Research Ch 6 & 7 Notes

Chapter 6

THEORY - an abstraction DESCRIPTIVE THEORY – a single phenomenon COMPONENTS OF A TRADITIONAL THEORY 1. CONCEPTS – basic building blocks of a theory THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR – THEORY OF REASONED ACTION – understanding people’s behavior and its determinants - behaviors - intentions - attitudes - subjective norms - perceived self control TYPES OF TRADITIONAL THEORIES 1. GRAND THEORIES – MACROTHEORIES 2. MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES CONCEPTUAL MODELS/FRAMEWORKS/SCHEMES – deal with abstractions MODELS – SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS OF A CONCEPTUALIZATION SCHEMATIC MODEL – STATISTICAL MODEL – ERROR TERM – UNKNOWN FRAMEWORK – OVERALL CONCEPTUAL UNDERPINNINGS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK – IMPLICIT THEORY THEORIES ARE CREATED AND INVENTED NOT DISCOVERED - CANNOT BE PROVED - NEVER CONSIDERED FINAL AND VERIFIED

PURPOSES OF THEORIES • Make research findings meaningful • Guide understanding the phenomena • Help stimulate research ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL – humans are biopsychosocial adaptive systems OREM’S SELF-CARE MODEL – each individuals ability to perform self care PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL – explaining health promoting behavior MISCHEL’S UNCERTAINTY ILLNESS THEORY- inability to determine meaning of illness-related events OPEN SYSTEMS MODEL – personal, interpersonal and social systems THEORY OF CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY – caring is universal but varies transculturally CONSERVATION MODEL – integrity HEALTH AS EXPANDING CONSCIOUSNESS – self care THORY OF HUMAN BECOMING – health and meaning are cocreated SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS – individual is a unified whole ADAPTATION MODEL – humans are adaptive THEORY OF CARING – caring – moral – mind body soul HEALTH BELIEF MODEL – patient compliance and preventive

THEORY OF STRESS AND COPING – explain methods of dealing with stress BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY – self-efficacy, outcome expectations, incejtives Theories and qualitative research SUBSTANTIVE THEORY – conceptualizations of the phenomena studies IDEATIONAL THEORIES – cultural conditions and adaptation stem from ideas Materialistic theories – material conditions source for cultural development SYMBOLIC INERACTIONISM – behavior is developed through human interaction QUESTIONS FOR A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF A THEORY 1. Theoretical clarity 2. theoretical complexity 3. theoretical grounding 4. appropriateness of the theory 5. importance of the theory 6. general issues BORROWED THEORY – if confirmed becomes – SHARED THEORY

CHAPTER 7 NEED FOR ETHICAL GUIDELINES – human rights protected ETHICAL DILEMMAS – participant’s rights and study demands are in conflict

CODE OF ETHICS – NUREMBERG CODE • ethical guidelines in the conduct, dissemination and implementation of nursing research • code of ethics • ethical principles of physchologists and code of conduct • Belmont report o PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE  Freedom from harm  Freedom from exploitation  Benefits from research  Risk/benefit ratio – minimal risk o PRINCIPLE OF RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY  Right to self-determination – no coercion  Right to full disclosure  Issues relating to principle of respect • Inability to decide • Bias • Concealment • deception o PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE  Right to fair treatment  Right to privacy - anonymity o INFORMED CONSENT  Participant status  Study goals  Type of data  Procedures

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 Nature of commitment  Sponsorship  Participant selection  Potential risk  Potential benefits  Alternatives  Compensation  Confidentiality pledge  Voluntary consent  Right to withdraw and withhold info  Contact information o VULNERABLE SUBJECTS  Children  Mentally or emotionally disabled  Severely ill  Terminally ill  Institutionalized people  Pregnant women o INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD CODE OF FED REG

Consent form Readability formula