Final-chapter-123.docx

OREGANO LEAVES AS A MOSQUITO COIL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue A.C. Cortes Avenue, Looc, Mandaue City ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Research Proposal Presented to: Mr. Marlon P. Rico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Investigatory Project of ST12P2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Presented By: AMANDORON, JAYSON C. AMOIN, IRAH MAE B. CABALLERO, NIEL KENT L. DINOY, AIRA JEAN JOY A. FELICES, MARIA MELANIE GRACE P.

Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study Nowadays, dengue has been a very serious threat to the Filipino people, and with this, families are forced to use company-made mosquito coil, as it is the cheapest product used to deal with mosquitoes. Although these kinds of products are the cheapest, it also poses a very serious threat to the Filipino people. This mosquito coils contain harmful chemicals that attack the respiratory system. There have also been an existing remedy to the production of mosquitoes such as insecticides, and antimosquito sprays, however these products also possess harm to the people and to the environment as they possess the same substances and chemicals found in the emissions of vehicles and cigarettes. With this, the researchers of this paper would like to address to this problem by creating a better substitute of this company-made mosquito coils. Statement of the Problem This study seeks the presumption of oregano leaves as a mosquito coil as a substitution to company-made insecticides and mosquito coils which are usually inorganic and harmful; it seeks to the following questions/objectives: 1. To provide a better alternative to the consumers. 2. To test and discover its quality in eradicating mosquitoes. 3. Will this product be effective and much safer than the aforementioned products? 4. Aims to produce mosquito coils out of oregano leaves.

Significance of the Study This study will be beneficial to the Filipino people. This will help the Filipino people make a home-made organic mosquito coil, which less expensive and more safe that the usual ones. The Filipino people will be able to make mosquito coil that is environment-friendly and no side effects to humans with the help of this study. This study is conducted for the beneficial of the community. The organic home-made mosquito coil that this study aims to provide is non-toxic to humans, pets, and safe for the environment since its products are based on natural ingredients. The community will also be beneficial to this research as it will raise awareness to its audience on the impacts of rapid production of mosquitoes. That later on leads to the rapid increase on the incidents on dengue, and not just that, it also will lead to the increase on the incidents on malaria and Zika virus. This study will also be beneficial to the environmentalists, ecologists, and such people to promote safety and to give help This study will also serve as a future reference to practitioners, scholars, and future researchers. Certain other organizations may also benefit to this study, such as the likes of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Department of Health (DOH). These organizations will benefit this study because these organizations are concerned on the medical problems, preventing and discovering new things about health on the global and in the local Philippines respectively. This study may benefit the neighboring countries. If this study will be able to reach those countries that face the same problem, then they could apply this and change their approach to the problem.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is conducted at University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue in 13week duration. This research is done by the compliance in the researchers’ academics. The research design used in this study will be Correlational Research Design and Observational Study, as the researchers will be testing the quality of the mosquito coil and observe whether or not it is effective. This investigatory project is limited only to the following ingredients: 1. Oregano Leaves (Kalabo) 2. Oregano Extract 3. Charcoal 4. Hot Water 5. Gum Powder This project focuses only to the making of mosquito coil that is not harmful to the human body. Hypothesis This study will have the following as its hypotheses: 1. If oregano leaves are to be used as a mosquito coil, then the production of mosquitoes at home and on the surroundings will decrease. 2. If mosquitoes were to be placed inside a container with an ignited oregano mosquito coil, then the mosquitoes will most likely be weakened.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT 

Nature of the oregano



Nature in making mosquito coil



Effective method of extracting the oregano leaves with the use of charcoal

PROCESS 

Testing the charcoal from the oregano extract used to substitute to the other ingredients if it helps minimize the strong smell of the oregano



Testing of the smell and how effectively of it as a mosquito coil

OUTPUT 

A mosquito coil that uses oregano extract with a chemical used in mosquito coil. A mosquito repellent that is easy to make at home with its effectiveness in

decreasing numbers of mosquitoes and to avoid dengue diseases in the Philippines

The Relationship of the Variables in the Study The independent variables of this project are oregano extract and the charcoal in which it influences the dependent variable, the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes offer a great opportunity for the effectiveness of an oregano leaves and the charcoal in terminating their kind which causes diseases is greatly increased oregano extract’s efficiency and are more satisfying to be used.

Definition of Terms Charcoal - a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon, obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the absence of air

Dengue - a debilitating viral disease of the tropics, transmitted by mosquitoes, and causing sudden fever and acute pains in the joints

Malaria - an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells, the parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions

Mosquito - a slender long-legged fly with aquatic larvae, the bite of the bloodsucking female can transmit a number of serious diseases including malaria and encephalitis

Oregano - a flowering plant in the mint family that is used as spice and medical purposes

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Mosquitoes have the ability to spread harmful diseases that is why they are considered to be one of the most dangerous creatures on the planet. The rate of infection has risen dramatically over the past few years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Dengue is a mosquitoborne viral infection that can cause a severe flu-like illness, and sometimes can cause a potentially lethal complication. Severe dengue which was previously called as dengue hemorrhagic fever was recognized in the 1950s in the Philippines and Thailand. According to the Department of Health (DOH), data showed a total of 84,085 dengue cases recorded from January to December 2016. So far, the highest number of deaths of the year 2017 was from Central Visayas with 65 recorded deaths as of August 6. The mosquito called Aedes aegypti is the main vector who transmits the viruses to their victim and can cause dengue. Once infected, the human will be the source and carriers of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. Like most viruses, there is no specific treatment. Another prevalent disease spread by mosquito bites is called Malaria. It is caused by parasites, primarily Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. The parasites develop in a mosquito’s body for 10 to 18 days, then is passed on to the victim when the mosquito injects saliva while feeding. Once the parasite is inside the human body, they migrate to the liver, where they can grow and multiply. They move to the blood stream and develop in red blood cells, and as they multiply, they destroy

the blood cell. The infection can produce severe reactions, if left untreated; it can cause kidney failure and death. Transmission also depends on climatic conditions that can affect the survival of mosquitoes, such as rainfall patterns, temperature and humidity of the area. In most places, transmission of virus is seasonal, with the peak during the rainy season. From January 1 to December 31, 2016, a total of 6922 malaria cases were recorded nationwide. Out of the 6922 cases, 366 were classified as severe malaria, and 7 deaths were reported. Malaria deaths reached 445 000 in 2016 worldwide (WHO, 2016). According to the Department of Health (DOH), Zika Virus infection is caused by flavivirus. It is transmitted through the bite of the same infected mosquito that caused dengue. However, Zika virus can also be spread sexually, especially if unprotected. Zika virus is found in blood, urine, amniotic fluids, semen, saliva as well as body fluids found in the brain and spinal cord. Common symptoms include fever, joint pain, conjunctivitis, and skin rash. Most people infected with Zika (80%) have no symptoms or don’t realize they have it because of the typically mild symptoms. On 13 April 2016, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report confirming that the Zika virus does cause a rare birth defect called microcephaly which is a condition where a baby’s head is smaller than those of other babies of the same age and sex. Department of Health (DOH) Secretary Paulyn Jean Ubial announced that as of February 2, 2017, there were 57 Zika cases in the country Philippines and no deaths from Zika Virus were recorded. National Capital Region has the most number

cases with 20. CALABARZON with 18 cases, Western Visayas with 15 cases, Central Luzon with 2 cases and Central Visayas with 2 cases. With these numbers, Filipinos are forced to use the cheapest remedy to such massive national problems, the use of mosquito coils. A journal written by Hogarh, Antwi-Agye, and Obiri-Danso (2016), states that the use of mosquito coils has gained widespread patronage in malaria-endemic countries, especially Ghana. Only about a quarter of the population in Ghana (25%) are using mosquito nets. Relatively, few households can afford insecticide-based IRS because of the cost involved. A greater majority of households, especially the urban poor and rural dwellers, use mosquito coils to control/repel the mosquito. The consumer market for mosquito coils was estimated at one billion dollars globally in 2006, accounting for almost 12% of the global market for pesticides in that year. Currently, the use of mosquito coils occupies a certain niche in the control of mosquitoes in poor countries that need to be taken into action. Mosquito coils are not officially included in malaria control programs in Ghana, yet they are widely consumed in the country, especially among the rural and urban poor. Despite its potential benefit as a mosquito repellent, mosquito coils may generate undesirable emissions, which may lead to the source of indoor air pollution. The base material of the mosquito coil is mainly organic in nature, consisting of organic fillers, binders, dyes, and other additives capable of burning slowly to gradually release the insecticide with smoke. Mosquito coil smoke emissions may contain pollutants such as carbon monoxide, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aldehydes, ketones and a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These are mostly products of incomplete combustion, a reflection of the fact that most mosquito coils are designed to burn inefficiently to facilitate the slow

release of the insecticide. Exposures to these airborne emissions have various health implications. For instance, in a particular manner, it may trigger acute respiratory infections (ARIs), while VOCs and PAHs can be potentially carcinogenic. A summary of research projects and publications regarding mosquitoes was made by Dr. Cameron Webb in the year 2015, he stressed that the use of pyrethrum in incense is a common practice in Asia. Modern mosquito coils that mostly contain pyrethroid insecticides are seen to be used at camp sites and backyards during summer. Despite the wide range of products available, the active ingredients in mosquito repelling products do not vary in their content. They are either synthetic pyrethroids or botanical extracts (e.g citronella oil, eucalyptus oil.). He also addressed that a study of mosquito coils sold and found in the United States, some mosquito coils contain octachlorodipropyl ether (s-2) that, during the smoldering of the coils, it produces an extremely potent lung carcinogen as a byproduct called (bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)). Millions of families across tropical countries use them as their primary source of mosquito-borne disease prevention because they are cheap and generally effective. A journal written by Ogoma, Moore, and Maia (2012), states that coils containing pyrethrins deter between 45% and 80% mosquitoes and 200mg of optimized metofluthrin emanators reduce mosquitoes by a percentage greater than 80% within the first 4 weeks of treatment. However, results from other studies cannot be generalized for other spatial repellent compounds due to its potential differences in product formulation i.e., optimized components for release and retention. Only one study measured dose-dependent effects of pyrethrum coils and showed no correlation between the proportion of mosquitoes deterred and the dose of pyrethrum. Reduced indoor density of mosquitoes in insecticide treated houses could be due to the spatial

action of chemical actives which interfere with the host seeking process of mosquitoes. In addition, mosquitoes entering treated houses are prevented from feeding. Such observations are still under further investigation. Although these company-made inorganic mosquito coils bring such effective remedies to the production of mosquitoes, it pose a very serious threat to the people and to the environment as well. A study of Zhang et al. (2010) entitled Using Charcoal as Base Material

Reduces Moquito Coil Emissions of Toxins showed a data estimation on indoor concentrations of toxic compounds generated from coil uses. It indicated that the emission rates of toxic compounds depend on types of base materials. Using charcoal as the base material of the study to get an actual comparison of its emission rates with those of several company-made products, resulted that charcoal-based coil had emission rates of PM2.5 mass, total particle number, PAHs, and aldehydes, substantially (up to 10 times) lower than other tested conventional mosquito coils. The smoke from a mosquito coil is concretely related with the dangers of smoking, may it be in indirect inhalation or second hand. Sure Product’s (2014) study found out that the smoke from one mosquito coil burnt from beginning to end releases particulates into the air that are equivalent to between 75 and 135 cigarettes. That would be like sleeping in a room with a chain smoker while smoking a few packs of cigarettes, not something somebody would voluntarily do. Some studies have found prolonged use of mosquito coils to be harmful to several organs in the body; this can lead to corneal damage to the eye, shortness of breath, asthma, damage to the liver in long term use and even fertility issues in both men and women. It has been found out that mosquito coils releases formaldehyde; a mosquito coil is equivalent of 50 cigarettes. Formaldehyde is not an ingredient in mosquito coils

but a byproduct generated when the coils are burnt. Formaldehyde primarily affects the nose and inhaling it can cause watery eyes, sore throat, coughing, wheezing, nausea and skin irritations. Formaldehyde has also been linked to nasal and sinus cancers and leukemia. Presented from the study that recently, in China, an even more worrying chemical has been found in mosquito coils—Otachlorodipropyl Ether or S-2 (a synergist to increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient). When burnt by the smouldering mosquito coil S-2 degenerates into BCME (an extremely potent lung carcinogen), Bis (chloromethyl) Ether. In their study on the mosquito coils and health implications, Liu et al. (2003) showed that burning mosquito coils indoors generates smoke that can control mosquitoes effectively. The practice is currently used in numerous households in Asia, Africa, and South America. However, the smoke may contain pollutants of health concern. According to them, they conducted this study to characterize the emissions from four common brands of mosquito coils from China and two common brands from Malaysia. They researchers used mass balance equations to determine emission rates of fine particles (particulate matter < 2.5 microm in diameter; PM(2.5)), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aldehydes, and ketones. They found out, having applied those measured emission rates to predict indoor concentrations under realistic room conditions, that pollutant concentrations resulting from burning mosquito coils could substantially exceed health-based air quality standards or guidelines.

Moreover, under the same combustion conditions, the tested Malaysian mosquito coils generated more measured pollutants than did the tested Chinese mosquito coils. As they have identified, a large suite of volatile organic compounds, including carcinogens and suspected carcinogens, in the coil smoke. In a set of experiments conducted in a room, they examined the size distribution of particulate matter contained in the coil smoke and found that the particles were ultrafine and fine. In actual fact, the findings from the study suggest that exposure to the smoke of mosquito coils similar to the tested ones can bring significant acute and chronic health risks. According to Malar (2011), plant-based repellent products are commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents. That is why oregano leaves can be safely used as a mosquito coil repellent due to its substances that can lower the numbers of mosquitoes in a certain area rather than company-made mosquito repellents. According to Webb (2015), the adverse health impact concerns are growing which is associated with the burning of mosquito coils and sticks indoors. It is important to consider not just what is released by these smouldering products but actual likelihood it poses a serious health risk. According to the study of oregano plant that is cited by Eupena (2014), Oregano is a medicinal herb known for its antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. It is used for the treatment of indigestion problems, muscle pain, insect bites, and menstruation symptoms, bacterial and fungal infections. Dried leaves of oregano are commonly used for the therapeutic purposes it contains iron, vitamins, calcium, magnesium, copper, niacin and thiamine. With her study, oregano plants really have a lot of substances that helps fight mosquitoes. This organic mosquito repellent by the

use of oregano leaf extract has gained its effectiveness due to its evidences of substituent that are agents in reducing insects especially mosquitoes. According to Nordqvist (2017), possible medicinal uses of oregano include treating respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, menstrual cramps, and urinary tract disorders. It may also help treat a number of skin conditions, such as acne and dandruff. This entails that through the usage of plant-based products there are lot of things that people can do to prevent any disorders or to all insects since oregano has its fighting agent to fight against insects that can possibly transferred diseases. Oregano also have thymol and rosmarinic acid, these are the main components of oregano leaves that fight mostuitoes. The mosquito coil will then serve as an incense that help repel mosquitoes, and also bring further positive effects to human.

Chapter 3 Methodology The ingredients needed for this project are as follows: 

Oregano Leaves (Kalabo) (Approximately 30 eaves)



Oregano Extract (4 Spoonful; an after product of the oregano leaves itself



Crushed Charcoal (4 Spoonful)

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Gum Powder (20 Grams)

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Hot Water The materials needed are as follows:



Bowl



Mortar and Pestle

Procedures: 1. Extract the juice from the freshly-picked oregano leaves by simply squeezing it. Prepare a bowl for the juice, this will then serve as the oregano extract. Then, store the extract until it is needed, placing it in a jar will do. Doing this will result two products, the leaves itself and its extract. 2.

Sundry the oregano leaves by leaving it under the sun for at least 2 days. By doing this, you will be able to create a more ignitable material.

3. After sun drying the oregano leaves, pulverize it using the mortar and pestle. Pulverizing the oregano leaves will enable us to distribute it evenly throughout the mixture. 4. In a bowl, mix 20 grams of gum powder, 4 spoonful of crushed charcoal, 10 spoonful of dried oregano leaves, then add at least 4 spoonful of oregano

extract (the extract that was preserved 2 days before) and 100 mL hot water. Then, mix thoroughly until consistency of the mixture is achieved. This mixture will serve as the base of our mosquito coil. 5. Lastly, mold the mixed ingredients in a spiral shape, then let it dry for at least 2 days under the sun. You can then use this product by lighting the outer end of the spiral.