Rational, Sequential And Analytic Thinking Critical Thinking Logical Thinking Creative Thinking Associative Thinking Systemic Thinking Integrative Thinking

Learning to Think 1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

Rational, Sequential and Analytic Thinking Critical Thinking Logical Thinking Creative Thinking Associative Thinking Systemic Thinking Integrative Thinking

Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking  Rational

– “Reason” hence with proof  Sequential – “Sequence” hence orderly  Analytic – “Analysis” breaking down into parts

Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking 1.

Classification & Categorization

Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking 1.

Classification & Categorization

Venn Diagram

Venn Diagram

Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking 1. 2.

Classification & Categorization Sequencing & Ordering

Flowchart

The Basic Questions

Who 

Who is causing the problem?



Who says this is a problem?

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Who are impacted by this problem?



Etc.

What

Where

• What will happen if this problem is not solved? • What are the symptoms? • What are the impacts? • Etc.

• Where does this problem occur? • Where does this problem have an impact? • Etc.

Why

How

When • When does this problem occur? • When did this problem first start occurring? • Etc.

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• • • •

Why is this problem occurring? Why? Why? Etc.

• How should the process or system work? • How are people currently handling the problem? • Etc.

Critical thinking - art of asking the right questions.

1. Determining the objectives 2. Possible approaches, strategies and options to reach objectives

3. Significant variables or factors that affect the issues at hand and the accomplishment of the objectives 4. Proof to justify or challenge the alternative strategies or options (facts & figures, evidences, supporting premises, and researches) 5. Causal relationships between each of the alternatives and their impact on the objectives

6. Review the entire process and summarize the findings, argumentations and conclusions

Benchmarking Hunt for Best Practices 2. Measure and Compare other business such as:  Competitors  Related Industries  Unrelated Industries 3. Apply Critical Thinking 4. Synthesize Ideas 1.

5 information screening devices or data sifters 1. Magnitude – indicates where the trends, patterns and cycles of client’s needs are. 2. Relevance – means that the strategy should address its mission faithfully. 3. Importance – isolates the most critical ingredients to achieve one’s mission. 4. Urgency – means immediacy of response, especially in crisis situation. 5. Doability – refers to the capacity of an organization to implement its devised strategy

Logical Thinking

LOGIC 

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

Logic doesn't just deal with "thinking" in general. Logic deals with "correct thinking."  Training in logic should enable us to develop the skills necessary to think correctly, that is, logically. A very simple definition would be: “Logic is the subject which teaches you the rules for correct and proper reasoning.” A more complete and "sophisticated" definition of logic, you can define it this way: “Logic is the science of those principles, laws, and methods, which the mind of man in its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.”

Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram (a.k.a. Cause and Effect Diagram) is an analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking at effects and the causes that create or contribute to those effects. Cause

Cause Detail

Detail

Detail

Detail

Result (Problem)

Cause

Cause

The value of the Fishbone Diagram is that it provides a method for categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues in an orderly way and in identifying root causes 15 of 58

Five Why’s Five Why's refers to the practice of asking, five times, why the problem exists in order to get to the root cause of the problem Employee turnover rate has been increasing

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Employees are leaving for other jobs

Employees are not satisfied

Employees feel that they are underpaid

Other employers are paying higher salaries

Demand for such employees has increased in the market

Process of Making an Argument

Premises Conclusion

Facts Claim to Prove

Deductive Reasoning  Universal to Particular  Reasoning from general tenets and premises to specific conclusions.  With deductive reasoning, there CAN be certainty.  Syllogisms follow this format: Major Premise (general truth about life/humans)  Minor Premise (specific fact that falls under the truth)  Conclusion (a conclusion that can be drawn about the specific fact based on the first generalization) 

Deductive Syllogism Examples Correct Syllogism:  Major Premise: All mammals are warm-blooded animals.  Minor Premise: No lizards are warm-blooded animals.  Conclusion: Therefore, no lizards are mammals. Correct Syllogism:  Major Premise: All humans are mortal.  Minor Premise: All Greeks are human.  Conclusion: Therefore, all Greeks are mortal.

Descartes’ Syllogism (correct)  Major Premise: Existence has be true if one is thinking.  Minor Premise: I am thinking.  Conclusion: I think, therefore, I am.

Inductive Reasoning   

 

Particular to Universal Reasoning from sensory observation of specific facts/evidence to general conclusion With inductive reasoning, there can NEVER be certainty, because only ONE example can modify or refute the conclusion. Based on an accumulation of many facts (one fact = “x”): Observation of: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Equals General Statement about X’s in future

Inductive Reasoning Examples 

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 

If I jump off the building, I will fall to the ground. (More specifically: Every time something with weight and mass is released from any height, it falls to the ground. Therefore, all things fall to the ground (law of gravity). Based on an evaluation and observation of multiple studies of adolescents who value peers more than parents, Judith Rich Harris concludes that peers matter more than parents in this age group. Whenever it snows or rains, it will eventually stop snowing or raining. So far all U.S. presidents have been male. Therefore, the next U.S. president will be male.

Creative Thinking Techniques

Brainstorming 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

One idea at a time Encourage wild ideas Go for quantity over quality Build on others ideas Defer Judgment Merging & Sorting

Metaphoring

Metaphoring 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Specify the problem Find a Metaphor that symbolizes the problem Solve the problem of the Metaphor Relate the solution of the metaphor to the problem Develop solution for the problem

Associative Thinking 

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Allow the mind to freely associate Externalize internal mental pictures into drawings, words, symbols, etc.

Mindmapping

Mindmapping

Mindmapping

Systemic Thinking 

Gain deeper insights by surfacing the interaction patterns that underly, drive and govern them

CREATION Supplier of Goods and Services

Raw Materials

Bank or any Financier

CASH Owner or Stockholder

PROCREATION Other Materials / Other Goods & Services

CASH

Labor Services

Land, Building, Machinery, & Equipment (Fixed Assets)

MORE PROCREATION Raw Materials

Labor Services

Fixed Assets

Work-inProcess Inventory

Finished Goods Inventory

EXIT AND RE-ENTRY Finished Goods leave Enterprise

Cost of Goods Sold

Customer provides Enterprise

Sales / Revenue

PROFIT AND LOSS Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold

CASH

Operating Expenses Non-Operating Expenses Sales / Revenue

Customer

BACK TO CASH

CASH

SALES

Accounts Receivable

PAYBACK TIME

SUPPLIERS pays

BANKS

OWNERS

pays

CASH

gives cash dividends

Another Production and Sales Cycle

FUNDS FLOW Raw Materials

Suppliers

Labor

CASH Banks

Work in Process

Land, Buildings, & Machinery

Finished Goods

Cost of Goods Sold Operating Expenses

Owners Accounts Receivable

Non-Operating Expenses

Sales

Customers

Buyer Decision Making Process

Integrative Thinking 

The ability to put multiple dimensions of a broad issue together into a coherent and comprehensive whole.

M A R K E T

Market Segment 1 Market Segment 2 Market Segment 3

CUSTOMERS

similar needs

similar wants

Behavior: What he does ?

User

Decision Maker Buyer

Adviser

Psychographics: Why he does it?  Attitudes

towards products and brands  Core Values  Aspirations  Personality

Demographics: Who he is?  Age  Gender  Social

class  Occupation  Reference Group

Geographics: Where he is?  Residence  Work  Relax  Shop  Use

Behavior: What he does ? User

Decision Maker Buyer

Adviser

Segmentation

Demographic

Geographic

Behavior

Psychographic