when -- " "Never mind about it, you needn't go into particulars; it was as to discipline the child -- that much is certain, anyway." "Mamma, Mr. Burgess said in his sermon that billions of little creatures are sent into us to give us cholera, and typhoid, and lockjaw, and more than a thousand other sicknesses and -- mamma, does He send them?" "Oh, certainly, child, certainly. Of course." "What for?" "Oh, to discipline us! haven't I told you so, over and over again?"

"It's awful cruel, mamma! And silly! and if I -- " "Hush, oh hush! do you want to bring the lightning?" "You know the lightning did come last week, mamma, and struck the new church, and burnt it down. Was it to discipline the church?" (Wearily). "Oh, I suppose so." "But it killed a hog that wasn't doing anything. Was it to discipline the hog, mamma?" "Dear child, don't you want to run out and play a while? If you would like to -- " "Mama, only think! Mr. Hollister says there isn't a bird or fish or reptile or any other animal that hasn't got an enemy that Providence has sent to bite it and chase it and pester it, and kill it, and suck; its blood and discipline it and make it good and religious. Is that true, mother -- because if it is true, why did Mr. Hollister laugh at it?" "That Hollister is a scandalous person, and I don't want you to listen to anything he says." "Why, mamma, he is very interesting, and I think he tries to be good. He says the wasps catch spiders and cram them down into their nests in the ground -- alive, mamma! -- and there they live and suffer days and days and days, and the hungry little wasps chewing their legs and gnawing into their bellies all the time, to make them good and religious and praise God for His infinite mercies. I think Mr. Hollister is just lovely, and ever so kind; for when I asked him if he would treat a spider like that, he said he hoped to be damned if he would; and then he -- " "My child! oh, do for goodness' sake -- " "And mamma, he says the spider is appointed to catch the fly, and drive her fangs into his bowels, and suck and suck and suck his blood, to discipline him and make him a Christian; and whenever the fly buzzes his wings with the pain and misery of it, you can see by the spider's grateful eye that she is thanking the Giver of All Good for -- well, she's saving grace, as he says; and also, he -- " "Oh, aren't you ever going to get tired chattering! If you want to go out and play -- " "Mama, he says himself that all troubles and pains and miseries and rotten diseases and horrors and villainies are sent to us in mercy and kindness to discipline us; and he says it is the duty of every father and mother to help Providence, every way they can; and says they can't do it by just scolding and whipping, for that won't answer, it is weak and no good -- Providence's way is best, and it is every parent's duty and every person's duty to help discipline everybody, and cripple them and kill them, and starve them, and freeze them, and rot them with diseases, and lead them into murder and theft and dishonor and disgrace; and he says Providence's invention for disciplining us and the animals is the very brightest idea that ever was, and not even an idiot could get up anything shinier. Mamma, brother Eddie needs disciplining, right away: and I know where you can get the smallpox for him, and the itch, and the diphtheria, and bone-rot, and heart disease, and consumption, and -- Dear mamma, have you fainted! I will run and bring help! Now this comes of staying in town this hot weather."