Redefend.docx

Cebu Doctors’ University 1 Dr. P. V. Larrazabal Avenue, NorthReclamation, Mandaue City

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MAYANA AND CAMOTE TOPS AS ACID BASE INDICATOR

• •

Cadeliña,Rosejane Casiño, Kimberly Mhay •

Co, Ronald Jr.

•

Lanzar, Janssen Jade

•

Nuñez, Bob Scottie •

Sasing, Klenth

Ms. ElfinaCandelario RESREACH INSTRUCTOR January 13, 2019

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MAYANA AND CAMOTE TOPS AS ACID BASE INDICATOR ____________________________ A Thesis Paper Presented to the Senior High School Cebu Doctor’s University ___________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion ____________________________ By • •

Cadeliña,Rosejane Casiño, Kimberly Mhay •

Co, Ronald Jr.

•

Lanzar, Janssen Jade

•

Nuñez, Bob Scottie •

Sasing, Klenth

AKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, we would like to give our deepest and warmest gratitude to our research professor, Engr. Elfina Z. Cadenlario for his patience, motivation, immense knowledge and continuos support in the making of our research paper. We wouldn't have done all of this without you, madam.

We would also like to give our thanks to Cebu Doctors University for allowing us to conduct our research in their Chemistry Laboratory. We are very grateful.

Nobody has been more important to us in the pursuit of this project than our families. We would like to thank our parents, whose love and guidance are always with us in whatever we aspire to achieve in life. Everything that we do, we do it all for you.

Last but not the least, we would like to express our gratefulness and praise to our God. Thank you for keeping us safe and away from danger, for giving us good health and letting us wake up and be productive everyday. We would not be here without your guidance and for that, we are very much thankful.

Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE

1-2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3

LIST OF TABLES

4-5

LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale

6-7

Theoretical Background

8-9

Review of Related Studies

9-14

THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem

15

Significance of the Study

15

Scope and Limitation

16

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design

16

Research Environment

17

Research Procedures Gathering of Data

17

Statistical Treatment of Data DEFINITION OF TERMS 2

17-18

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OFDATA

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION

Rationale Synthetic mixes can be delegated acidic, essential, or nonpartisan supplies dependent on different conditions. One angle considered is the shade reaction which can be resolved by means of the utilization of markers. A pointer is a substance that changes shading, contingent upon whether it is set in an acidic arrangement or straightforward arrangement. Corrosive base cautioning signs are colors that are themselves helpless acids and powerless bases. One marker that almost every individual mates with acids and bases is the litmus, which can possibly change tinge in light of a corrosive or base. Phenolphthalein is each other regular pointer utilized by methods for beginners in Chemistry because of the reality its shading interchange is extremely self-evident, making it helpful to utilize. There are numerous different indications that trade shade at various pH levels, as are valuable for outstanding purposes. Another for the most part utilized pointer, the pH paper, comprises of a blend of various side effects that substitute hues at exceptional pH levels. Corrosive - Base markers (otherwise called pH pointers) are substances which change shading with pH. They are typically powerless acids or bases, which when disintegrated in water separate somewhat and structure particles. In spite of the directly accessible instrumental systems for the synthetic examination of different examples, the customary strategies for investigation are as yet proper in many applications. Pointers are colors or colors that can be segregated from an

assortment of sources, including plants, parasites, and green growth. For all intents and purposes any bloom that is red, blue, or purple in shading contains a class of natural shades known as anthocyanin that can change shading with pH. Some normally hued substances change hues when the sharpness or alkalinity of their condition changes, for instance, grape juice, darker tea, and some bloom shades. These substances are called corrosive/base markers. Markers change shading at a specific phase of concoction response various usually utilized pointers in the labs are methyl red, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, phenol red, methyl yellow, pentamethoxy red, bromophenol blue, thymol blue, etc.. Most sort markers are accessible for various kinds of titrimetric investigations. For corrosive base titrations, natural colors, which are either powerless acids or bases, serve superbly as markers. Corrosive base markers are substances that are uncovered through the trademark shading which changes the level of causticity or alkalinity of arrangements. The decision of a pointer for a specific titration relies upon the normal for the balance bend. In corrosive base titration, a pointer is utilized to decide the end purpose of the titration at which the corrosive and base are in the definite extents important to frame salt and water as it were. As of late, there has been an expanding enthusiasm for the look for elective wellsprings of pointers from normal wellsprings of plant starting point. These choices from plant beginning are most likely less expensive, promptly accessible, simple to extricate, less poisonous to clients, and naturally neighborly. For comfort, numerous research centers pick to utilize pH meters or pH pens. Many plant shades found in nature can be utilized viably as corrosive base pointers. The colors in blueberries and red cabbages have a place with a group of atoms called anthocyanins. This group of particles is in charge of the shading found in radishes, eggplants, and various blossoms. The anthocyanins are water-solvent and have hues that are reliant upon the pH of the

responding arrangement. In this examination, the analyst tried the practicality of mayana and camote tops concentrate as a corrosive base marker. Mayana (blumei coleus) contains rosmarinic a 7.5 ph level which is a totally steady and camote tops, which has a powerless corrosive.

Theoretical Background In corrosive base titrations, Indicators are utilized to decide the end point (identicalness point). The marker demonstrates sharp shading change concerning an adjustment in pH. Usually utilized pointers for acid-base titrations are engineered. Every marker displays an alternate scope of hues at various pH esteems. They are found to have risky impacts in the human body and contaminate the earth. They are marginally costly and are inaccessible, so an endeavor is made to get ready regular marker from plant parts. In the course of recent years, a plenty of therapeutic plants has been put to preliminary as the wellspring of multifunctional green substance operators. The exceedingly shaded shades acquired from plants are found to show shading changes with variety of pH. Normal colors are eco-accommodating in nature. Flavonoids are hued shades that can be disengaged from different pieces of plants like blossoms, foods grown from the ground pH delicate. Flavonoids show surprising changes in shading with the adjustment in pH because of this property; it offers a chance to utilize it as a corrosive base titration pointer as opposed to the customary engineered markers. In this way, it has been conjectured that the bloom concentrate could be used as a pointer for various kinds of corrosive base titrations. Quisqualisindica L. is a creeper with red bloom bunches otherwise called 'Rangoon creeper' has a place with the Combretaceae family local to Asia.

Pentaslanceolata otherwise called 'Egyptian star group' is a types of blossoming plant in Rubiaceae family that is local to Africa and Yemen. Melastomamalabathricum L. ordinarily known as 'lutki' is a blooming plant in the family Melastomataceae. Impatiens acaulis ordinarily known as 'shake resin' that local to Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka.Rutin and pelargonidin-3-glucoside were detached the from blossoms of Quisqualisindica. The writing study uncovers that there is no writing identified with corrosive base pointer property of the above plant. Thus, the present examination is to explore the corrosive base marker property of the ethanolic concentrate of Quisqualisindica L., Pentaslanceolata, Melastomamalabathricum L. also, Impatiens acaulis to build up scientific applications. The blossoms of Quisqualisindica L. was gathered from Alto-Porvorim, Goa-403521. The blossoms of Pentaslanceolata was gathered from valpoi, Goa-403506. The blooms of Melastomamalabathricum L. also, Impatiens acaulis were gathered from Mangeli, Maharashtra-416512. Every one of the synthetic concoctions and reagents utilized in this examination work were of diagnostic or manufactured evaluation reagents like hydrochloric corrosive (HCl), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), Ammonia (NH3) and phenolphthalein, and so forth was secured from Sigma Aldrich, E-Merck (Germany) and S D Fine Chemicals (India). The crisp blossoms of Quisqualisindica L. Pentaslanceolata, Melastomamalabathricum L. also, Impatiens acaulis were cleaned with refined water and cut into little pieces with the assistance of scissors independently. Bits of each blossom were absorbed 25 ml ethanol for 24 h. The arrangement was sifted to expel remaining bloom matter and exposed to dissipation to evacuate the dissolvable and utilized as a marker in AcidBase titrations. The concentrate was saved in a firmly shut compartment and put away far from direct daylight

Review on related Studies and Literature Choi, Inyoung (2017). Another colorimetric pH pointer film was created utilizing agar, potato starch, and regular colors separated from purple sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. Both agar and potato starch are strong networks used to immobilize regular colors, anthocyanins. The bright unmistakable (UV-vis) range of anthocyanin remove arrangements and agar/potato starch films with anthocyanins demonstrated shading varieties to various pH esteems (pH 2.0-10.0). Fourier change infrared (FT-IR) and UV-vis area spectra demonstrated similarity between agar, starch, and anthocyanin removes. Shading varieties of pH marker films were estimated by a colorimeter after drenching in various pH cushions. An application test was led for potential use as a meat waste sensor. The pH marker films indicated pH changes and waste purpose of pork tests, changing from red to green. Along these lines, the created pH marker movies could be utilized as a demonstrative device for the identification of sustenance waste. In acid-base titrations, Indicators are used to determine the end point (equivalence point). The indicator shows sharp color change with respect to a change in pH. Commonly used indicators for acid base titrations are synthetic. Each indicator exhibits a different range of colors at different pH values. They are found to possess hazardous effects in the human body and pollute the environment. They are somewhat costly and are inaccessible, so an endeavor is made to get ready normal marker from plant parts. In the course of recent years, a plenty of restorative plants has been put to preliminary as the wellspring of multifunctional green substance operators. The profoundly hued shades acquired from plants are found to show shading changes with variety of pH. Characteristic colors are eco-accommodating in nature. Prof. M. K. Janarthanan, Department of Botany, Goa University (2103)

Vyas An et al. (2012).Commercial markers are expensive and some of them effectively influence customers and can in like manner cause biological pollution. Thus there has been a growing energy for filtering for elective wellsprings of markers from trademark beginnings. These alternatives would be more affordable, logically available, simple to evacuate, less deadly to customers and earth very much arranged. Volumetric examination is one of the key quantitative methodologies used to demonstratively choose both inorganic and normal destructive correspondence with strong or frail acids also, bases in crude materials, intermediates and completed items for quality confirmation purposes. This is cultivated by means of the utilization of suitable frail natural colors or acids pH pointers. Most pH pointers are either powerless natural acids or bases colors which acknowledge or give electrons. The adjustment in shading at a negligible range is ascribed to their acridity or basicity properties. In spite of the fact that there are mechanized titration device that decide the proportionate focuses between responding species, markers are as yet required for educating and research labs for basic titration. Common markers have been separated from Hibiscus (red species), Bougainvillea and rose blossoms. A few creators have investigated the viability of common markers in corrosive base titrations for example NeriumodorumThespesiapopulnea separate utilized as pointers ;Morus alba linn natural product remove marker and Ixoracoccinea, Daturastramonium, Sun blossom (Helianthus annus), pride of Barbados (Caesalpiniapulcherrima) and rail creeper (Ipomoea palmate) bloom petal extricates. The common pointer sources researched in these papers have been extricated and arranged utilizing ethanol, water, or methanol. Wadkar K An et al. (2008) expressed that Waakye leaves are gotten from Guinea corn which is developed for the most part in African nations and different pieces of the world. The plant is recorded as the fourth significant world oat crop base on its creation and is additionally

considered as staple nourishment in semi-parched tropics. The leaves are considered as great color hotspots for kicking the bucket caps, totes and wallets in Ghana (Azumdo 2006).Besides the above critical part of the leaves, they have been accounted for to contain basic unsaturated fats and vital bioactive mixes, for example, lycopene, beta-carotene, phenolics, chlorophyll an and chlorophyll b, dense tannins and flavonoids On a past report did by Azumdo 2006 colors were separated from the guinea corn leaves and utilized for titration. Be that as it may, the information was not steady and little is thought about whether the colors could respond well with a wide range of responding species (solid bases versus solid acids as well as frail acids versus solid base or the other way around or feeble acids versus powerless bases). Likewise no proof is accessible with respect to the pH scopes of the pointer, its ideal capacity and its conceivable outcomes of supplanting some costly business markers. Deshpande An et al. (2010) assessed The bloom concentrate of Ixoracoccinea for its utilization as a corrosive base marker in different corrosive base titrations, and revealed consequences of this screening contrasted and the outcomes acquired by standard pointers methyl orange, blended pointer [methyl orange: bromocresol green for solid corrosive v/s solid base (HCl and NaOH), Strong corrosive v/s frail base (HCl and NH4OH), feeble corrosive v/s solid base (Oxalic corrosive and NaOH), and powerless corrosive v/s powerless base (Oxalic corrosive and NH4OH) titrations green to pink and blue to pink shading separately at end point Sharma P et al. (2013) and Jain P et al. (2012) analyzed Dahlia pinnata for its corrosive base marker movement against phenolphthalein, methyl orange and phenol red as standard pointer. The macerated hydro alcoholic 40:60 Aq. what's more, methanolic petals concentrate of blooms utilized and it demonstrates lackluster to yellow for solid corrosive v/s solid base, feeble corrosive v/s solid base while it swings yellow to boring for powerless base with solid corrosive

and frail corrosive and frail base titration inside pH run 3-5 against methyl orange (ethanolic remove). Methanolic and aq. Concentrate has orange to wine red, pink to red yellow and orange to yellow shading at end point. This investigation used to be led to almost certainly decide whether the camote leaf extricate, a showed pH pointer, could be assimilated and dried on paper without the concentrate dropping its capacity to substitute in shading upon exposure to various degrees of pH. It proposes an expanded method for the utilization of and putting away the camote extricate. The gathering, in the wake of demonstrating the possibility of camote pH papers, defined elite research facility conventions and classroom activities in regards to acids and bases that would help educators in presenting that exercise without losing expensive industrially reachable pH papers. Camote leaf separate was once acquired through heating up the camote tops. This concentrate was once consumed by channel paper. Subsequent to drying the channel papers, experimenting with was once led. The camote pH papers were diminish into strips and submerged into explicit acids and bases. The outcomes for shading adjustment have been certain. The kamote pH papers swings to neon pink when presented to acids and it swings to a splendid unpracticed when submerged in essential arrangements. The power of the shading is lessened as sharpness diminishes as it likewise does with bases. Besides, the handiness of the paper is never again traded off with time as opposed to the snappy time span of usability of fluid concentrates. Camote-pHI paper is flexible. It is without trouble reusable for demonstrating pH of various synthetic substances and it even has affectability to exhaust. It have to never again be ignored that other plant concentrates could be utilized as a base concentrate for this pH marker. This find out about has, in any case, been fit to demonstrate the limit of the concentrate to hold its effectivity as a pH pointer regardless of whether it is dried in paper.

This investigation was once performed to check the functional of camote leaf remove as a corrosive base marker. This examination looks at how it is as a pH pointer. The two shades of camote leaves had been utilized, to be specific, the green and pink assortments. Regardless of whether they have extensive contrasts in the sign dimension was also researched. Shading adjustment used to be utilized as a proportion of varieties in the pH level. Synthetic substances with perceived pH ranges were treated with tests of both the unpracticed and red leaf concentrates, and results were contrasted and estimations taken with other monetarily utilized markers like pH meters and pH papers. Respondents were asked for on the off chance that they saw shading changes because of pH in the managed tests, regardless of whether the tints were distinguishable, and whether they favored red or green. It was once discovered that the two sorts created worthwhile outcomes, with recognizable shading changes for every single pH level. Between the two, in any case, progressively individuals wanted the purple assortment, as shade adjustments had been additional pronounced. The oversee group is the team that stays the equivalent and is currently not changed at all. One gathering, known as the control gathering, is revealed to the majority of the circumstances of the test anyway does not get something is being analyzed or changed in the test. At the equivalent time, the test group gets the majority of the circumstances of the examination PLUS the one variable being analyzed by method for the trial. Smelling salts arrangement, also viewed as ammonium hydroxide, alkali water, ammonical alcohol, alkali alcohol, water alkali, fluid smelling salts, or genuinely smelling salts, is an answer of smelling salts in water. Kalamansi juice is a corrosive. It has gentle harsh taste. Harsh taste is a normal for an acidic property. Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, which is a frail base. (Buenaventura, 2004, p. 20) Today engineered markers are the inclination of corrosive base titrations. In any case, because of ecological contamination, accessibility and cost, the look for

characteristic mixes as a corrosive base pointer was once begun. The present employment features the take advantage of the fermented methanolic concentrate of the blossoms of couple of therapeutic vegetation as a corrosive base marker in corrosive base titrations. This common pointer is anything but difficult to remove as pleasantly as effectively accessible. Promising outcomes had been gotten when it was once looked at against in vogue engineered pointers. Titration demonstrates sharp shading trade at the proportionality point. The identicalness factors got by method for the blossoms remove concur with the comparability factors acquired by utilizing far reaching pointers. These home grown cautioning signs are seen to be a valuable, efficient, simple and precise for the said titration. (KarishmaWaghmare et al., 2013) This examination explored a characteristic marker for corrosive base titration which is separated from guinea corn leaves prevalently known as "waakye leaves" in Ghana. Four sorts of corrosive base titration were contemplated: solid corrosive versus (v/s) solid base, solid corrosive versus frail base, powerless corrosive versus solid base, and feeble corrosive versus powerless base. The pointer tinge change, pH run and the normal titre esteems had been resolved for each sort of corrosive base titration.

Conceptual Framework

Mayana and Camote Tops leaves

Boiled

Acid Base Indicator

The main aim of this study is to have an eco friendly, natural acid base alternative acid base indicator for the benefit of the school, researchers and for the students to have an inexpensive indicator compared to those commercially introducedindicators. It aims to investigate the comparative study of mayana and camotetops as acid base indicator in order to make an alternative natural acid- based indicator

THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem This study aims to compare the effectivity of mayana (plectranthusscutellarioides) and camote tops (ipomeabatata leaf) as acid indicator. Specifically, the study aims to; 1. Produce acid indicator from mayana and camote tops. 2. Determine the color change of the indicators at varying ph. 3. Determine at which ph the indicator give a distinct color change. Significance of the study Our research is based on comparative study of mayana and camote tops as an acid-base indicator. Considering acid-base indicator using litmus paper is a high costly acid-base indicator so the studies aim is to make an alternative natural acid-base indicator.

Acid-base indicator is used for testing its acidity can be useful in so many ways to test whether it's safe or not, it may have low acid or not. This study should be done so that people would be able to have an eco-friendly, natural and safe acid-base indicator. The findings of this study will be bound to benefit the:  Researchers. The success of the study would deliver an experience of achievement and accomplishment to the researchers.  Students. They will be able to use the mayana and camote tops as an effective and safe substitute for to those expensive commercial indicators in measuring the pH of a solution  Teachers and Public schools located in remote areas. They can use mayana and camote tops in their laboratories as an effective alternative acid-base indicator to the frequently used commercial indicators provided that these extracts that we get is inexpensive and safe to use.  Scope and Limitations of the Study The scope of this study is to investigate comparative study of mayana and camote tops as acid base indicator in order to make an alternative natural acid- based indicator— specifically, variables such as the effectivity of the mayana and camote tops as an indicator, which among the mayana and camote tops as the most effective acid level indicator, and how helpful to the community with a friendly budget price for an acid indicator. This study is limited only to schools who are poor in equipments especially for an indicator equipment. This study started on November 2018and is expected to be finished on March 2019.

A weakness of this study is that the experiment is only for chosen schools and the findings will only be useful to a limited number of people.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design The research method or the research design that we will use is comparative and experimental study (quantitative method). Experimental research is any research conducted with a scientific approach, where a set of variables are kept constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment and comparative research can help the us researchers to ascend from the initial level of exploratory case studies to a more advanced level of general theoretical models, invariance’s, such as causality or evolution by comparing the two (mayana and camote tops) which has the effective cid-base indictors as we test some water soluble products pH level. Since the researchers want to compare which has the effective indictors and experiment the ph level of plants, fruits and water soluble which is why we use these research design. The researchers use these studies because we can compare and experiment and we can test out the pH level of something and to know its effectiveness. We use experimental therefore it’s a quantitative study.

Research Environment The researchers conducted the study to the general public specifically it focuses to students, in order to help schools that could not afford an acid-base indicator. Acid-base

indicators are substances which change color depending on the level of the acidity with pH, they are usually weak acids or bases. The researchers decided to use an acid-base indicator to determine the affectivity of mayana plant and camote tops. The said study will help the target audience choose the most effective acid-base indicator, the mayana plant or camote tops.

Research Procedures 

Preliminary procedures

The researchers began the study by researching and browsing the problems in today's time. The researchers found out that there are schools that couldn’t afford or doesn’t have access to acid base indicators. The researchers thought that it would be a big help if the researches would be able to make an organic acid base indicator since that is easily found in the areas where the schools are located. With the help of the moderator, the researchers have finalized to conduct a comparative study on the effectivity of mayana and camote tops as organic acid base indicators. Afterwards, review of related studies was made, statement of the problem was finalized, null hypothesis was created and scope and delimitations were stated. Researchers decided to experiment in the laboratory located in CDU to be guided and to be safe.



Gathering data:

This

study adopted

the

comparative

research

method

to

compare

mayana

(plectranthusscutellarioides) and camote tops (ipomoea batata leaf) as acid base indicator. Spata

(2003), states that comparative research may examine differences and similarities between the variables of the study. The researcher collected data through experimentation. The data shows which one of the two is more effective as an alternative natural acid- based indicator. The data also shows if both, mayana (plectranthusscutellarioides) and camote tops (ipomoea batata leaf), are effective as an alternative natural acid- based indicator. The researcher gathered all the materials needed which is: Mayana leaves, Camote tops leaves, 2 beakers, ethanol, kalamansi juice, oil, soda, vinegar, HCl, sodium hydroxide, soapy water ( water mixed with dishwashing soap), 2 bunsen burner, testubes, 2-4 droppers, 1 mortar and pestle, 2 stirring rod, 2 iron stand and wire gauze. The researchers used 10 leaves in both mayana and camote tops and we crushed or tear them into small pieces. The researchers had 2 types of solutions for both mayana and camote tops. The first one is that the researchers boiled the leaves for 15- 30 mins and the other one is the researchers soaked the leaves in ethanol for 10 mins and crushed the leaves even further. After collecting the solutions, the researchers prepared 4 test tubes each of Kalamansi juice, oil, soda, vinegar, HCl, sodium hydroxide, soapy water measuring 10 ml each. The researchers placed 5 drops of the solutions in each samples. The researchers first dropped the solution extracted from the boiled leaves then followed by the leaves soaked in alcohol. The researchers observed the color change of each sample and compared whether the boiled leaves or soaked leaves is more effective and also which one of the mayana and camote tops solution shows more accurate ph reading.

Indicator

Solutions

Original

Strong Acid

Weak Acid

Color

Neutral

Strong

Weak Base

Base

Dark

Mayana

Violet Kalamansi Yellow

pH2 (pink)

Juice Oil

Yellow

Soda

Clear

HCl

Clear

Soapy

Slightly

Water

Yellow

Sodium

Clear

pH4(beige) pH2(pink) pH11(blue) pH5(yellow)

pH11(blue)

Hydroxide Vinegar

White

pH2(pink)

Kamote

Dark

Tops

Green Kalamansi Yellow

pH7(green)

Juice Oil

Yellow

pH8 (dark green)

Soda

Clear

HCl

Clear

pH2(pink) pH12(dark blue)

Soapy

Slightly

pH6(lime

Water

Yellow

green)

Sodium

Clear

pH12 (dark

Hydroxide Vinegar

blue) White

pH3(orange)

Conclusion We the researchers, conclude that both boiled Mayana and Camote Tops leaves is more effective when boiled compared to the leaves with ethanol. Both leaves can determine acidity and can show it in different ph levels but the Mayana leaves is more Precise and Accurate in determining the PH level of the acids. So boiled Mayana leaves is better than Boiled Camote tops.

Definition of Terms 1. Soluble - (of a substance) able to be dissolved, especially in water. 2. Mayana - (Plectranthusscutellarioides) Coleus is a former genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. 3. Camote tops - (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. 4. Ph level - A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'). 5. Indicators - a gauge or meter of a specified kind. 6. Quantitative - relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality. 7. Litmus paper - paper stained with litmus which is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Blue litmus paper turns red under acid conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under alkaline conditions. 8. Alternative - one of two or more available possibilities. 9. Acidity - the level of acid in substances such as water, soil, or wine. 10. Phenolphthalein - a colorless crystalline solid (pink in alkaline solution) used as an acid– base indicator and medicinally as a laxative. 11. Cultivating - prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening. 12. colorimetric - a device that analyzes color by measuring a given color in terms of a standard color, a scale of colors, or certain primary colors. 13. Agar - a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods.

14. Apparatus - the technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular activity or purpose. 15. Matrices - (plural form of matrix) fine material used to bind together the coarser particles of a composite substance. 16. Immobilize - prevent (something or someone) from moving or operating as normal. 17. Anthocyanin - a blue, violet, or red flavonoid pigment found in plants. 18. Spoilage - the action of spoiling, especially the deterioration of food and perishable goods. 19. Titrations - A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. 20. Synthetic - of a substance) made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.

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Dr.A.V.Kasture,dr.K.R.Mahadik, S.G.Wadodkar,H.N.More.A textbook of pharmaceutical analysis ,11thed.vol1Nirali Prakashan,2005.23-24. Kimball, John W. 1991. BiologiJilid I. Erlangga. Jakar.. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial products. CSIR, Raw Material, In: The Wealth of India, CSIR Publication, New Delhi, 1952, 3(D-E). Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 VOGEL'S textbook of quantitative chemical analysis. 6 MJ, editors. p. 10.2:313. F. O. Nwosu, F. A. Adekola and K. C. Ihedioha, “Simple Titrimetric Colour Indicators from Some Natural Flower Petals,” Centrepoint (Science Edition), Vol. 12, No. 1, 2004, pp. 74-89. K .S. Pathade, S. B. Patil, M. S. Konda-war, N. S. Naik- wade and C. S. Magdum, “ Morus Alba Fruit-Herbal Alternative to Synthetic Acid BaseIndicators,” International Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2009, pp. 549-551. S. B. Patil, M. S. Kondawar, D. S. Ghod-ke, N. S. Naik- wade and C. S. Magdum, “ Use of Flower Extracts as an Indicator in Acid-Base Titrations,” Research Journal of. Pharmacy and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009, pp. 421- 422.I. S. Udachan, A. K. Sahoo and G. M. Hend, “ Extraction and Characterization of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Starch,” International Food Research Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2012, pp. 15-319.

D. A. Abugri, B. J. Tiimob, V. A. Apal-angya, G. Pritchett and W. H. McElhenney, “Bioactive and Nutritive Com- pounds in Sorghum Bicolor (Guinea Corn) Red Leaves and Their Health Implication,” Journal of Food Chemis- try, 2012. B. J. Xu and S. K. C. Chang, “A Comparative Study on Phenolic Profiles and Antiox-Idant Activities of Legimes as Affected by Extraction Solvents,” Journal of Food Sci- ence, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2007, pp. S159-S166. V. C. Bhagat, R. D. Patil, P. R. Channekar, S. C. Shetty [14] and A. S. Akarte, “ Herbal Indicators as a Substituent to Synthetic Indicators,” International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2008, pp. 162-163. D. S. Skoog, D. M. West and F. J. Holler, “Analytical [13] Chemistry: An Introduction,” 6th Edition, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1994. S. Singh, S. B. Bothara, S. Singh, R. Patel and R. Ughreja, “Preliminary Pharmaceutical Characterization of Some Flowers as Natural Indicators,” The Pharma Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2011, pp. 213-220. M. L. Price, S. Vanscoyoc and L. G. Butler, “A Critical Evaluation of the Vanillin Reaction as an Assay for Tan- nin in Sorghum Grain,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1978, pp. 1214-1218. U. D. Chavan, F. Shahidi and M. Naczk, “Extraction of Condensed Tannins from Beach Pea (Lathyrusmaritimus L.) as Affected by Different Solvents,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 75, No. 4, 2001, pp. 509-512. PharmacognosyJournalVolume 3, Issue 22, June 2011, Pages 39-43.

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Appendix A

CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue North Reclamation Area, Mandaue City +63 (32) 238 - 8333 : [email protected]

To whom it may concern:

Good day! We the students of grade 12 section F are writing this letter to ask permission from your good office to let us use the chemistry laboratory for our investigatory project for our subject 3iS on March 13, 2019 at 3:30 - 5:30 PM.

We need to conduct a research on a comparative study of camote tops and mayana leaves as an acid-base indicator and the laboratory room will be very helpful to us, we would like to use the chemistry laboratory’s materials to conduct and have an experiment for us to be successful on our research. We would be using bunsen burner, mortar and pestle, beaker, graduated cylinder and droppers. We are looking forward for your kind understanding. Thank you and may God bless you!

Researchers:

___________________ Cadeliña, Rosejane

___________________

Casiño, Kimberly

3iS Teacher:

___________________ Mrs. Elfina Candelario

___________________ Co, Ronald

___________________ Nuñez, Bob

___________________

___________________

Lanzar, Janssen

Sasing, Klenth

Approved by:

____________________ engr. Norma C. Lamela

Appendix B PARTICULARS Materials  oil

AMOUNT P 70



Calamnsi Juice

P 56



Softdrinks

P 34



Vinegar

P 11



Mayana

P 50



Camote Tops

P 70

TOTAL

P 261

Appendix C TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Research

November

December

January

February

Activities

2018

2018

2019

2019

Topic Assigned Thesis Proposal Development Data Collection Data Processing and Analysis Oral Defense Submission of Research Final Requirements

March 2019

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Rosejane L. Cadeliña Address: 211-B, 5th street extension, Doña Rosario Village, Labogon, Mandaue City Telephone: (032) 420-7443 Cell Phone: (0915) 726 8951

OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: October 25, 1999 Place of Birth: Cebu City Gender: Female Marital Status: Single

SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS 

CAT Officer (2017-2018)



Class Officer (2008-2017)



Merit Card Awardee

AFFILIATION 

CAT Officer (Delta Company Commander) Saint Louis College-Cebu

S.Y. 2016-2017 

Classroom Officer Saint Louis College-Cebu S.Y. 2008-2017



Classroom Officer (PIO) Cebu Doctors’ University S.Y. 2017-2018

EDUCATION 

Secondary Education (Senior High School) 2018-2019 Cebu Doctor’s University



Secondary Education (High School) 2014-2017 Saint Louis College-Cebu



Primary Education (Elementary) 2008-2013 Saint Louis College-Cebu



Primary Education (Elementary) 2005-2008 Saint Louis College-Cebu

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Kimberly Mhay G. Casiño Address: #10 ST. Benedict St. Pleasant Homes Punta Princessa Telephone: (032) 272-6422 Cell Phone: (0929) 3061862 OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: August 21, 2000 Place of Birth: Cebu City Gender: Female Marital Status: Single SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS 

Best Actress (2017-2018)



Class Officer (2007-2014)



Best in Math and Science (2009-2013)



Volleyball Player ( City Olympics PLAYER 2008-2009)

AFFILIATION 

Classroom Officer Saint Theresa’s College of Cebu S.Y. 2013-2014



Classroom Officer (PIO) Cebu Normal University S.Y. 2007-2013

EDUCATION 

Secondary Education (Senior High School) 2017-2019 Cebu Doctor’s University



Secondary Education (High School) 2013-2017 Saint Theresa’s College of Cebu



Primary Education (Elementary) 2007-2013 Cebu Normal University

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Ronald Co Jr Address: A.Tumulak St. Gun-obLapu-Lapu City Telephone: (032) 340-4160 Cell Phone: 09186541319 OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: January 4, 2000 Place of Birth: Cebu City Gender: Male Marital Status: Single SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS 

Basketball CAS-SHS (2019)

AFFILIATION 

Play “Romeo And Juliet” Cebu Eastern College S.Y. 2016-2017



Classroom Officer: Peace Relation Officer Cebu Eastern College S.Y. 2014-2015

EDUCATION 

Secondary Education (Senior High School) 2018-2019 Cebu Doctor’s University



Secondary Education (High School) 2014-2017 Cebu Eastern College



Primary Education (Elementary) 2008-2013 Cebu Eastern College

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Janssen Jade V. Lanzar Address: 58. ML. Quezon St Baybay City leyte Telephone: (032) 563-9996 Cell Phone: 09958381537

OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: January 6, 2001 Place of Birth: Baybay City, Leyte Gender: Male Marital Status: Single

SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS 

Table Tennis (EVRAA PLAYER 2014-2015)

AFFILIATION 

Play “ Malakas at siMaganda”



Franciscan College Of The Immaculate Conception (S.Y. 2014-2015 )



Classroom Officer: Treasurer Franciscan College Of The Immaculate (S.Y. 2014-2015)

EDUCATION 

Secondary Education (Senior High School)



2018-2019 Franciscan College Of The Immaculate



Secondary Education (High School) 2014-2017 Franciscan College Of The Immaculate



Primary Education (Elementary) 2008-2013 Franciscan College Of The Immaculate

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Bob Scottie P. Nuñez Address: 56-C F. Ramos Extension Capitol Site, Cebu City

Cell Phone: (0927) 295 1664

OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: May 19, 2000 Place of Birth: Cebu City Gender: Male Marital Status: Single

AFFILIATION 2016

:

2nd Runner Up for Mathematician of the Year

2015 – 2017

:

CEC Lion and Dragon Dance Troupe Leader

2014-2017

:

CEC Lion and Dragon Dance Troupe Member

2016-2017

:

Cebu Eastern College Classroom Officer (PRO)

EDUCATION Secondary

:Cebu Doctors University (SHS) North Reclamation Area, Mandaue City, Cebu Year Attended: June 2017-2019 (PRESENT)

Cebu Eastern College Leon Kilat St., Cebu City, Cebu Year Attended: June 2011-2017

Primary

:

Cebu Cherish School Don Julio Llorente St., Cebu City, Cebu Year Attended: June 2002-2011

PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Klenth Kharl P. Sasing Address: Blk 25 Lot 12 Mulberry St. Yati., Lilo-an, Cebu Telephone: (032) 424-1621 Cell Phone: 09176773902

OPTIONAL PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth: January 17, 2000 Place of Birth: San Vicente Yati, Liloa-an, Cebu Gender: Male Marital Status: Single

SELECTED ACHIEVEMENTS 

Dance Troupe Award (2017)

AFFILIATION 

Dance Troupe Member San Roque College de Cebu S.Y. 2015-2017



Play “Chicago: A deconstruction” San Roque Child Development School S.Y. 2016-2017



Classroom Officer: Vice President San Roque Child Development School S.Y. 2015-2016



Campus Movers San Roque Child Development School S.Y. 2013-2014

EDUCATION 

Secondary Education (Senior High School) 2018-2019 Cebu Doctor’s University



Secondary Education (High School) 2014-2017 San Roque Child Development School – San Roque College de Cebu



Primary Education (Elementary)

2008-2013 San Roque Child Development School



Primary Education (Elementary) 2005-2008