Quality In Research And Development
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QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1
INTRODUCTION
espective missions. To help distinguish among various types of research and develo
eering fields.
ific and engineering fields, or that creates useful concepts that can be subsequen
ces.
tended for sale or use. It includes the conceptual formulation, design, and testin
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
2
INTRODUCTION
nd/or services commensurate with the organization’s mission.
t” can refer to either goods or services. The products of the development process
athematical models, formulas, calculations, or the results from an experimental des
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
3
INTRODUCTION
lowcharts reflecting their processes’ major phases and “gates”. The flowchart in th
rganization redesigned its product development process from a sequential progress
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
4
DEFINING QUALITY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
on with the features of the information, and the absence of deficiencies of the in
ework” or “scrap,” e.g., having to reissue a section of a progress report because of
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
5
DEFINING QUALITY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
opment process will be defined as the extent to which the development process eff
de design changes necessitated by an outdated requirements package and partial re
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
6
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
th developing and implementing quality initiatives within R&D environments. Hoope
ty initiative within research or development is to organize and develop an infras
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
7
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
organization structure, other elements of infrastructure required to perpetuate R
for improving the performance of research functions and development processes. To
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
8
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ess.
tion has already accomplished.
its intended application. That is, is the measure intended to address customer sa
n together, they provide answers to the question: “Is the R&D organization meetin
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
9
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
roduct design features, and develop process control required to ensure that the p
nd service) and that of the customer. From the perspective of manufacturing or ser
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
10
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
t to perform the specified function in the designated environment for a minimum l
o estimate the reliability of subsystems and systems.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
11
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ips among the system’s subsystems and their components must be understood. Gryna s
f their functional configurations and boundaries. This precise definition is aide
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
12
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Functional block diagram
Reliability block diagram
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
13
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ycles. This detailed information makes it possible to perform a stress analysis,
der known operating and environmental conditions. Acquiring these data is a major
t types.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
14
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Availability
nd Improvement .
tes : The failure rate data obtained in step 4 or 5 are used to calculate failure
it of measure : This is the choice of the reliability index or indicators as lis
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
15
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
on, and equal hours of operation.
lure mode effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) and fault tree analysis (FTA). fa
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
16
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ned. The differences are in the technological tools used for diagnosis and remedy.
by assisting in the development of alternatives. The following actions indicate s
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
17
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
y necessary to the user. mance or weight. n such a way that all the means must fail before the system fails.
he stresses the parts can normally withstand. Derating is one method that design e
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
18
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ainability , and Availability
ion , Analysis , and Improvement .
that enable a product to handle unexpected environments. onment to provide conditions that yield lower failure rates. es to remove and replace low-reliability parts before they reach the wear-out stag o detect infant-mortality failures and to eliminate substandard components. pment to attain an improvement in the basic reliability of those components which
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
19
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
vailable on demand. Designers must therefore also address ease of preventive maint
om MIL-STD-721C (1981), summarizes 11 possible indexes for maintainability.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
20
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
hen required for use. Availability is calculated as the ratio of operating time to
tenance time, and logistics time (time spent waiting for personnel, spare parts, e
nsic availability” (Ai ). Under certain conditions, “steady state” availability can
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
21
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
e which emerge from the various applicable analyses: the reliability block diagra
rawings, specifications, test procedures, standards, and inspection or test reports 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 3.
22
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
stomers’ requirements. To assure this, it is imperative to conduct actual tests on 2. mental stress factors. A key issue to address when introducing stress factors is 3. 4. esign parameters. Many organizations call this process “failure reporting and corr 5.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 3.
23
1
INTRODUCTION
espective missions. To help distinguish among various types of research and develo
eering fields.
ific and engineering fields, or that creates useful concepts that can be subsequen
ces.
tended for sale or use. It includes the conceptual formulation, design, and testin
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
2
INTRODUCTION
nd/or services commensurate with the organization’s mission.
t” can refer to either goods or services. The products of the development process
athematical models, formulas, calculations, or the results from an experimental des
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
3
INTRODUCTION
lowcharts reflecting their processes’ major phases and “gates”. The flowchart in th
rganization redesigned its product development process from a sequential progress
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
4
DEFINING QUALITY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
on with the features of the information, and the absence of deficiencies of the in
ework” or “scrap,” e.g., having to reissue a section of a progress report because of
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
5
DEFINING QUALITY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
opment process will be defined as the extent to which the development process eff
de design changes necessitated by an outdated requirements package and partial re
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
6
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
th developing and implementing quality initiatives within R&D environments. Hoope
ty initiative within research or development is to organize and develop an infras
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
7
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
organization structure, other elements of infrastructure required to perpetuate R
for improving the performance of research functions and development processes. To
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
8
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ess.
tion has already accomplished.
its intended application. That is, is the measure intended to address customer sa
n together, they provide answers to the question: “Is the R&D organization meetin
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
9
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
roduct design features, and develop process control required to ensure that the p
nd service) and that of the customer. From the perspective of manufacturing or ser
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
10
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
t to perform the specified function in the designated environment for a minimum l
o estimate the reliability of subsystems and systems.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
11
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ips among the system’s subsystems and their components must be understood. Gryna s
f their functional configurations and boundaries. This precise definition is aide
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
12
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Functional block diagram
Reliability block diagram
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
13
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ycles. This detailed information makes it possible to perform a stress analysis,
der known operating and environmental conditions. Acquiring these data is a major
t types.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
14
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Availability
nd Improvement .
tes : The failure rate data obtained in step 4 or 5 are used to calculate failure
it of measure : This is the choice of the reliability index or indicators as lis
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
15
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
on, and equal hours of operation.
lure mode effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) and fault tree analysis (FTA). fa
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
16
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ned. The differences are in the technological tools used for diagnosis and remedy.
by assisting in the development of alternatives. The following actions indicate s
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
17
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
y necessary to the user. mance or weight. n such a way that all the means must fail before the system fails.
he stresses the parts can normally withstand. Derating is one method that design e
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
18
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ainability , and Availability
ion , Analysis , and Improvement .
that enable a product to handle unexpected environments. onment to provide conditions that yield lower failure rates. es to remove and replace low-reliability parts before they reach the wear-out stag o detect infant-mortality failures and to eliminate substandard components. pment to attain an improvement in the basic reliability of those components which
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
19
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
vailable on demand. Designers must therefore also address ease of preventive maint
om MIL-STD-721C (1981), summarizes 11 possible indexes for maintainability.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
20
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
hen required for use. Availability is calculated as the ratio of operating time to
tenance time, and logistics time (time spent waiting for personnel, spare parts, e
nsic availability” (Ai ). Under certain conditions, “steady state” availability can
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
21
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
e which emerge from the various applicable analyses: the reliability block diagra
rawings, specifications, test procedures, standards, and inspection or test reports 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 3.
22
OPERATIONAL QUALITY PLANNING FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
stomers’ requirements. To assure this, it is imperative to conduct actual tests on 2. mental stress factors. A key issue to address when introducing stress factors is 3. 4. esign parameters. Many organizations call this process “failure reporting and corr 5.
Sec 19 QUALITY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 3.
23
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